https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=LDuijndam&feedformat=atomMinnesota Stormwater Manual - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T13:09:57ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.1https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68236Light exposure2023-04-06T19:21:44Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
[[File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg |300px|Thumb|Right|alt=Description|<Font size=3>Caption</Font Size>]]<br />
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==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
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===Explanation of what each bullet point means===<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
===How to achieve proper lighting===<br />
<br />
===Signs of improper lighting===</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68235Light exposure2023-04-06T19:20:01Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
[[File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg |300px|Thumb|Right|alt=Description|<Font size=3>Caption</Font Size>]]<br />
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==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==How to achieve proper lighting==<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68234Light exposure2023-04-06T19:19:40Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
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==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
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[[File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg |300px|Thumb|alt=Description|<Font size=3>Caption</Font Size>]]<br />
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*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==How to achieve proper lighting==<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68233Light exposure2023-04-06T19:19:09Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
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==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
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[[File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg |300px|Thumb|Right|alt=Description|<Font size=3>Caption</Font Size>]]<br />
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*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
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==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==How to achieve proper lighting==<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68232Light exposure2023-04-06T19:17:45Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
[[File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg |300px|Thumb|Right|alt=Description|<Font size=3>Caption</Font Size>]]<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==How to achieve proper lighting==<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68231Light exposure2023-04-06T19:17:22Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
[[File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg |300px|Thumb|alt=Description|<Font size=3>Caption</Font Size>]]<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==How to achieve proper lighting==<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68230Light exposure2023-04-06T19:16:01Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
[[File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg 300px|Thumb]]<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==How to achieve proper lighting==<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Artificial-photosynthesis_main_743px_(1).jpg&diff=68229File:Artificial-photosynthesis main 743px (1).jpg2023-04-06T19:13:34Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div></div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68228Light exposure2023-04-06T19:11:07Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==How to achieve proper lighting==<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68227Light exposure2023-04-06T19:10:43Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is<br />
<br />
==Signs of improper lighting==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68226Light exposure2023-04-06T19:07:44Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68225Light exposure2023-04-06T19:04:53Z<p>LDuijndam: Plant light exposure requirements</p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
=Light Exposure for Plants=<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
==Explanation of what each bullet point means==<br />
<br />
*Basic characteristics of what each plant type is</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68224Light exposure2023-04-06T19:03:36Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Light Exposure for Plants */</p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, impact that lighting has on plants and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*Bulleted list of different light exposures filled from plant finder list (e.g. Full sun, full shade)<br />
<br />
=Explanation of what each bullet point means=</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68223Light exposure2023-04-06T19:02:07Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==<br />
<Insert block text of importance for planting, some considerations for planting, different levels of light exposure and add graphic on the right hand side><br />
<br />
*1</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Light_exposure&diff=68222Light exposure2023-04-06T19:00:58Z<p>LDuijndam: Created page with "{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not b..."</p>
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<div>{{alert|''This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.''|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Light Exposure for Plants==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Aaron_test&diff=63648Aaron test2022-12-07T17:34:01Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div><form> <br />
<form action=”mailto:aaron.hinz@state.mn.us”<br />
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method=”POST”<br />
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enctype=”text/plain”<br />
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<label for="name">Name:</label><br><br />
<input type="text" id="name" name="name"><br><br />
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<label for="ContactCommentt">Message:</label><br><br />
<textarea id=”ContactCommentt” rows=”6″ cols=”20″><br />
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<input type="submit" value="Send"><br />
</form></div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Aaron_test&diff=63647Aaron test2022-12-07T17:32:20Z<p>LDuijndam: Created page with "<form action=”mailto:aaron.hinz@state.mn.us” method=”POST” enctype=”text/plain” name=”EmailForm”> <label for="name">Name:</label><br> <input type="text..."</p>
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<div><form action=”mailto:aaron.hinz@state.mn.us”<br />
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method=”POST”<br />
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enctype=”text/plain”<br />
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name=”EmailForm”><br />
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<label for="name">Name:</label><br><br />
<input type="text" id="name" name="name"><br><br />
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<label for="ContactCommentt">Message:</label><br><br />
<textarea id=”ContactCommentt” rows=”6″ cols=”20″><br />
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<input type="submit" value="Send"><br />
