Winter Parking Lot and Sidewalk Maintenance Manual

Background Information

Good Business Choices

Customer service is the key to success. Best Management Practices (BMP) keep parking lots and sidewalks safe and also reduce environmental impacts. Educating customers on the proper methods of snow removal and ice control (and of the value of this approach) can create a good and long-standing relationship.

Customers want reliable service. Providing a well-planned and well-executed winter maintenance program will have a positive impact. Using the latest technologies will increase the abilty to provide reliable service.

Customers want to hire educated winter maintenance professionals. This maunal will provide the necessary information to increase staff knowledge on the best practices for winter maintenance.

Using the right amount of material at the right time, will save time and money.

Certification in Smart Salting is a good reflection on the professional and the organization.

Customers and the public want safe parking lots and sidewalks. Understanding the materials, weather and application rates, provide a head start on controlling icy, slippery parking lots, and sidewalks.

Clean and neat parking lots and sidewalks are important to the public. By using less material and increased winter sweeping, pedestrians will track less material into buildings and there will be less damage to flooring. Proper snow storage makes debris removal in the spring easier. Covered storage of deicers will reduce loss of material, protect water, and is more aesthetic. Using BMPs and lower application rates will keep parking lots and sidewalks looking neat.

Customers also want affordable snow and ice control. The use of sophisticated chemicals and equipment may require a larger budget up-front; however, these costs can be balanced by reduced on-going costs. Reducing the need for sweeping, floor and rug maintenance, parking lot striping, and snow and ice maintenance time will allow for cost savings.

Minnesotan’s value water resources and the protection of lakes, streams, and wetlands is important. Educating customers how sustainable winter maintenance protects water resources is necessary.

Using less material is an effective approach to protecting our water resources. It is difficult to recover salt or sand once applied.

Water and Environmental Impacts

• Only 2.5% of all of the water on this planet is freshwater (not saltwater). Of that, less than 1% is available for use. The majority of the freshwater is frozen in the glaciers (Freshwater Crisis n.d.).

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Available water

• Water is recycled over long periods of time. There is a limited supply of water on this planet. Water is reused, recycled and dispersed as illustrated below from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), “Healthy Rivers: a Water Course” (Healthy Rivers 2004).

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Water cycle

Chloride concentrations are increasing in many surface waters and groundwater across Minnesota.

• In the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA), of surface water bodies tested, 39 are on the draft 2014 impaired waters list for chloride exceedances and 38 more are found to be at high risk as of July 2015. (MPCA 2015). Salts (chloride) dissolve in water and move with the water to nearby lakes, streams, and wetlands and also infiltrate into groundwater.
• Chloride is virtually a permanent pollutant that does not degrade and cannot be removed from surface waters. Once in the water, it continues to accumulate in the environment over time.
• Salt water is heavier than freshwater and may sink to the bottom of lakes. This may cause chemical stratification of the lake and loss of or changes in lake turn over (Stefan et al. 2008).

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Saline water intrusion into a lake

• Thirty percent of the 270 shallow aquifer monitoring wells tested in the TCMA exceeded the state chloride standard. (MPCA 2013).
• About 75% of Minnesotans rely on groundwater for drinking water. The MPCA has found 30% of the shallow monitoring wells, often found in urban areas, have exceeded the state standard for salt levels. As water moves from shallow to deeper aquifers, the salt contamination could penetrate sources of drinking water (MPCA 2013).
• The average salt use in the TCMA based on purchasing records is 349,000 tons per year (Sander et al. 2007).

Concentration of lake chloride in Twin City lakes and rock salt purchases by State of MN

Distribution of road salt use in Twin cities area

Deicers can be very damaging to both soil and vegetation. Efforts to keep salt off vegetation are needed: drive slower when applying deicers, turn down spinner speed to reduce spread pattern, use drop spreaders on sidewalks, store snow piles on hard surfaces, and reduce application rates. One source of information about salt-tolerant plants is the Plant Selector from Minnesota Department of Transportation.

Witches broom branching from salt spray

Impacts of Materials

Abrasives and deicers cause problems to infrastructure, drainage, water, vegetation, and soils when used in large quantities. Abrasives: Winter Sand

• Runs off parking lots with water to the nearest storm drain entering lakes, wetlands, streams, and rivers.
• Fills in surface water bodies, accelerating the aging process.
• Covers habitat and disrupts the food chain.
• Irritates the gills of fish.
• Clogs and disrupts the flow of water in storm drain systems.

Deicers are not "environmentally safe" regardless of what the bag says.

Chlorides commonly used for deicing are Sodium Chloride (road salt), Magnesium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, and Potassium Chloride.

• Road salt is the least expensive and most widely used deicer.
• Salt is corrosive to steel.
• Some have corrosion inhibitors and anti-caking agents added that are often toxic.
• Frequently damage plants through contact or by interfering with soil properties.
• Salt can cause soil to lose its ability to retain water, leading to soil erosion.
• Excess salt can make soil more alkaline and compact, and less permeable, making it more difficult to store nutrients that plants need to grow.
• Cannot be removed by stormwater ponds or rain gardens.
• Cannot be removed from the lakes, wetlands and rivers.
• Are persistent pollutants and will not break down over time.

About one teaspoon of salt can pollute five gallons of water. This applies to all chloride containing deicers.

Acetates:

• Are non-chloride compounds.
• Are an organic substance.
• When added to water, compete with aquatic life for oxygen.
• Contribute nutrients which promote algal blooms in lakes and ponds.
• Most of the problems they cause in the water are relatively short term, but severe.
• Are usually safer for vegetation.
• Are less corrosive than salts.
• Have the potential to be treated by stormwater BMPs.

Acetates can have a high biological oxygen demand (BOD), and can contribute to oxygen depletion in soil and water. Use carefully.

