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| − | {{alert|The anticipated construction period for this page is January through March, 2013|alert-under-construction}} | + | {{alert|Many of the following pages have been updated and the links below redirect you to the updated page. The old pages can be accessed from the redirect page.|alert-info}} |
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| − | ==Infiltration Overview==
| + | Stormwater [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. Design variants include; the infiltration basin, the infiltration trench, the dry well and the underground infiltration system. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows. |
| − | <p>''Natural or constructed depressions located in permeable soils that capture, store and infiltrate the volume of stormwater runoff associated with a particular design event.''</p>
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| − | [[file:Infiltration trench Lino Lakes.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes|Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes]] | + | [[file:Infiltration trench Lino Lakes.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Photo of an infiltration trench in Lino Lakes|<font size=3>Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes</font size>]] |
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| − | [[file:Underground storage and infiltration - Stillwater.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Photo of a Infiltration trench in Stillwater|Photo of a Infiltration trench in Stillwater]] | + | Infiltration practices are applicable to sites with naturally permeable soils and a suitable distance to the seasonally high [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] table, bedrock or other impermeable layer. They may be used in residential and other urban settings where elevated [[Glossary#R|runoff]] volumes, pollutant loads, and runoff temperatures are a concern. In applications where the stormwater runoff has a particularly high pollutant load or where the soils have very high Infiltration rates, a significant amount of [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] should be provided to protect the groundwater quality. Sources that include potential stormwater [[potential stormwater hotspots|hotsposts]] (PSH) should not be introduced to Infiltration areas. |
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| | <u><font size=3>Infiltration trench articles</font size></u> | | <u><font size=3>Infiltration trench articles</font size></u> |
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| | *[[Overview for Infiltration trench]] | | *[[Overview for Infiltration trench]] |
| − | *[[Types of InfiltratioInfiltration trench]] | + | *[[Types of Infiltration trench]] |
| − | *[[Design criteria for bInfiltration trench]] | + | *[[Design criteria for Infiltration trench]] |
| | *[[Construction specifications for Infiltration trench]] | | *[[Construction specifications for Infiltration trench]] |
| − | *[[Operation and maintenance of Infiltration trench]] | + | *[[Operation and maintenance of Infiltration trench]] |
| | + | *[[Assessing the performance of infiltration]] |
| | + | *[[Calculating credits for infiltration trench]] |
| | *[[Cost-benefit considerations for Infiltration trench ]] | | *[[Cost-benefit considerations for Infiltration trench ]] |
| | *[[External resources for Infiltration trench ]] | | *[[External resources for Infiltration trench ]] |
| − | *[[References for Infiltration trench]] | + | *[[References for infiltration]] |
| − | | + | *[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using infiltration basin/underground infiltration BMPs in the MIDS calculator]] |
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| − | ===Design Criteria:===
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| − | *Contributing drainage area
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| − | *Underlying soil types
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| − | *Depth to the water table, bedrock or other impeding layer
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| − | *Proximity to buildings, drinking water supplies, [[Glossary#K|Karst]] features, etc.