</form></div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61868Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-09-06T16:43:04Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
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<div>[[File:General information page image.png|right|100px|alt=image]]<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement is a stormwater management technology beneficial for long term soil and water preservation. It has significant water quality impact for downstream <span title="A stream, river, lake, ocean, or other surface or groundwaters into which treated or untreated wastewater is discharged"> '''receiving waters'''</span> such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. Permeable pavement allows water to infiltrate quickly through the porous pavement and underlying media. As it infiltrates this water is filtered before passing into the ground underneath or to an <span title="An underground drain or trench with openings through which the water may percolate from the soil or ground above"> '''underdrain'''</span>.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. This design consideration allows a site to benefit by changing the pervious to impervious surface ratios on a location. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Examples include<br />
*permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices;<br />
*permeable pavement used with <span title="Rain water harvesting is the practice of collecting rain water from impermeable surfaces, such as rooftops, and storing for future use."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse harvest and reuse]'''</span> systems for irrigation;<br />
*increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility; and<br />
*systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects.<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include<br />
*interlocking pavers,<br />
*pervious concrete,<br />
*porous asphalt, and<br />
*plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction and prevent ice accumulation on roadways during adverse weather. [https://www.usgs.gov/centers/upper-midwest-water-science-center/science/evaluating-potential-benefits-permeable-pavement (USGS)]<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement please click here].<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
*Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding types of permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Types_of_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, high speed traffic, areas frequented by heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61867Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-09-06T16:42:46Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:General information page image.png|right|100px|alt=image]]<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement is a stormwater management technology beneficial for long term soil and water preservation. It has significant water quality impact for downstream <span title="A stream, river, lake, ocean, or other surface or groundwaters into which treated or untreated wastewater is discharged"> '''receiving waters'''</span> such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. Permeable pavement allows water to infiltrate quickly through the porous pavement and underlying media. As it infiltrates this water is filtered before passing into the ground underneath or to an <span title="An underground drain or trench with openings through which the water may percolate from the soil or ground above"> '''underdrain'''</span>.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. This design consideration allows a site to benefit by changing the pervious to impervious surface ratios on a location. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Examples include<br />
*permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices;<br />
*permeable pavement used with <span title="Rain water harvesting is the practice of collecting rain water from impermeable surfaces, such as rooftops, and storing for future use."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse harvest and reuse]'''</span> systems for irrigation;<br />
*increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility; and<br />
*systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects.<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include<br />
*interlocking pavers,<br />
*pervious concrete,<br />
*porous asphalt, and<br />
*plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction and prevent ice accumulation on roadways during adverse weather. [https://www.usgs.gov/centers/upper-midwest-water-science-center/science/evaluating-potential-benefits-permeable-pavement (USGS)]<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement please click here].<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
*Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding types of permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Types_of_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, high speed traffic, areas frequented by heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61866Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-09-06T16:41:44Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:General information page image.png|right|100px|alt=image]]<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement is a stormwater management technology beneficial for long term soil and water preservation. It has significant water quality impact for downstream <span title="A stream, river, lake, ocean, or other surface or groundwaters into which treated or untreated wastewater is discharged"> '''receiving waters'''</span> such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. Permeable pavement allows water to infiltrate quickly through the porous pavement and underlying media. As it infiltrates this water is filtered before passing into the ground underneath or to an <span title="An underground drain or trench with openings through which the water may percolate from the soil or ground above"> '''underdrain'''</span>.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. This design consideration allows a site to benefit by changing the pervious to impervious surface ratios on a location. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Examples include<br />
*permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices;<br />
*permeable pavement used with <span title="Rain water harvesting is the practice of collecting rain water from impermeable surfaces, such as rooftops, and storing for future use."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse harvest and reuse]'''</span> systems for irrigation;<br />
*increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility; and<br />
*systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects.<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include<br />
*interlocking pavers,<br />
*pervious concrete,<br />
*porous asphalt, and<br />
*plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction and prevent ice accumulation on roadways during adverse weather [https://www.usgs.gov/centers/upper-midwest-water-science-center/science/evaluating-potential-benefits-permeable-pavement (USGS)] and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball where it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement please click here].<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
*Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding types of permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Types_of_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, high speed traffic, areas frequented by heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61865Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-09-06T14:47:03Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:General information page image.png|right|100px|alt=image]]<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement is a stormwater management technology beneficial for long term soil and water preservation. It has significant water quality impact for downstream <span title="A stream, river, lake, ocean, or other surface or groundwaters into which treated or untreated wastewater is discharged"> '''receiving waters'''</span> such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. Permeable pavement allows water to infiltrate quickly through the porous pavement and underlying media. As it infiltrates this water is filtered before passing into the ground underneath or to an <span title="An underground drain or trench with openings through which the water may percolate from the soil or ground above"> '''underdrain'''</span>.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. This design consideration allows a site to benefit by changing the pervious to impervious surface ratios on a location. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Examples include<br />
*permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices;<br />
*permeable pavement used with <span title="Rain water harvesting is the practice of collecting rain water from impermeable surfaces, such as rooftops, and storing for future use."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse harvest and reuse]'''</span> systems for irrigation;<br />
*increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility; and<br />
*systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects.<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include<br />
*interlocking pavers,<br />
*pervious concrete,<br />
*porous asphalt, and<br />
*plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
Permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball where it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement please click here].<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
*Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding types of permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Types_of_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, high speed traffic, areas frequented by heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61854Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:18:46Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Design considerations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
*Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding types of permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Types_of_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, high speed traffic, areas frequented by heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61853Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:16:47Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Design considerations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding types of permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Types_of_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, high speed traffic, areas frequented by heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61852Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:15:22Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding types of permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Types_of_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61851Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:14:01Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61850Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:13:16Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61849Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:12:56Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement here]].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61848Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:12:42Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement Fact here]].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61847Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:12:17Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found [[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Fact_sheets_for_permeable_pavement]].<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61846Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:11:06Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:Treatment train schematic 2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61845Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:10:35Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. [[File:https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Treatment_train_schematic_2.png|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61844Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-30T16:08:30Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Permeable pavement */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. --- Maybe add an illustration of a treatment train involving permeable pavement —<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61843Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-29T20:07:13Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
[[File:Permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This schematic illustrates typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system|<font size>Schematic illustrating typical permeable interlocking concrete pavement cross section and basic components of a pervious concrete system.</font size>]]<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
—insert pictures of permeable pavement types--<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. --- Maybe add an illustration of a treatment train involving permeable pavement —<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61842Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-29T20:05:15Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
—insert pictures of permeable pavement types--<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. --- Maybe add an illustration of a treatment train involving permeable pavement —<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61841Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-29T17:06:31Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
[[permeable pavement picture profile]]<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
—insert pictures of permeable pavement types--<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. --- Maybe add an illustration of a treatment train involving permeable pavement —<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61840Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-29T17:03:51Z<p>LDuijndam: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
[permeable pavement picture profile]<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
—insert pictures of permeable pavement types--<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. --- Maybe add an illustration of a treatment train involving permeable pavement —<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_permeable_pavement&diff=61839Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement2022-08-29T17:00:23Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Design considerations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}<br />
<br />
==Green infrastructure and multiple benefits==<br />
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.<br />
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.<br />
<br />
==Permeable pavement==<br />
