Interpreting wasteload allocations based on flow/load duration curves

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Example of a flow duration curve (Searcy, 1959

TSS load duration curve for Buffalo Creek in Minnesota. From South Fork Crow River Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load Report

Information: When considering TMDLs based on load duration curves, the MPCA recommends using the mid value when determining wasteload allocations for MS4 permits

Flow duration curves use historical records to relate flow values in a stream or river to the percent of time those values have been met or exceeded. The curves show flow from high to low along the Y-axis and the percent of time when that flow is exceeded on the X-axis. Flow duration curves are often divided into different flow regimes. For example, a curve could be divided into 3 regimes based on percent likelihood of exceedance. The three regimes could each account for 33.3 percent of the curve and be labeled as low, medium, and high flow regimes. Low flows are exceeded a majority of the time, while high flows are exceeded infrequently.

Load duration curves are similar to flow duration curves but instead relate pollutant loads in a stream or river to the percent of time a specific flow has been met or exceeded. Load duration curves are generated by multiplying the water quality standard by the flow. Load duration curves represent the acceptable pollutant loading across a range of flows. Monitored values are plotted on the load duration curve to identify when exceedances of the water quality criterion occur. Values plotting above the load duration line represent exceedances of a water quality criterion.

For total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), load duration curves are primarily used for total suspended solids (TSS) and fecal bacteria (total fecal coliforms or E. coli). Typically, five flow or load regimes are used (very low, low, mid, high, and very high). The specific flows that these correspond with can vary. For example, in the adjacent image, very low and very high correspond with the lowest and highest 10 percent of flows, respectively, mid flows correspond with flows in the 40-60 percent range, and high and low flows correspond with 10-40 and 60-90 percent of the flows, respectively.

Interpreting wasteload allocations (WLAs) from load duration curves can be challenging for an MS4 (Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System) permittee. These challenges include the following.

• Permittees typically manage their area as a single system and do not implement best management practices (BMPs) based on flow in a receiving water.
• The effects of stormwater practices that retain water on the landscape, such as infiltration, are not accounted for in MS4 wasteload allocations for the high and very high flow regimes.
• Streamflow does not always correlate with precipitation. For example, the highest flows in streams and rivers, on an average annual basis, occur in early to mid-spring, while rainfall is greatest and rainfall intensities highest in late spring and early summer. In addition, peak stormwater runoff in early- to mid-spring typically occurs over a period of several days to weeks as snow melts. Stormwater BMPs are designed to manage this type of runoff, resulting in maximum BMP effectiveness during high stream flows. Conversely, intense rains in late spring and summer often overwhelm stormwater BMPs. Typically streamflows decrease during this time period, meaning stormwater BMPs are often less effective in middle flow regimes (Baldwin and Lall, 1999; Zheng et al., 2018)
• Slater and Villarni (2017) showed that antecedent moisture content is an important factor affecting streamflow. This is a relatively unimportant factor in managing stormwater runoff since BMPs are typically designed to capture an instantaneous volume of water regardless of antecedent moisture content, although BMPs would be expected to perform above design expectations under drier initial conditions.

Recommendation for interpreting load duration curves for MS4 permittees

File:Hydrograph.gif

Example of a stream hydrograph showing the contribution of overland flow, throughflow, and baseflow (BBC).

For most TMDLs, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) recommends using the mid value for the WLA. Justification for this is based on the following.

1. TSS WLAs are underallocated for MS4 stormwater. In- and near-stream erosion processes typically dominate pollutant loading at high and very high flows. Stormwater practices that retain water on the landscape (e.g infiltration) or slow the release of runoff (e.g. constructed ponds and wetlands, many filtration practices) reduce erosion associated with in- and near-stream processes. These effects are not accounted for in load determinations (e.g. models) when setting TMDLs. Consequently, these practices are not properly credited at high and very high flows.
2. Stormwater practices are most effective at times when high and very high flow occurs. The adjacent image shows that stream hydrographs typically show a lag a several hours to more than a day before achieving peak flow. In the absence of very large rainfall events, sustaining peak flows at high and very levels requires extended periods of rainfall or snowmelt. For these extended periods of rainfall and snowmelt, BMPs designed to treat an instantaneous volume will typically be overdesigned and thus under-credited since they will release water gradually (e.g. through infiltration), resulting in increased capture of runoff.
3. Stormwater BMP effectiveness decreases at times when stream flows are decreasing. The most intense storms typically occur in late spring and summer, when stream flows are decreasing and are more typically at mid-flow levels. Most stormwater BMPs are designed to treat small and moderate storms.

Some exceptions to the above recommendations include the following.

• There are specific pollutant sources in the watershed that contribute at high and very high flows and that can be managed by the permittee.
• The permittee does not or cannot implement practices that retain runoff or slow the release of runoff.
• Exceedances of water quality criteria occur only at low and/or very low flows. In this case, the permittee should apply the WLA for these flow regimes.
• The TMDL model incorporated in- and near-stream loads in the MS4 WLA, or MS4s conduct modeling to incorporate in- and near-stream loads in their WLA.

Suggested reading

• What is a Flow Duration Curve?
• Flow-Duration Curves, James K. Searcy, Manual of Hydrology: Part 2. Low-Flow Techniques (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1542-A)
• Flow duration curves