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| − | *Source of stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Benefits===
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| − | *Reduces volume of stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]]
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| − | *Increases ground water [[Glossary#R|recharge]]
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| − | *Improves surface water quality | |
| − | *Provides thermal benefits (e.g. to cold water fisheries)
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| − | *Mimics pre-development hydrology
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| − | ===Limitations===
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| − | *Unusual construction considerations
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| − | *Potential for [[Glossary#G|ground water]] contamination
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| − | *Tendency to lose effectiveness over time due to clogging – if not properly constructed or maintained
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| − | *Not recommended for areas with steep slopes
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| − | *May require landscaping: consideration should be given to periods on inundation and drought
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| − | | |
| − | ===Description===
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| − | <p>In general terms, [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] systems can be described as natural or constructed depressions located in permeable soils that capture, store and infiltrate stormwater runoff within 48 hours. These depressions can be located at the surface of the ground (e.g. infiltration basin) or they can be designed as underground facilities (e.g. structural chamber or excavated pit filled with aggregate such as an infiltration trench). Typically, infiltration systems are designed with one or more [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] facilities or they are designed as off-line facilities.</p>
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| − | {{alert|[[glossary#I|Infiltration]] systems should be located in permeable soils and a minimum 3-foot distance is ''REQUIRED'' from the bottom of the seasonally high water table, bedrock or other impeding layer per the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Construction General Permit (CGP)]]|alert-danger}}
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| − | <p>Dry wells and Trenches should be designed to handle the smaller, more frequent rainfall events. Stormwater associated with the larger rainfall events should bypass these practices by a separate pipe or an overflow device. Infiltration basins and underground infiltration systems should be designed to handle both the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] and as the water quantity volume.</p>
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| − | <p>Infiltration systems can be designed to address a number of stormwater management issues including: water quality, stormwater [[Glossary#G|runoff]] reduction, flow attenuation, [[Glossary#T|thermal impacts]] to cold water fisheries, and [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] [[Glossary#R|recharge]].</p>
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| − | ===Maintenance Requirements===
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| − | *Establishment of native vegetation may require weeding, watering, pumping, replacement of plants and tree/shrub trimming
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| − | *Inspection and removal of [[Glossary#S|sediment]] accumulation
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| − | *Street sweeping of impervious areas adjacent to infiltration practices
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| − | *Avoid the application of fertilizer or herbicide in or near [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices
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| − | ===SITE FACTORS===
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| − | [[file:Trench-storm.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Schematic of Start of Storm Event - Initial runoff & storage|Schematic of Start of Storm Event - Initial runoff & storage]]
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| − | [[file:Trench-storage.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Schematic of Duration of Storm Event - Storage & filtration/infiltration|Schematic of Duration of Storm Event - Storage & filtration/infiltration]]
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| − | [[file:Trench-infiltration.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Schematic of inflitration trench following storm event - Remaining storage drawdown|Schematic of inflitration trench following storm event - Remaining storage drawdown]]
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| − | *Max Drainage Areas: Dry Well/ Trench/ Basin = 1/ 5/ 50 Acres
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| − | *Max. Site Slope = 20 percent
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| − | *Min. Depth to Bedrock = 3 feet
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| − | *Min. Depth to Seasonally High Water Table = 3 feet
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| − | *NRCS Soil Type *C & D soils have limited infiltration ability but can be used to match predevelopment conditions = A,B,C*,& D
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| − | *Freeze/ Thaw Suitability = Poor - Good
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| − | *Potential [[Glossary#H|Hotspot]] [[Glossary#R|Runoff]] = NO
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| − | ===MANAGEMENT SUITABILITY===
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| − | *Water Quality (V<sub>wq</sub>) = High
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| − | *Med. Channel Protection (V<sub>cp</sub>)
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| − | *[[Glossary#O|Overbank Flood Protection]] (Vp<sub>10</sub>) = Low/Med.