Permeable pavement is a beneficial technology for stormwater management. This technology is highly beneficial for long term soil and water preservation of a site and has significant water quality impact for downstream systems such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. This technology operates by allowing water to flush quickly through pavement systems that would otherwise act as a conveyance system and remove water from a site. This water is instead drained directly downward through the pavement and into the ground underneath.<br />
<br />
When designing a system, it is recommended to determine if permeable pavement would be feasible. Smaller sites may not see as much benefit due to lower runoff volumes but roadways, parking lots, and any other appropriate paved surface may benefit from this. Permeable pavement can be used in conjunction with other stormwater measures to ensure maximum benefit. Some key examples are:<br />
*Permeable pavement built with underground cisterns, vaults, or other treatment devices<br />
*Permeable pavement used with irrigation stormwater reuse<br />
*Increased vegetation options at a site due to increased groundwater accessibility<br />
*Systems in which other infiltration methods are difficult to achieve or may cause detrimental effects<br />
<br />
Different types of permeable pavement include:<br />
*Interlocking pavers<br />
*Pervious concrete<br />
*Porous asphalt<br />
*Plastic grid pavers<br />
<br />
—insert pictures of permeable pavement types--<br />
<br />
With this in mind, permeable pavement can also be used to increase the safety of a site as it has been shown to increase traction for roadways during adverse weather and when used in outdoor sporting courts such as tennis and basketball, it can help prevent injuries by reducing the water that pools on the site.<br />
<br />
For more information on how permeable pavements work please click here.<br />
<br />
==Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices==<br />
Water quality: Pollutants are removed through stormwater runoff reduction when permeable pavement is used. This allows for vegetation and biota growth, vegetative filtering, and soil adsorption when rainfall events occur at the site.<br />
<br />
Water quantity and hydrology: Reduction in total water volume movement and retardation of peak flow from rainfall events. Helps protect from downstream flooding and can be used in conjunction with reuse systems to reduce required water consumption for onsite irrigation. Infiltration also will recharge local groundwater.<br />
<br />
Energy: Main energy savings comes from reduced energy requirements for wastewater treatment.<br />
<br />
Air quality: Benefits are largely indirect, such as carbon sequestration.<br />
<br />
Climate resiliency: Alleviates the impact on flooding, saves water through reuse systems, reduction of downstream pollutant loading <br />
<br />
Habitat improvement: Reduction of soil erosion and increased soil stability promotes vegetation growth. Reduction in water temperature changes as a result of volume flow reduction. Retention of water on site helps ensure available water for vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Community livability: Well designed permeable pavement practices helps to protect recreation sites for people by ensuring safe and healthy access to water sources. Water quality benefits from permeable pavement promote healthy water sources for diverse vegetation growth. This diversity allows for more heterogeneous plant growth and if the water quality is good enough, gardening practices of the local community may not be impacted. Reduction in water on surface ways helps improve safety for driving and human use.<br />
<br />
Health benefits: Reduction of nutrients, pathogens, metals, TSS, and phosphorus among others. Increased longevity for fish and wildlife in the area through the reduction of compounds that would be washed into waterways as rain runoff. <br />
<br />
Economic benefits and savings: In addition to water quality and flood control benefits, properly installed permeable pavers can prevent downstream cleanup needs. Permeable pavement that benefits vegetation can increase property aesthetics that increase property value.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations==<br />
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits of constructed areas requires design considerations prior to installation. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations are given to maximize the GI benefit.<br />
<br />
Note: Permeable pavement SHOULD NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping. --- Maybe add an illustration of a treatment train involving permeable pavement —<br />
<br />
*Water quality<br />
**Place the permeable pavement in a location where the majority of water flows through or to<br />
**Design to maximize retention time and prevent short-circuiting<br />
**Plan for the expected loading on the permeable pavement and ensure capabilities versus use line up<br />
**Use in conjunction with other treatments to establish a treatment train or reuse water on site<br />
*Water quantity and hydrology:<br />
**Permeable pavement can significantly reduce the runoff and can be used to meet the water quality volume treatment requirement per the Construction Stormwater Permit<br />
*Climate resiliency:<br />
**Established systems using permeable pavement reduces the runoff impact on surrounding waterways through decreased pollutant loads and increased infiltration<br />
**Permeable pavement systems can be established to support vegetation through water reuse systems, promoting further enhancement of water<br />
*Habitat improvement:<br />
**Reduction in chlorides needed as water infiltrates through relatively quickly when melted<br />
*Community livability:<br />
**Community members, depending on the system used, will likely not even realize the system is in place<br />
**Development of permeable systems can promote mental health through better vegetation from the increased water storage and erosion reduction on site<br />
**Develop conveyance systems in such a way to minimize changes in temperature that can be detrimental to wildlife populations<br />
*Health benefits:<br />
**Safety of community is improved by water infiltrating quickly through the pavement, less pooling of water and ice means less slipping hazards<br />
**Minimizes mosquito by reducing standing water on site that impermeable pavement would otherwise offer<br />
**Economic benefits and savings:<br />
**Reduction in maintenance cost for vegetation if water reuse system is used in conjunction with permeable pavement<br />
**Reduction in land space required as the pervious area can serve a dual purpose for cement and treatment that would otherwise be ineligible for water quality volume treatment<br />
**Integrates infiltration into landscape design, including creating habitat, pathways, picnic areas, etc.<br />
<br />
Information regarding performance summaries of permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional general information on permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
Additional considerations for permeable pavement can be found here.<br />
<br />
NOTE: It is highly recommended that permeable pavement should NOT be used in areas of high traffic volume, with heavy equipment, or with frequent start and stopping.</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61792Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-18T19:07:30Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Aquatic Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Reptiles can be considered a critical species when developing habitats for wildlife in stormwater management. Reptiles act as both a predator and prey species by feeding on smaller wildlife such as mice, insects, and spiders and then being preyed on by larger species such as birds of prey, coyotes, and foxes. These species being the centerpiece of a food chain acts as an indicator of environmental health.<br />
