m |
m |
||
Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
<td>Acer x freemanii <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Acer x freemanii <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Freeman maple</td> | <td>Freeman maple</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>Native hybrid</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>ST</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>FS, PS</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>O</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>R</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td>Acer rubrum <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Acer rubrum <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Red maple</td> | <td>Red maple</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>Native, cultivars</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>ST</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>FS, PS</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>O</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>R</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td>Acer saccharinum <sup><sup>1,2</sup></sup></td> | <td>Acer saccharinum <sup><sup>1,2</sup></sup></td> | ||
<td>Silver maple</td> | <td>Silver maple</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>Native</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>ST</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>FS, PS</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>O</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>R</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td>Acer saccharum <sup>1,2</sup></td> | <td>Acer saccharum <sup>1,2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Sugar maple</td> | <td>Sugar maple</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>Native</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>ST</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>FS, PS</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>O</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>S</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td>Alnus glutinosa <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Alnus glutinosa <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>European alder</td> | <td>European alder</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>Non-native</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>ST</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>FS, PS</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>U</td> |
− | <td></td> | + | <td>R</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td>Alnus incana ssp. rugosa <sup>1,2</sup></td> | <td>Alnus incana ssp. rugosa <sup>1,2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Speckled alder</td> | <td>Speckled alder</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
<td>Amelanchier spp. <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Amelanchier spp. <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Juneberry/serviceberry</td> | <td>Juneberry/serviceberry</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 86: | Line 86: | ||
<td>Betula nigra 'Cully' & ' BNMFT' <sup>1,2</sup></td> | <td>Betula nigra 'Cully' & ' BNMFT' <sup>1,2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Heritage and Dura-Heat river birch</td> | <td>Heritage and Dura-Heat river birch</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
<td>Betula populifolia <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Betula populifolia <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Gray birch</td> | <td>Gray birch</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 106: | Line 106: | ||
<td>Carpinus betulus <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Carpinus betulus <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>European hornbeam</td> | <td>European hornbeam</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 116: | Line 116: | ||
<td>Carpinus caroliniana <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Carpinus caroliniana <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>American hornbeam</td> | <td>American hornbeam</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 126: | Line 126: | ||
<td>Carya ovata <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Carya ovata <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Shagbark hickory</td> | <td>Shagbark hickory</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 136: | Line 136: | ||
<td>Catalpa speciosa <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Catalpa speciosa <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Narthern catalpa</td> | <td>Narthern catalpa</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 146: | Line 146: | ||
<td>Celtis occidentalis <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Celtis occidentalis <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Common hackberry</td> | <td>Common hackberry</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 156: | Line 156: | ||
<td>Cercis canadensis <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Cercis canadensis <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Eastern redbud</td> | <td>Eastern redbud</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 166: | Line 166: | ||
<td>Cladrastus kentukea <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Cladrastus kentukea <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Yellowood, Kentucky yellowood</td> | <td>Yellowood, Kentucky yellowood</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 176: | Line 176: | ||
<td>Crataegus crus-galli var. inermis <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Crataegus crus-galli var. inermis <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Thornless cockspur hawthorn</td> | <td>Thornless cockspur hawthorn</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 186: | Line 186: | ||
<td>Crataegus phaenopyrum <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Crataegus phaenopyrum <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Washington hawthorn</td> | <td>Washington hawthorn</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 196: | Line 196: | ||
<td>Fraxinus americana <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Fraxinus americana <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>White ash</td> | <td>White ash</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 206: | Line 206: | ||
<td>Fraxinus mandshurica</td> | <td>Fraxinus mandshurica</td> | ||
<td>manchrian ash</td> | <td>manchrian ash</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 216: | Line 216: | ||
<td>Fraxinus nigra <sup>1</sup></td> | <td>Fraxinus nigra <sup>1</sup></td> | ||
<td>Black ash</td> | <td>Black ash</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 226: | Line 226: | ||
<td>Fraxinus pennsylvanica <sup>1,2</sup></td> | <td>Fraxinus pennsylvanica <sup>1,2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Green ash</td> | <td>Green ash</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 236: | Line 236: | ||
<td>Gingko biloba <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Gingko biloba <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Gingko – male only</td> | <td>Gingko – male only</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 246: | Line 246: | ||
<td>Gleditsia tricanthos var. inermis <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Gleditsia tricanthos var. inermis <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Thornless common honeylocust</td> | <td>Thornless common honeylocust</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 256: | Line 256: | ||