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| − | *[[Glossary#E|Extreme Flood]] Protection (Vp<sub>100</sub>) = Low
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| − | *[[Glossary#R|Recharge]] Volume (V<sub>re</sub>) = High
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| − | | |
| − | ===MECHANISMS===
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| − | *Screening/ [[Glossary#F|Filtration]]
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| − | *Temperature Control
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| − | *Transpiration *if vegetated
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| − | *Soil [[Glossary#A|Adsorption]]
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| − | *Biological/ Micro. Uptake
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| − | ===POLLUTION REMOVAL*===
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| − | *Total Suspended Solids [[Glossary#T|(TSS)]] = 100 percent
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| − | *Nutrients - [[Glossary#T|Total Phosphorus]]/ = 100 percent
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| − | *Total Nitrogen = 100 percent
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| − | *Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc = 100 percent
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| − | *Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E. Coli = 100 percent
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| − | *Toxins - Hydrocarbon = 100 percent
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| − | <p>Pollution removal addresses only the impact on surface water, as there could be some transfer of pollution to the soil layer and [[Glossary#G|groundwater]].</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Suitability==
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| − | ===General===
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| − | <p>Stormwater [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. Design variants include; the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] basin, the infiltration trench, the dry well and the underground [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] system. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows.</p>
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| − | <p>[[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] practices are applicable to sites with naturally permeable soils and a suitable distance to the seasonally high [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] table, bedrock or other impermeable layer. They may be used in residential and other urban settings where elevated [[Glossary#R|runoff]] volumes, pollutant loads, and [[Glossary#R|runoff]] temperatures are a concern. In applications where the stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]] has a particularly high pollutant load or where the soils have very high [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] rates, a significant amount of [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] should be provided to protect the [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] quality. Sources that include potential stormwater should not be introduced to [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] systems. Sources that include potential stormwater [[Glossary#H|hotsposts]] (PSH) should not be introduced to [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] areas.</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Function Within Stormwater Treatment Train===
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| − | <p>Infiltration practices may be located at the end of the treatment train or they can be designed as off-line configurations where the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] is diverted to the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice. In any case, the practice may be applied as part of a stormwater management system to achieve one or more of the following objectives:</p>
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| − | *Reduce stormwater pollutants
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| − | *Increase [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] [[Glossary#R|recharge]]
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| − | *Decrease [[Glossary#R|runoff]] peak flow rates
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| − | *Decrease the volume of stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]]
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| − | *Preserve base flow in streams
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| − | *Reduce [[Glossary#T|thermal impacts]] of [[Glossary#R|runoff]].
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| − | ===MPCA Permit Applicability===
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| − | <p>One of the goals of this Manual is to facilitate understanding of and compliance with the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA General Stormwater Permit for Construction Activity (MN R100001)], commonly called the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html Construction General Permit (CGP)], which includes design and performance standards for permanent stormwater management systems. These standards must be applied in all projects in which at least one acre of new impervious area is being created, and [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit] stipulates certain standards for various categories of stormwater management practices.</p>
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| − | <p>For regulatory purposes, infiltration practices fall under the “Infiltration / Filtration” category described in Part III.C.2 of [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit]. If used in combination with other practices, credit for combined stormwater treatment can be given as described in Part III.C.4. Due to the statewide prevalence of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit], design guidance in this section is presented with the assumption that [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit] does apply. Also, although it is expected that in many cases [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] will be used in combination with other practices, standards are described for the case in which it is a stand alone practice.</p>
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| − | <p>The following terms are thus used in the text to distinguish various levels of stormwater pond design guidance:</p>
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| − | <p>'''REQUIRED:''' Indicates design standards stipulated by the MPCA Permit (or other consistently applicable regulations).</p>