<br />
Reptiles prefer areas that are open and provide direct sunlight for basking while also maintaining nearby rocks and vegetation for shelter and protection from the elements. Similar to building a terrarium, reptiles desire light, heat, and temperature.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Similar to reptiles, amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus of many designers jobs. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space utilized takes into consideration the species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream impact from a development site is a common design consideration that is often overlooked. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away from a water source. Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance to water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among other techniques should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Final water output conditions desired at the end of construction should be established early in the planning phase and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation or ecological restoration plan. Alterations can also impact the water quality through varying nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, and ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species as some animals may thrive under certain conditions or eat plants before full establishment.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61791Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-18T19:07:15Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Aquatic Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Reptiles can be considered a critical species when developing habitats for wildlife in stormwater management. Reptiles act as both a predator and prey species by feeding on smaller wildlife such as mice, insects, and spiders and then being preyed on by larger species such as birds of prey, coyotes, and foxes. These species being the centerpiece of a food chain acts as an indicator of environmental health.<br />
<br />
Reptiles prefer areas that are open and provide direct sunlight for basking while also maintaining nearby rocks and vegetation for shelter and protection from the elements. Similar to building a terrarium, reptiles desire light, heat, and temperature.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Similar to reptiles, amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus of many designers jobs. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space utilized takes into consideration the species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream impact from a development site is a common design consideration that is often overlooked. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away from a water source. Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance to water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among other techniques should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Final water output conditions desired at the end of construction should be established early in the planning phase and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation or ecological restoration plan. Alterations can also impact the water quality through varying nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, and ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species as some animals may thrive under certain conditions or eat plants before they can take root.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61790Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-18T18:49:57Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Humans */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Reptiles can be considered a critical species when developing habitats for wildlife in stormwater management. Reptiles act as both a predator and prey species by feeding on smaller wildlife such as mice, insects, and spiders and then being preyed on by larger species such as birds of prey, coyotes, and foxes. These species being the centerpiece of a food chain acts as an indicator of environmental health.<br />
<br />
Reptiles prefer areas that are open and provide direct sunlight for basking while also maintaining nearby rocks and vegetation for shelter and protection from the elements. Similar to building a terrarium, reptiles desire light, heat, and temperature.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Similar to reptiles, amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus of many designers jobs. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space utilized takes into consideration the species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream impact from a development site is a common design consideration that is often overlooked. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away from a water source. Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance to water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among other techniques should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61788Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-17T18:52:39Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Amphibians */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Reptiles can be considered a critical species when developing habitats for wildlife in stormwater management. Reptiles act as both a predator and prey species by feeding on smaller wildlife such as mice, insects, and spiders and then being preyed on by larger species such as birds of prey, coyotes, and foxes. These species being the centerpiece of a food chain acts as an indicator of environmental health.<br />
<br />
Reptiles prefer areas that are open and provide direct sunlight for basking while also maintaining nearby rocks and vegetation for shelter and protection from the elements. Similar to building a terrarium, reptiles desire light, heat, and temperature.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Similar to reptiles, amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61786Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-17T18:07:09Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Reptiles */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Reptiles can be considered a critical species when developing habitats for wildlife in stormwater management. Reptiles act as both a predator and prey species by feeding on smaller wildlife such as mice, insects, and spiders and then being preyed on by larger species such as birds of prey, coyotes, and foxes. These species being the centerpiece of a food chain acts as an indicator of environmental health.<br />
<br />