<td>Gymnocladus dioicus <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Gymnocladus dioicus <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Kentucky coffeetree</td> | <td>Kentucky coffeetree</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 266: | Line 266: | ||
<td>Larix decidua <sup>3</sup></td> | <td>Larix decidua <sup>3</sup></td> | ||
<td>European larch</td> | <td>European larch</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D/C</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 276: | Line 276: | ||
<td>Larix laricina <sup>1</sup></td> | <td>Larix laricina <sup>1</sup></td> | ||
<td>Tamarack</td> | <td>Tamarack</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D/C</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 286: | Line 286: | ||
<td>Maackia amurensis <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Maackia amurensis <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Amur maackia</td> | <td>Amur maackia</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 296: | Line 296: | ||
<td>Malus spp. <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Malus spp. <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Crabapple spp.</td> | <td>Crabapple spp.</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 306: | Line 306: | ||
<td>Ostrya virginiana <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Ostrya virginiana <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>American hophornbeam, ironwood</td> | <td>American hophornbeam, ironwood</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 316: | Line 316: | ||
<td>Phellodendron amurense <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Phellodendron amurense <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Amur corktree</td> | <td>Amur corktree</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 326: | Line 326: | ||
<td>Populus grandidentata Michx. <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Populus grandidentata Michx. <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Bigtooth aspen</td> | <td>Bigtooth aspen</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 336: | Line 336: | ||
<td>Populus deltoides <sup>1,2</sup></td> | <td>Populus deltoides <sup>1,2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Eastern cottonwood</td> | <td>Eastern cottonwood</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 346: | Line 346: | ||
<td>Populus tremuloides <sup>1,1</sup></td> | <td>Populus tremuloides <sup>1,1</sup></td> | ||
<td>Quacking aspen</td> | <td>Quacking aspen</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 356: | Line 356: | ||
<td>Prunus sargentii <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Prunus sargentii <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Sargent cherry</td> | <td>Sargent cherry</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 366: | Line 366: | ||
<td>Prunus virginiana <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Prunus virginiana <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Chokecherry</td> | <td>Chokecherry</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 376: | Line 376: | ||
<td>Pyrus fauriei 'Westwood' <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Pyrus fauriei 'Westwood' <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Korean SunTM pear</td> | <td>Korean SunTM pear</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 386: | Line 386: | ||
<td>Pyrus ussuriensis <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Pyrus ussuriensis <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Ussurian pear, Chinese pear</td> | <td>Ussurian pear, Chinese pear</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 396: | Line 396: | ||
<td>Quercus bicolor <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Quercus bicolor <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Swamp white oak</td> | <td>Swamp white oak</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 406: | Line 406: | ||
<td>Quercus macropcarpa <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Quercus macropcarpa <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Burr oak</td> | <td>Burr oak</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 416: | Line 416: | ||
<td>Quercus rubra <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Quercus rubra <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Red oak</td> | <td>Red oak</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 426: | Line 426: | ||
<td>Robinia pseudoacacia <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Robinia pseudoacacia <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Black locust, false acacia, robinia</td> | <td>Black locust, false acacia, robinia</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 436: | Line 436: | ||
<td>Salix nigra <sup>1</sup></td> | <td>Salix nigra <sup>1</sup></td> | ||
<td>Black willow</td> | <td>Black willow</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 446: | Line 446: | ||
<td>Salix babylonica</td> | <td>Salix babylonica</td> | ||
<td>Weeping or Babylon willow</td> | <td>Weeping or Babylon willow</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 456: | Line 456: | ||
<td>Sorbus americana <sup>3</sup></td> | <td>Sorbus americana <sup>3</sup></td> | ||
<td>American mountainash</td> | <td>American mountainash</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 466: | Line 466: | ||
<td>Sorbus alnifolia <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Sorbus alnifolia <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Korean mountainash</td> | <td>Korean mountainash</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 476: | Line 476: | ||
<td>Sorbus x hybrida, Sorbus x thuringiaca <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Sorbus x hybrida, Sorbus x thuringiaca <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Oak-leaf mountainash</td> | <td>Oak-leaf mountainash</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 486: | Line 486: | ||
<td>Syringa reticulata <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Syringa reticulata <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Japanese tree lilac</td> | <td>Japanese tree lilac</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 496: | Line 496: | ||
<td>Taxodium distichum <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Taxodium distichum <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Common baldcypress</td> | <td>Common baldcypress</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 506: | Line 506: | ||
<td>Tilia americana <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Tilia americana <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Basswood</td> | <td>Basswood</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 516: | Line 516: | ||
<td>Tilia cordata <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Tilia cordata <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Littleleaf linden</td> | <td>Littleleaf linden</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 523: | Line 523: | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 532: | Line 532: | ||
<td>Tilia x euchlora <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Tilia x euchlora <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Crimean linden, Caucasian lime</td> | <td>Crimean linden, Caucasian lime</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
Line 542: | Line 542: | ||
<td>Ulmus x species <sup>2</sup></td> | <td>Ulmus x species <sup>2</sup></td> | ||
<td>Elm hybrids</td> | <td>Elm hybrids</td> | ||
− | <td></td> | + | <td>D</td> |
<td></td> | <td></td> | ||
<td></td> | <td></td> |
General information for several trees that can be used in tree trenches/tree boxes. NOTE: this list is not exhaustive and could include dozens of additional species.