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| − | <p>'''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED:''' Indicates design guidance that is extremely beneficial or necessary for proper functioning of the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice, but is not specifically required by the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit].</p>
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| − | <p>'''RECOMMENDED:''' Indicates design guidance that is helpful for infiltration performance but not critical to the design.</p>
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| − | <p>Of course, there are situations, particularly retrofit projects, in which an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility is constructed without being subject to the conditions of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit]. While compliance with the permit is not required in these cases, the standards it establishes can provide valuable design guidance to the user. It is also important to note that additional and potentially more stringent design requirements may apply for a particular [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility, depending on where it is situated both jurisdictionally and within the surrounding landscape.</p>
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| − | {{alert|There is some concern that underground infiltration systems and dry wells meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definition of a Class V injection well. Class V injection wells are defined as any bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or dug hole that is deeper than its widest surface dimension, or an improved sinkhole, or a subsurface fluid distribution system (from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1001KJM.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2000+Thru+2005&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C00thru05%5CTxt%5C00000016%5CP1001KJM.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL When Are Storm Water Discharges Regulated as Class V Wells, June 2003]. Please consult MPCA with questions on the applicability of Class V injection well rules.|alert-caution}}
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| − | <p>Of course, there are situations, particularly retrofit projects, in which an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility is constructed without being subject to the conditions of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit]. While compliance with the permit is not required in these cases, the standards it establishes can provide valuable design guidance to the user. It is also important to note that additional and potentially more stringent design requirements may apply for a particular infiltration facility, depending on where it is situated both jurisdictionally and within the surrounding landscape.</p>
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| − | ===Temporary [[Glossary#E|Erosion]] Control===
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| − | *Installation prior to site disturbance
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| − | *Catch [[Glossary#B|basin]]/inlet protection
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| − | *Use of [[Glossary#B|BMP]] as temporary sedimentation [[Glossary#B|basin]]/
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| − | ===Excavation, Backfill and Grading===
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| − | *Timing of grading of infiltration practices (relative to total site development)
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| − | *Use of low-impact, earth moving equipment
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| − | *Controls to ensure site is not over-excavated
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| − | *Restoration in the event of [[Glossary#S|sediment]] accumulation during construction of practice
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| − | *Gravel backfill specifications
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| − | *Gravel filter specifications
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| − | *Filter fabric specifications
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| − | *Observation well specifications
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| − | ===Native Plants, Planting and Transplanting===
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| − | *Site preparation of planting areas
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| − | *Timing of native seeding and native planting
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| − | *Weed control
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| − | *Watering of plant material
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| − | {{alert|It is REQUIRED that infiltration systems not be excavated to final grade until the contributing drainage area has been constructed and fully stabilized.|alert-caution}}
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| − | ===Construction Sequence Scheduling===
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| − | *Temporary construction access
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| − | *Location of [[Glossary#S|silt fence]] installation to protect [[Glossary#B|BMP]]s and downgradient receiving waters
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| − | *Removal and storage of excavated material
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| − | *Installation of underground utilities
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| − | *Rough grading
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| − | *Seeding and mulching disturbed areas
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| − | *Road construction
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| − | *Final grading
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| − | *Site stabilization
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| − | *Installation of semi-permanent and permanent [[Glossary#E|erosion]] control measures
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| − | *[[Glossary#S|Silt fence]] removal (often forgotten but an essential step)
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| − | ===Construction Observation===
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| − | *Adherence to construction documents
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| − | *Verification of physical site conditions
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| − | *[[Glossary#E|Erosion]] control measures installed appropriately
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| − | ====Avoid excessive compaction====