Reptiles prefer areas that are open and provide direct sunlight for basking while also maintaining nearby rocks and vegetation for shelter and protection from the elements. Similar to building a terrarium, reptiles desire light, heat, and temperature.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Similar to reptiles, amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61785Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-17T17:56:02Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Amphibians */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Similar to reptiles, amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61765Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-17T16:27:09Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Reptiles */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61762Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-17T16:15:27Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Reptiles */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits to a constructed ecosystem. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality when plants they eat regrow. With up to 40% of amphibians being classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunities for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration, placement, and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61761Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-17T16:14:39Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Reptiles */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits to a constructed ecosystem. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality when plants they eat regrow. With up to 40% of amphibians being classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunities for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration, placement, and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/12.18/primary/lesson/reptile-ecology-bio/ Reptile Ecology]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61759Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-17T16:02:21Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Reptiles */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits to a constructed ecosystem. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality when plants they eat regrow. With up to 40% of amphibians being classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunities for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration, placement, and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/12.18/primary/lesson/reptile-ecology-bio/ Reptile Ecology]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ia/newsroom/factsheets/nrcs142p2_008529/ Restoring, Managing Habitat for Reptiles, Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61620Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-16T18:08:21Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Birds */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits to a constructed ecosystem. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality when plants they eat regrow. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunities for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/12.18/primary/lesson/reptile-ecology-bio/ Reptile Ecology]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ia/newsroom/factsheets/nrcs142p2_008529/ Restoring, Managing Habitat for Reptiles, Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61612Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-16T17:57:18Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Birds */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
For more readings:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.audubon.org/magazine/july-august-2013/how-create-bird-friendly-yard How to Create a Bird Friendly Yard]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits to a constructed ecosystem. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality when plants they eat regrow. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunities for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/12.18/primary/lesson/reptile-ecology-bio/ Reptile Ecology]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ia/newsroom/factsheets/nrcs142p2_008529/ Restoring, Managing Habitat for Reptiles, Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
<br />
Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
<br />
When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndamhttps://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Ecosystem_function_and_benefits_provided_by_vegetation_in_stormwater_management&diff=61607Ecosystem function and benefits provided by vegetation in stormwater management2022-08-16T17:56:52Z<p>LDuijndam: /* Birds */</p>
<hr />
<div>Vegetation in stormwater practices affects natural processes and can provide a variety of ecosystem services. This page provides a summary of these processes and services and includes numerous links to additional information.<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
===Pollinators and insects===<br />
There are an almost uncountable variety of pollinators that are highly beneficial to the functioning of an ecosystem. Pollinators and insects help promote vegetation establishment, growth, and long-term vegetation survivability. Considerations of vegetation selection and insect/pollinator interaction are highly encouraged when designing landscaping and building green infrastructure. Extensive research has been done into pollinators that established their place as a key ecosystem group of species that is instrumental in ecosystem cascading.-<br />
<br />
Bees are a vital and keystone species to the long-term stability and sustainability of our ecology. Bees provide multiple benefits such as pollination, medicine, food, and seed dispersal. It is estimated that there are about 400 different species of bees in Minnesota. These bees are among many of the pollinators and insects that are beneficial to vegetation.<br />
<br />
It is highly encouraged to take into consideration design methods that will attract pollinators and insects and help them thrive and grow. Additionally, soil compaction during construction should be taken into consideration as well because an estimated 70% of bee species are ground nesting. Tightly packed soils will not allow proper establishment of vegetation and prevent colony establishment for insects and pollinators that make their habitats in soil. Additionally, vegetation considerations should be focused on the feeding, above ground nesting, or sheltering for these species that access ground space through vegetation stems.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Top_10_reasons_to_plant_pollinator_friendly_vegetation_at_your_solar_site Top 10 reasons to plant pollinator friendly vegetation at your solar site]<br />
*[https://fridleymn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4743/cfans_asset_486207?bidId= Native Bees, Solitary Bees, and Wild Bees: What are they?]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices for stormwater management]<br />
*[http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/practices/pollinator/index.html Pollinators and biodiversity]<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_specific_plants Pollinator specific plants]<br />
*[http://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Pollinator habitat residential]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2020-03/Planting%20for%20Pollinators%20Design%20Guide%20with%20logos.pdf Pollinator Design Guide]<br />
*[https://www.fws.gov/story/how-build-pollinator-garden How to Build Pollinator Garden]<br />
*[https://extension.umn.edu/lawns-and-landscapes/flowers-pollinators Growing landscapes to help bees and other pollinators]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinator_resources/index.html Minnesota Pollinator Resources]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/pollinators/index.html Minnesota Pollinator’s]<br />
*[https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants-insects/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[http://www.cityofroseville.com/3019/Pollinators Pollinators Roseville, MN]<br />
*[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/habitat-management/pollinator-protection Pollinator Protection St. Paul, MN]<br />
*[https://mnzoo.org/conservation/act-wildlife/plant-pollinators/ Conservation]<br />
*[https://www.gardenia.net/guide/great-pollinator-plants-for-minnesota Great Pollinator Plants for Minnesota]<br />