Link to this table
Scientific name1,2,3,4 | Common name 1,2,3,4 | Native/non-native | Street (ST) or landscape (L) tree5 | Deciduous/conifer | Sun condition (FS=full sun, PS = part sun, SS = full shade)2,3,4 | Forest structure position (U = understory, M-mid-story, O=overstory) | Growth rate to maturity (S = slow, M = moderate, R=rapid)3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer x freemanii 2 | Freeman maple | Native hybrid | ST | D | FS, PS | O | R |
Acer rubrum 2 | Red maple | Native, cultivars | ST | D | FS, PS | O | R |
Acer saccharinum 1,2 | Silver maple | Native | ST | D | FS, PS | O | R |
Acer saccharum 1,2 | Sugar maple | Native | ST | D | FS, PS | O | S |
Alnus glutinosa 2 | European alder | Non-native | ST | D | FS, PS | U | R |
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa 1,2 | Speckled alder | D | |||||
Amelanchier spp. 2 | Juneberry/serviceberry | D | |||||
Betula nigra 'Cully' & ' BNMFT' 1,2 | Heritage and Dura-Heat river birch | D | |||||
Betula populifolia 2 | Gray birch | D | |||||
Carpinus betulus 2 | European hornbeam | D | |||||
Carpinus caroliniana 2 | American hornbeam | D | |||||
Carya ovata 2 | Shagbark hickory | D | |||||
Catalpa speciosa 2 | Narthern catalpa | D | |||||
Celtis occidentalis 2 | Common hackberry | D | |||||
Cercis canadensis 2 | Eastern redbud | D | |||||
Cladrastus kentukea 2 | Yellowood, Kentucky yellowood | D | |||||
Crataegus crus-galli var. inermis 2 | Thornless cockspur hawthorn | D | |||||
Crataegus phaenopyrum 2 | Washington hawthorn | D | |||||
Fraxinus americana 2 | White ash | D | |||||
Fraxinus mandshurica | manchrian ash | D | |||||
Fraxinus nigra 1 | Black ash | D | |||||
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1,2 | Green ash | D | |||||
Gingko biloba 2 | Gingko – male only | D | |||||
Gleditsia tricanthos var. inermis 2 | Thornless common honeylocust | D | |||||
Gymnocladus dioicus 2 | Kentucky coffeetree | D | |||||
Larix decidua 3 | European larch | D/C | |||||
Larix laricina 1 | Tamarack | D/C | |||||
Maackia amurensis 2 | Amur maackia | D | |||||
Malus spp. 2 | Crabapple spp. | D | |||||
Ostrya virginiana 2 | American hophornbeam, ironwood | D | |||||
Phellodendron amurense 2 | Amur corktree | D | |||||
Populus grandidentata Michx. 2 | Bigtooth aspen | D | |||||
Populus deltoides 1,2 | Eastern cottonwood | D | |||||
Populus tremuloides 1,1 | Quacking aspen | D | |||||
Prunus sargentii 2 | Sargent cherry | D | |||||
Prunus virginiana 2 | Chokecherry | D | |||||
Pyrus fauriei 'Westwood' 2 | Korean SunTM pear | D | |||||
Pyrus ussuriensis 2 | Ussurian pear, Chinese pear | D | |||||
Quercus bicolor 2 | Swamp white oak | D | |||||
Quercus macropcarpa 2 | Burr oak | D | |||||
Quercus rubra 2 | Red oak | D | |||||
Robinia pseudoacacia 2 | Black locust, false acacia, robinia | D | |||||
Salix nigra 1 | Black willow | D | |||||
Salix babylonica | Weeping or Babylon willow | D | |||||
Sorbus americana 3 | American mountainash | D | |||||
Sorbus alnifolia 2 | Korean mountainash | D | |||||
Sorbus x hybrida, Sorbus x thuringiaca 2 | Oak-leaf mountainash | D | |||||
Syringa reticulata 2 | Japanese tree lilac | D | |||||
Taxodium distichum 2 | Common baldcypress | D | |||||
Tilia americana 2 | Basswood | D | |||||
Tilia cordata 2 | Littleleaf linden | D | |||||
D | |||||||
Tilia x euchlora 2 | Crimean linden, Caucasian lime | D | |||||
Ulmus x species 2 | Elm hybrids | D |
1 Shaw, D. and R. Schmidt. 2003. Plants for Stormwater Design: Species Selection for the Upper Midwest. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA)
2 Bassuk, N. et al. 2009. Recommended Urban Trees: Site Assessment and Tree Selection for Stress Tolerance. Urban Horticulture Institute, Dept of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
3 USDA NRCS Plants Database. www.usda.plants.gov
4 Dirr, M.. 1998. Dirr's Hardy Trees and Shrubs: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 5th Ed.. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, OR.
5 all trees work for landscape application