Difference between revisions of "Assessing the performance of permeable pavement"
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| − | + | [[File:Pdf image.png|100px|thumb|alt=pdf image|<font size=3>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Assessing_the_performance_of_permeable_pavement_-_Minnesota_Stormwater_Manual_May_2022.pdf Download pdf]</font size>]] | |
| − | *The drawdown rate should be measured at the observation well for three (3) days following a storm event in excess of 1/2 inch in depth. If standing water is still observed in the well after two days, this is a clear sign the system is not performing as desired and | + | [[File:General information page image.png|right|100px|alt=image]] |
| + | [[File:Permeable pavement maintenance.png|thumb|300px|alt=image of permeable pavement maintenance|<font size=3>Permeable pavement maintenance (Image: [https://m.facebook.com/USGSUMid/photos/new-publication-alertassessment-of-restorative-maintenance-practices-on-the-infi/1634169280066386/ United States Geological Survey])</font size>]] | ||
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| + | {{alert|Permeable pavement can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement may provide additional benefits, including reducing the need for de-icing chemicals, and providing a durable and aesthetically pleasing surface.|alert-success}} | ||
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| + | Assessing the performance of <span title="Permeable pavements allow stormwater runoff to filter through surface voids into an underlying stone reservoir for temporary storage and/or infiltration. The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP)."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement permeable pavement]'''</span> includes a review of its condition and performance. A spring maintenance inspection is recommended and cleanup conducted as needed. The following are recommended annual maintenance inspection points for permeable pavements. | ||
| + | *The drawdown rate should be measured at the <span title="A well used to observe changes in groundwater levels or groundwater quality over a period of time."> '''observation well'''</span> for three (3) days following a storm event in excess of 1/2 inch in depth. If standing water is still observed in the well after two days, this is a clear sign the system is not performing as desired and subgrade soil clogging is a problem. | ||
*Inspect the surface for evidence of sediment deposition, organic debris, water staining, or ponding that may indicate surface clogging. If any signs of clogging are noted, schedule a vacuum sweeper to remove deposited material. Then test sections using [http://www.astm.org/ ASTM] C1701 to ensure that the surface attains an infiltration rate of at least 10 inches per hour. | *Inspect the surface for evidence of sediment deposition, organic debris, water staining, or ponding that may indicate surface clogging. If any signs of clogging are noted, schedule a vacuum sweeper to remove deposited material. Then test sections using [http://www.astm.org/ ASTM] C1701 to ensure that the surface attains an infiltration rate of at least 10 inches per hour. | ||
| − | *Check inlets, pretreatment cells and any flow diversion structures for sediment buildup and structural damage. Remove the sediment. | + | *Check inlets, <span title="Pretreatment reduces maintenance and prolongs the lifespan of structural stormwater BMPs by removing trash, debris, organic materials, coarse sediments, and associated pollutants prior to entering structural stormwater BMPs. Implementing pretreatment devices also improves aesthetics by capturing debris in focused or hidden areas. Pretreatment practices include settling devices, screens, and pretreatment vegetated filter strips."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pretreatment '''pretreatment''']</span> cells and any flow diversion structures for sediment buildup and structural damage. Remove the sediment. |
| − | *Inspect any contributing drainage area for any controllable sources of sediment or erosion | + | *Inspect any <span title="The total drainage area, including pervious and impervious surfaces, contributing to a BMP"> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contributing_drainage_area_to_stormwater_BMPs contributing drainage area]'''</span> for any controllable sources of sediment or erosion |
*Inspect the condition of the observation well and make sure it is capped. | *Inspect the condition of the observation well and make sure it is capped. | ||
*Inspect the structural integrity of the pavement surface, looking for signs of surface deterioration, such as slumping, cracking, spalling, or broken pavers. Replacement to rectify a damaged surface or one removed for access to utility repairs should be done per industry recommendations. After base compaction, small areas of pervious concrete and porous asphalt can be replaced with conventional (impervious) asphalt or concrete up to 10 percent of the total permeable pavement area. For PICP, paving units are removed for reinstatement later. The remaining undisturbed pavers at the perimeter of the opening are typically held in place with temporary wood or metal braces. Once the base is replaced and compacted, new bedding material and pavers are reinstated and compacted over the base. | *Inspect the structural integrity of the pavement surface, looking for signs of surface deterioration, such as slumping, cracking, spalling, or broken pavers. Replacement to rectify a damaged surface or one removed for access to utility repairs should be done per industry recommendations. After base compaction, small areas of pervious concrete and porous asphalt can be replaced with conventional (impervious) asphalt or concrete up to 10 percent of the total permeable pavement area. For PICP, paving units are removed for reinstatement later. The remaining undisturbed pavers at the perimeter of the opening are typically held in place with temporary wood or metal braces. Once the base is replaced and compacted, new bedding material and pavers are reinstated and compacted over the base. | ||