Plant-based additives (beet, corn, molasses):

• These additives do not contribute chloride to water but contribute nutrients (fertilizer).
• Cause an increase aquatic plant and algae growth.
• Use up oxygen in the lake or water body as they decompose.
• Serious impacts but not as long-lasting as chloride.

One lb. of phosphorus encourages growth of up to 500 lbs. of algae. Phosphorus is in plant-based products.

Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Chloride (TCMA) Management Plan

There are two primary sources of chloride to Minnesota water resources: 1) salt applied to roads, parking lots, and sidewalks for deicing; and 2) water softener brine discharges to municipal wastewater treatment plants (MPCA 2015). To address chloride impacts to Minnesota water resources, the MPCA worked with local stakeholders to develop a Chloride Manageme6nt Plan designed specifically to minimize chloride use across the seven counties of the metropolitan area. This plan is intended to be useful for all winter maintenance practices. The plan can be located on the MPCA’s website: http://www.pca.state.mn.us/programs/roadsalt.html

1 ton of rock salt ($50) causes greater than $1,450 in corrosion damage to bridges. (Sohanghpurwala 2008)

Fathead Minnows will die if exposed to chloride concentrations of 443 mg/l for more than 30 days (Axler n.d.)

Prepare for Winter Operations

Policies/Plans

Start now—develop a maintenance policy or plan that guides winter operations. A little planning and communication up-front can help achieve better results throughout the season.

• Develop a maintenance policy or plan.
• Review the maintenance policy with the crew.
• Inform customers of the maintenance policy.
• In the plan:
  • list the key actions to take during a winter event
  • list the order of these actions
  • address the level of service
    • consider customer expectations, the hours and use of the building, priority access points and environmental concerns in the policy
  • spell out any additional strategies such as routes, chemicals, application rate ranges etc.
• Follow the plan.
• Document actions.
• Review and update the maintenance policy each year.

Our waters are threatened by contracts which are based on fees for material use. This encourages overuse of materials.

Reduce liability. Establish a maintenance policy and follow it.

Training

Reduce risk by having a solid written winter maintenance policy and training program that utilizes best management practices. Schedule training for supervisors, staff, and customers.

The MPCA has three Smart Salting training classes available:

1. Level 1 Winter maintenance of roads
2. Level 1 Winter maintenance of parking lots/sidewalks
3. Level 2 winter maintenance training for supervisory staff

Check the MPCA website to find out about upcoming training opportunities.

Storage

Snow Piles:

• Store in an area where the solids can be recovered after the snow melts.
• Locate snow piles down-slope from salt and sand storage to prevent snow melt from flowing through salt or sand storage areas.
• Avoid pushing snow into lakes, ponds, wetlands, rivers, or other natural areas.

Improper storage of salts can lead to groundwater cantamination

Salt and Salt/Sand Piles:

• Storage areas often cause groundwater or surface water contamination. These problems can be easily tracked back to the source. Do not skimp on proper storage. When locating new storage for liquid or granular products investigate local visual screening ordinances.
• Indoor storage is recommended.
• Store on an impervious (water proof) surface.
• Floor should be sloped away from the door.
• Sweep loading areas back into the pile.
• Store away from lakes, rivers, ditches, storm drains, and wetland edges.

Salt storage uncovered and downhill from snow pile

'Salt storage areas are often a source of groundwater contamination. To reduce risk, have a covered storage area on an impervious pad. Take measures to keep salt or salt brine from leaving storage area.

A common mistake is storing a salt pile downhill from a snow pile

Salt Bags:

• Protect from rain or snow.
• Dispose of bags properly.
• Seal all open bags.

Liquids:

• Know the freezing point of the liquid. This will determine if it can be stored outdoors. Salt brine (NaCl) will freeze at -6o F.
• Tanks should be double-walled or have secondary containment. Secondary containment is like creating a bath tub around the tank so if the tank leaks, the “tub” captures the spill.
• Label the tank documenting its contents.
• For more information on storage tanks see www.pca.state.mn.us/cleanup/ast.html

Sand piles:

• Winter sand is typically mixed with some deicer to prevent freeze-up of the pile; therefore, sand pile storage should be the same as salt pile storage.
• Store leftover winter sand for next year. Do not use it for other purposes.

Prevent groundwater contamination. Do not locate storage areas near wells. Limestone regions with fissures and sinkholes are very prone to groundwater contamination, as are those with sandy soils.

Weather =

Know existing and potential weather conditions for a successful snow and ice control operation. Monitor the weather closely to prepare to act early in storm situations. Check the National Weather Service http://www.noaa.gov, local TV stations, or website weather. A Road Weather Information System (RWIS) is available for free on-line at www.rwis.dot.state.mn.us. The RWIS provides real time pavement temperatures and other information from locations around the state.

Pavement Temperature

Pavement and air temperature are different. Know the pavement temperature to determine the proper amount and type of material to apply. Weather stations report air temperature which is measured at least 6 ft. in the air. The air temperature is not helpful when trying to determine what to apply to surfaces on the ground.

Air temperature measurements are generally the same in a given area, but pavement temperatures in the same general location can vary greatly. Pavement temperatures are influenced by exposure to sun, pavement type, and subsurface materials.

The same air temperature in November and January will often accompany very different pavement temperatures.

The hand-held temperature sensors can be purchased from auto part stores for less than $100. Some temperature sensors only accurately monitor in the warm temperature range, confirm the one purchased measures in the cold temperature range. Mirror-mounted temperature sensors are also available; they are less likely to be lost or stolen, but do cost more and are generally not available at an auto parts store. RoadWatch by Commercial Vehicle Group, Inc. is one example of this type of sensor. A small investment in equipment will improve performance.

Knowing the pavement temperature allows the application of the proper amount of material for each situation.