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| − | {{alert|It is ''REQUIRED'' that in order to prevent soil compaction, the proposed [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] area be staked off and marked during construction to prevent heavy equipment and traffic from traveling over it.|alert-danger}}
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| − | <p>In addition, it is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' that the side walls of dry wells and [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] trenches be roughened if they have been smeared by heavy equipment</p>
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| − | ====Stabilize Vegetation Before and After Construction====
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| − | <p>Excessive [[Glossary#S|sediment]] loadings can occur without the use of proper [[Glossary#E|erosion]] and [[Glossary#S|sediment]] control practices during the construction process.</p>
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| − | {{alert|It is ''REQUIRED'' that upland drainage areas be properly stabilized with a thick layer of vegetation, particularly immediately following construction, to reduce [[Glossary#S|sediment]] loads.|alert-danger}}
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| − | {{alert|If [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices are in-place during construction activities, it is ''REQUIRED'' that [[Glossary#S|sediment]] and [[Glossary#R|runoff]] be kept away the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] area, such as with diversion berms and soil-stabilizing vegetation around the perimeter of the practice.|alert-danger}}
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| − | ====Correctly Install Filter Fabrics====
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| − | <p>Large tree roots should be trimmed flush with the sides of dry wells and [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] trenches to prevent puncturing or tearing of the filter fabric during subsequent installation procedures. When laying out the geotextile, the width should include sufficient material to compensate for perimeter irregularities in the dry well or trench and for a 6-inch minimum top overlap. The filter fabric itself should be tucked under the sand layer on the bottom of the dry well of [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] trench, and stones or other anchoring objects should be placed on the fabric at the trench sides to keep the excavation open during windy periods. Voids may occur between the fabric and the excavated sides of the practice. Natural soils should be placed in any voids to ensure fabric conformity to the excavation sides.</p>
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| − | ====Carefully Finish Final Grading====
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| − | <p>Initial [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] [[Glossary#B|basin]] excavation should be carried to within 2 feet of the final elevation of the [[Glossary#B|basin]] floor.</p>
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| − | {{alert|It is ''REQUIRED'' that [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] systems not be excavated to final grade until the contributing drainage area has been constructed and fully stabilized.|alert-danger}}
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| − | <p>The final phase excavation should remove all accumulated [[Glossary#S|sediment]] and be done by light tracked equipment to avoid compaction of the [[Glossary#B|basin]] floor and provide a well-aerated, highly porous surface texture. </p>
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| − | ====Keep infiltration practices “Off-line” until construction Is complete====
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| − | {{alert|It is ''REQUIRED'' that [[Glossary#S|Ssediment]] and [[Glossary#R|runoff]] be kept completely away from the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] area during construction. Thus, [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices should never serve as [[Glossary#S|Ssediment]] control devices during site construction.|alert-danger}}
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| − | <p>It is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' that construction of [[Glossary#S|Ssediment]] practices be suspended during snowmelt or rainfall, in order to prevent soil smearing, clumping, or compaction.</p>
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| − | ====Establish Permanent Vegetation====
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| − | *Establishing dense vegetation on the basin side slopes is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'', to reduce [[Glossary#E|erosion]] and sloughing and
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| − | *Provide a natural means of maintaining relatively high [[Glossary#|Iinfiltration]] rates. [[Glossary#V|Vegetative cover]] at inflow points to the {Glossary#B|basin]] is also ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' to provide [[Glossary#E|erosion]] protection and reduce [[Glossary#S|sediment]] accumulation. The use of native grasses is ''RECOMMENDED'' for seeding primarily due to their adaptability to local climates and soil conditions.
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| − | *Inspections during construction are needed to ensure that the [[Glossary#|Iinfiltration]] practice is built in accordance with the approved design and standards and specifications. Detailed inspection checklists should be used that include sign-offs by qualified individuals at critical stages of construction to ensure that the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the designer.
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| − | ====Post-Construction Operation and Maintenance====
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| − | {{alert|A maintenance plan clarifying maintenance responsibility is ''REQUIRED''.|alert-danger}}
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| − | <p>Effective long-term operation of [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices necessitates a dedicated and routine maintenance schedule with clear guidelines and schedules. Some important post-construction maintenance considerations are provided below. </p>
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| − | *A legally binding and enforceable maintenance agreement should be executed between the practice owner and the local review authority.
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| − | *Adequate access must be provided for all [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices for inspection, maintenance, and landscaping upkeep, including appropriate equipment and vehicles.