*[https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/content/pollinators Pollinators]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/residential-pollinator-habitat Residential Pollinator Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/make-your-yard-bee-friendly Make your yard bee friendly]<br />
*[https://www.gardenista.com/posts/native-pollinator-garden-crash-course/ Pollinators Gardens: 8 easy steps to design a landscape with native plants]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/importance.shtml#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20essential%20ecological,80%25%20require%20pollination%20by%20animals. Why is pollination important?]<br />
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/simpletruthbrochure.pdf Pollinator brochure]<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
The presence of birds can signify a healthy and robust ecosystem. Birds provide a vital ecosystem service that can help determine the success or failure of a site when it comes to vegetation and wildlife.<br />
<br />
Birds are important to vegetation design for a variety of reasons. The presence of birds can promote cross pollination, fertilize plants, increase soil fertility, act as insect control, rodent control, among other wildlife control. They add beauty to nature with their colorful songs and plumage while some provide for the removal of dead animals. <br />
<br />
When designing vegetation for bird use, consider what types of birds you would like to attract, the type of vegetation needed to attract their food source, what their food source is, and if human use of the site will have an impact on their survivability. The use of chemicals to stabilize and/or grow plants can be detrimental to wildlife and inadvertently prevent bird propagation.<br />
<br />
The presence of birds helps in a variety of ways, such as:<br />
*Cross Pollination<br />
*Movement of plant gametes<br />
*Fertilizing plants<br />
*Soil fertility increases<br />
*Insect Control<br />
*Some birds will eat rodents, snakes, and fish<br />
*Seed propagation<br />
*Enhance the beauty of nature<br />
*Removal of animal carcasses<br />
<br />
Cross pollination, movement of gametes, fertilize plants, increase in soil fertility, insect control, some birds eat rodents, some eat snakes, eat fish, seed propagation, beauty in nature, removal of dead animals<br />
<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/Bird-Friendly_web Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/attracting-butterflies/create-ultimate-backyard-wildlife-habitat/ Create the Ultimate Backyard Wildlife and Bird Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.audubon.org/magazine/july-august-2013/how-create-bird-friendly-yard How to Create a Bird Friendly Yard]<br />
*[https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Build-Backyard-Bird-Sanctuary How to Build a Backyard Bird Sanctuary and Wildlife Habitat]<br />
*[https://www.thespruce.com/design-a-bird-friendly-landscape-386418 Design a Bird Friendly Landscape]<br />
*[https://digrightin.com/creating-bird-friendly-habitat/ Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat]<br />
*[http://northcoastgardening.com/2016/12/attracting-birds-in-winter/ What Birds Need to Winter: Creating a Year Round Habitat Garden]<br />
*[https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/Guidelines-Creating-Bird-Habitats Guidelines for Creating Bird Habitats]<br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits to a constructed ecosystem. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality when plants they eat regrow. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunities for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
*[https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/gardeningreptiles Attracting Reptiles to your Garden]<br />
*[https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-your-backyard Reptiles and Amphibians in Your Backyard]<br />
*[https://www.aazk.org/wp-content/uploads/Suggested-Guidelines-for-Reptile-Enrichment.pdf Suggested Guidelines for Reptile Enrichment]<br />
*[https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/12.18/primary/lesson/reptile-ecology-bio/ Reptile Ecology]<br />
*[https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Attract-reptiles-and-amphibians-to-your-yard-ec1542.pdf Attract Reptiles and Amphibians to Your Yard]<br />
*[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ia/newsroom/factsheets/nrcs142p2_008529/ Restoring, Managing Habitat for Reptiles, Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.landcan.org/pdfs/MWherpmgmtguidelinesreview.pdf Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern United States]<br />
*[https://www.arc-trust.org/for-reptiles Habitat Management for Reptiles]<br />
<br />
===Amphibians===<br />
Amphibians provide multiple benefits. They can operate as an ecosystem indicator, provide insect and pest control, and provide services to help clean water quality through plants they eat. With up to 40% of amphibians classified as endangered, creating minor adjustments to ecosystem designs can create opportunity for this wildlife to thrive. Other animals also rely upon amphibians as a prey and the addition or removal of plants that sustain amphibians can mitigate or promote this effect.<br />
<br />
Amphibians are sensitive to their surrounding environments. Toxic chemicals associated with urban development can alter their ability to survive and thrive. Chemistry, pH, and temperature of urban runoff may negatively impact amphibians. Amphibians also experience increased mortality due to crossing impervious surfaces. Consideration and selection of vegetation can help protect the ecosystem’s ability to sustain amphibians.<br />
<br />
Beneficial vegetation the improves water quality, removes nutrients, stabilize pH, prevents excessive siltation and provides desirable shade and protection for amphibians should be considered. Amphibians like damp, dark areas that have controllable access points with them. Consideration of using rock formations in conjunction with vegetation should be considered. Vegetation that also attracts food sources such as mosquitoes, worms, mice, and any other small creatures that can fit into an amphibians mouth is beneficial to amphibian populations.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of additional reading, including stormwater design considerations.<br />
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00040/full A Review of the Factors That Determine Whether Stormwater Ponds Are Ecological Traps And/or High-Quality Breeding Sites for Amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204613000029 Amphibian use of urban stormwater wetlands: The role of natural habitat features]<br />
*[http://www.jcwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holzer-2014-Amphibians-in-Urban-Wetlands.pdf Amphibian use of constructed and remnant wetlands in an urban landscape]<br />
*[https://www.columbian.com/news/2014/apr/01/swales-alive-sound-croaking-tree-frogs/ The swales are alive with the sound of croaking]<br />
*[https://prosperityforri.com/report-from-a-drainage-swale Report from a drainage swale]<br />
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263002362 Urban Aquatic Ecosystems]<br />
*[https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Amphibians Attracting amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/create-amphibian-habitat-frogs-toads/ Habitat management for amphibians]<br />
*[https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/InvitingReptilestoYourBackyard.pdf Inviting amphibians and reptiles to your backyard]<br />