| + | An [http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/ online manual] for assessing BMP treatment performance was developed in 2010 by Andrew Erickson, Peter Weiss, and John Gulliver from the University of Minnesota and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. The manual advises on a four-level process to assess the performance of a Best Management Practice. | ||
| + | *Level 1: [https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/visual-inspection Visual Inspection]. This includes assessments for infiltration practices and for [http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/filtration-practices/visual-inspection-filtration-practices filtration practices]. The website includes links to a downloadable checklist. | ||
| + | *Level 2: [https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/capacity-testing Capacity Testing]. Level 2 testing can be applied to both infiltration and filtration practices. | ||
| + | *Level 3: [https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/synthetic-runoff-testing Synthetic Runoff Testing] for infiltration and filtration practices. Synthetic runoff test results can be used to develop an accurate characterization of pollutant retention or removal, but can be limited by the need for an available water volume and discharge. | ||
| + | *Level 4: [https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/monitoring Monitoring for infiltration] or filtration practices | ||
| + | |||
| + | The adjacent table summarizes the four levels of assessment. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{:Levels of assessment for stormwater best management practices (stormwater control measures)}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Level 1 activities do not produce numerical performance data that could be used to obtain a stormwater management <span title="The stormwater runoff volume or pollutant reduction achieved toward meeting a runoff volume or water quality goal."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Overview_of_stormwater_credits '''credit (stormwater credit)''']</span>. BMP owners and operators who are interested in using data obtained from Levels 2 and 3 should consult with the MPCA or other regulatory agency to determine if the results are appropriate for credit calculations. Level 4, monitoring, is the method most frequently used for assessment of the performance of a BMP. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Use these links to obtain detailed information on the following topics related to BMP performance monitoring: | ||
| + | *[http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/developing-assessment-program Developing an Assessment Program] | ||
| + | *[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/water-budget-measurement Water Budget Measurement] | ||
| + | *[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/sampling-methods Sampling Methods] | ||
| + | *[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/analysis-water-and-soils Analysis of Water and Soils] | ||
| + | *[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/data-analysis Data Analysis for Monitoring] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Additional information on designing a monitoring network and performing field monitoring are found at [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Calculating_credits_for_bioretention#Credits_based_on_field_monitoring this link]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | <noinclude> | ||
==Related articles== | ==Related articles== | ||
*[[Overview for permeable pavement]] | *[[Overview for permeable pavement]] | ||
| Line 17: | Line 45: | ||
*[[Calculating credits for permeable pavement]] | *[[Calculating credits for permeable pavement]] | ||
<!--[[Cost-benefit considerations for permeable pavement]]--> | <!--[[Cost-benefit considerations for permeable pavement]]--> | ||
| + | *[[Case studies for permeable pavement]] | ||
| + | *[[Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement]] | ||
| + | *[[Summary of permit requirements for infiltration]] | ||
| + | *[[Permeable pavement photo gallery]] | ||
*[[Additional considerations for permeable pavement]] | *[[Additional considerations for permeable pavement]] | ||
| − | + | *[[Links for permeable pavement]] | |
| − | *[[External resources for permeable pavement]]--> | + | <!--*[[External resources for permeable pavement]]--> |
*[[References for permeable pavement]] | *[[References for permeable pavement]] | ||
<!--*[[Supporting material for permeable pavement]]--> | <!--*[[Supporting material for permeable pavement]]--> | ||
| − | <!-- | + | *[[Fact sheets for permeable pavement]] |
| − | + | *[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using permeable pavement BMPs in the MIDS calculator]] | |
| − | + | <!--#[[Permeable pavement credits]]--> | |
| + | |||
| + | [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement Permeable pavement main page] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Links to pages discussing assessment of other BMPs can be found at [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Category:Assessing_performance this page]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Specifications and details/Assessing performance]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Permeable pavement]] | ||
| + | </noinclude> | ||
Latest revision as of 15:33, 27 December 2022
Permeable pavement maintenance (Image: United States Geological Survey)
Green Infrastructure: Permeable pavement can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement may provide additional benefits, including reducing the need for de-icing chemicals, and providing a durable and aesthetically pleasing surface.
Assessing the performance of permeable pavement includes a review of its condition and performance. A spring maintenance inspection is recommended and cleanup conducted as needed. The following are recommended annual maintenance inspection points for permeable pavements.
- The drawdown rate should be measured at the observation well for three (3) days following a storm event in excess of 1/2 inch in depth. If standing water is still observed in the well after two days, this is a clear sign the system is not performing as desired and subgrade soil clogging is a problem.
- Inspect the surface for evidence of sediment deposition, organic debris, water staining, or ponding that may indicate surface clogging. If any signs of clogging are noted, schedule a vacuum sweeper to remove deposited material. Then test sections using ASTM C1701 to ensure that the surface attains an infiltration rate of at least 10 inches per hour.
- Check inlets, pretreatment cells and any flow diversion structures for sediment buildup and structural damage. Remove the sediment.
- Inspect any contributing drainage area for any controllable sources of sediment or erosion
- Inspect the condition of the observation well and make sure it is capped.
- Inspect the structural integrity of the pavement surface, looking for signs of surface deterioration, such as slumping, cracking, spalling, or broken pavers. Replacement to rectify a damaged surface or one removed for access to utility repairs should be done per industry recommendations. After base compaction, small areas of pervious concrete and porous asphalt can be replaced with conventional (impervious) asphalt or concrete up to 10 percent of the total permeable pavement area. For PICP, paving units are removed for reinstatement later. The remaining undisturbed pavers at the perimeter of the opening are typically held in place with temporary wood or metal braces. Once the base is replaced and compacted, new bedding material and pavers are reinstated and compacted over the base.
An online manual for assessing BMP treatment performance was developed in 2010 by Andrew Erickson, Peter Weiss, and John Gulliver from the University of Minnesota and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. The manual advises on a four-level process to assess the performance of a Best Management Practice.
- Level 1: Visual Inspection. This includes assessments for infiltration practices and for filtration practices. The website includes links to a downloadable checklist.
- Level 2: Capacity Testing. Level 2 testing can be applied to both infiltration and filtration practices.
- Level 3: Synthetic Runoff Testing for infiltration and filtration practices. Synthetic runoff test results can be used to develop an accurate characterization of pollutant retention or removal, but can be limited by the need for an available water volume and discharge.
- Level 4: Monitoring for infiltration or filtration practices
The adjacent table summarizes the four levels of assessment.
Levels of assessment for stormwater best management practices (stormwater control measures)
Link to this table
| Level | Title | Objectives | Relative | Typical elapsed time | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Visual Inspection | Determine if stormwater BMP is malfunctioning | 1 | 1 day | Quick, inexpensive | Limited knowledge gained |
| 2 | Capacity testing | Determine infiltration or sedimentation capacity and rates | 10 | 1 week | Less expensive, no equipment left in field | Limited to infiltration and sedimentation capacity/rates, uncertainties can be substantial |
| 3 | Simulated runoff testing | Determine infiltration rates, capacity, and pollutant removal performance | 10-100 | 1 week to 1 month | Controlled experiments, more accurate with fewer tests required for statistical significance as compared to monitoring, no equipment left in field | Cannot be used without sufficient water supply, limited scope |
| 4 | Monitoring | Determine infiltration rates, capacity, and pollutant removal performance | 400 | 14 months | Most comprehensive. Assess stormwater BMP within watershed without modeling | Uncertainty in results due to lack of control and number of variables, equipment left in field |
Level 1 activities do not produce numerical performance data that could be used to obtain a stormwater management credit (stormwater credit). BMP owners and operators who are interested in using data obtained from Levels 2 and 3 should consult with the MPCA or other regulatory agency to determine if the results are appropriate for credit calculations. Level 4, monitoring, is the method most frequently used for assessment of the performance of a BMP.
Use these links to obtain detailed information on the following topics related to BMP performance monitoring:
- Developing an Assessment Program
- Water Budget Measurement
- Sampling Methods
- Analysis of Water and Soils
- Data Analysis for Monitoring
Additional information on designing a monitoring network and performing field monitoring are found at this link.
Related articles
- Overview for permeable pavement
- Types of permeable pavement
- Design criteria for permeable pavement
- Construction specifications for permeable pavement
- Assessing the performance of permeable pavement
- Operation and maintenance of permeable pavement
- Calculating credits for permeable pavement
- Case studies for permeable pavement
- Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement
- Summary of permit requirements for infiltration
- Permeable pavement photo gallery
- Additional considerations for permeable pavement
- Links for permeable pavement
- References for permeable pavement
- Fact sheets for permeable pavement
- Requirements, recommendations and information for using permeable pavement BMPs in the MIDS calculator
Links to pages discussing assessment of other BMPs can be found at this page.
This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 15:33.