*[http://www.ecosystemgardening.com/5-ways-to-help-amphibians-in-your-conservation-garden.html 5 ways to help amphibians in your ecosystem garden]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/breathingplaces/amphibian_home/ Create an amphibian home]<br />
*[https://www.gardencentermag.com/article/attracting-amphibians-december-2015/ Attracting amphibians]<br />
<br />
===Humans===<br />
Human use of green spaces is the primary focus that many designers focus on. When designing a landscape that will be occupied by humans it is advised that the space take into consideration species of wildlife that can cohabitate/exist alongside humans to ensure that the environmental impact of the build is minimized.<br />
<br />
Human impact on green spaces has a wide variety of impacts. Water quality and soil compaction are two of the most concerning activities when it comes to establishing vegetation. Unintended human use after seeding, planting, or grading can significantly alter the landscape and prevent successful vegetation establishment. Water quality from human use is also significant as the more pollutants introduced into the water is a significantly limiting factor for what types of plants will be successful in the vegetation plan.<br />
<br />
The downstream effect is a common design consideration that is missed as well. The impact of stormwater and vegetation isn’t just an isolated system that only impacts the area that it is developed on; the design also has downstream consequences if there are pollutants introduced to a water source if they are not filtered, treated, or distanced far enough away.<br />
<br />
Different landscapes can achieve desirable interactions with humans and provide the aesthetic pleasantries that humans enjoy such as rain gardens, water detention/retention systems, reuse irrigation systems, and wildlife habitats. Recreational purposes and drinking purposes are other uses that should be taken into consideration with how humans will interact with the area. <br />
<br />
Consideration of the application of stormwater vegetation systems is highly encouraged. Design considerations involving cisterns, rain barrels, groundwater table, distance from water sources, erosion control blankets, impermeable liners, among others should be thought of to see if the onsite vegetation can be self-sustaining and minimize the impact between vegetation and the way humans use the landscape.<br />
<br />
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse_combined Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse combined]<br />
*[https://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Water/CleanWater/StormwaterMgmt/pages/be-stormwater-smart-.aspx How to be stormwater smart]<br />
*[https://www.epa.gov/snep/epas-beach-program-safe-swim-or-stick-shoreline EPAs Beach Program: Safe to swim or stick to the shoreline?]<br />
*[https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/how-does-stormwater-runoff-affect-drinking-water How does stormwater runoff affect drinking water?]<br />
*[https://www.nrdc.org/stories/green-infrastructure-how-manage-water-sustainable-way Green infrastructure: how to manage water in a sustainable way]<br />
*[https://haguewaterofmd.com/the-negative-effects-of-stormwater-on-your-drinking-water/ Negative effects of stormwater on your drinking water]<br />
*[https://www.primeeng.com/the-relationship-between-stormwater-management-and-sewer-systems/ The relationship between stormwater management and sewer water]<br />
*[https://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL.Designing-Parks-and-Playgrounds-as-Green-Infrastructure.Chelsea.6.29.18.pdf Designing parks and playgrounds as green infrastructure for stormwater and climate resilience]<br />
*[https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/parks-can-do-double-duty-green-infrastructure/1225533/ Parks can do double duty as green infrastructure]<br />
*[https://waveoutdoors.com/services/irrigation-stormwater/ Irrigation installation and stormwater management]<br />
*[https://www.colliercountyfl.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=17874 Stormwater guide: A citizens guide to their purpose and maintenance]<br />
*[https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/urban-farms-green-infrastructure/ Urban farms: a green infrastructure tool]<br />
<br />
===Aquatic Species===<br />
The construction of urban structures can cause major changes in the temporal and spatial make up of water systems. This can lead to increased peak flows, decreased minimum flows, increased flow variability, higher flood rates, and warmer temperatures in the summer and decreased temperature in the winter.<br />
<br />
Wildlife and aquatic species use conveyance systems to move around areas and they are all interconnected through a food web. These conveyance systems have a major impact on the surrounding region through the provisioning services, regulatory services, supporting services, and cultural services that they affect. This should be taken into consideration as ecosystem collapse, unintended alterations, or undesirable conditions may develop if these considerations aren’t planned for.<br />
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Water conditions desired should be established and during this time frame it is important to determine what sort of pollutant load the vegetation and incoming stormwater will be exposed to. Phosphorus and nitrogen are two compounds that should be accounted for during selection of aquatic species as their tolerance to these nutrients may be required to properly establish a feasible vegetation plan. Alterations can also impact the sediment and nutrient loads, local food webs, pesticides, contaminants, local aquatic habitats, species assemblages, ecosystem processes.<br />
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When designing for aquatic species a survey of the surrounding area is strongly recommended to determine what sort of environmental stressors are applied to that zone. Some examples are wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm sewers, septic systems, lawns, gardens, roads, nearby vegetation and parking lots. Local wildlife will be attracted to this area as well and should be considered when selecting aquatic species.<br />
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*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2019/201902TS.pdf Optimal Culvert Designs for Aquatic Organisms and Stream Connectivity]<br />
*[https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202652 Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage through Culverts]<br />
*[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201902.pdf Minnesota Guide for Stream Connectivity and Aquatic Organism Passage Through Culverts]<br />
*[https://bwsr.state.mn.us/design-considerations Design Considerations]<br />
*[https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/id.html Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species]<br />
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for stormwater design]<br />
<br />
==Carbon Sequestration==<br />
==Oxygen & air quality benefits==<br />
==Soils==<br />
===Soil formation and biological weathering of minerals===<br />
===Creation of organic Matter and biological activity within soil as a result of vegetation===<br />
===Nutrient Cycling===<br />
==Food==<br />
===Plants that can be used in stormwater management and also provide food to humans(urban agriculture)===<br />
===Food for animals and insects===<br />
==Timber==<br />
==Climate Regulation==<br />
===Shade and heat island effects===<br />
===Transpiration cooling===<br />
===Carbon sequestration===<br />
===Water conservation===<br />
==Aesthetics, health, and safety==<br />
==Educational==<br />
==Spiritual==<br />
==Recreation==</div>LDuijndam