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| − | *General i[[Glossary#I|infiltration]] trench maintenance activities and schedule are provided in the table below
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| − | | |
| − | {{:Typical maintenance problems for infiltration trenches and basins}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{:Typical maintenance activities for infiltration trenches}}
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| − | ==Construction and Maintenance Costs==
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| − | <p>The [[Integrated stormwater management]] section outlines a cost estimation method which site planners could use to compare the relative construction and maintenance costs for structural best management practices. These curves are excellent for purposes of comparison; however, it is recommended that construction and maintenance budgets should be based on site specific information. Utilizing the table below and the cost estimation worksheet, will allow designers to avoid over or under estimation of fixed costs.</p>
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| − | {{:The design infiltration rates}}
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| − | <p>The table below lists the specific site components that are specific to [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices. Not included in this table are those cost items that are common to all construction projects, such as mobilization, traffic control, [[Glossary#E|erosion]] and [[Glossary#S|sediment]] control, permitting, etc.</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Design Procedure==
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| − | <p>The following steps outline a recommended design procedure for [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices in compliance with the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA Permit] for new construction. Design recommendations beyond those specifically required by the permit are also included and marked accordingly. </p>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Design Steps==
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| − | ===='''Step 1. Make a preliminary judgment as to whether site conditions are appropriate for the use of an infiltration practice, and identify the function of the practice in the overall treatment system.'''====
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| − | <p>A. Consider basic issues for initial suitability screening, including:</p>
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| − | *Site drainage area (See the '''Summary of infiltration practices for given drainage areas''' table below)
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| − | *Site topography and slopes
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| − | *Soil [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] capacity
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| − | *Regional or local depth to [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] and bedrock
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| − | *Site location/ minimum setbacks
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| − | *Presence of active [[Glossary#K|Karst]]
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| − | <p>B. Determine how the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice will fit into the overall stormwater [[Glossary#T|treatment]] system:</p>
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| − | *Decide whether the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice is the only [[Glossary#B|BMP]] to be employed, or if are there other [[Glossary#B|BMP]]s addressing some of the treatment requirements.
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| − | *Decide where on the site the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice is most likely to be located.
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| − | | |
| − | {{:Summary of [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices for given drainage areas}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 2. Confirm design criteria and applicability.'''====
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| − | <p>''A. Determine whether the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice must comply with the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA Permit].''</p>
| |
| − | <p>''B. Check with local officials, watershed organizations, and other agencies to determine if there are any additional restrictions and/or surface water or [[Glossary#W|watershed]] requirements that may apply.''</p>
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| − | ===='''Step 3. Perform field verification of site suitability.'''====
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| − | <p>If the initial evaluation indicates that an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice would be a good [[Glossary#B|BMP]] for the site, it is ''RECOMMENDED'' that a minimum of three soil borings or pits be dug (in the same location as the proposed [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice) to verify soil types and [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] capacity characteristics and to determine the depth to [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] and bedrock.</p>
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| − | <p>It is ''RECOMMENDED'' that the minimum depth of the soil borings or pits be five feet below the bottom elevation of the proposed [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice.</p>
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| − | <p>It is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' that soil profile descriptions be recorded and include the following information for each soil horizon or layer (Source: [http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/dnr1002-Infiltration.pdf Site Evaluation for Stormwater Infiltration, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Conservation Practice Standards, 2004)]: </p>
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| − | *Thickness, in inches or decimal feet
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| − | *Munsell soil color notation
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| − | *Soil mottle or redoximorphic feature color, abundance, size and contrast
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| − | *USDA soil textural class with rock fragment modifiers
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| − | *Soil structure, grade size and shape
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| − | *Soil consistency, root abundance and size
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| − | *Soil boundary
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| − | *Occurrence of saturated soil, impermeable layers/lenses, [[Glossary#G|groundwater]], bedrock or disturbed soil
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| − | *It is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' that the field verification be conducted by a qualified geotechnical professional.
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| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 4. Compute [[Glossary#R|runoff]] control volumes.'''====
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| − | <p>Calculate the [[Glossary#W|Water Quality Volume]] (V<sub>wq</sub>), Channel Protection Volume (Vcp), [[Glossary#O|Overbank Flood Protection]] Volume (Vp<sub>10</sub>), and the [[Glossary#E|Extreme Flood]] Volume (Vp<sub>100</sub>) (see [[Unified sizing criteria]]).</p>
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| − | | |
| − | {{alert|If the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice is being designed to meet the requirements of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA Permit], the ''REQUIRED'' treatment volume is the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] of ½ inch of runoff from the new impervious surfaces created from the project (or 1 inch for certain protected waterbodies)|alert-danger}}
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | <p>If part of the overall V<sub>wq</sub> is to be treated by other [[Glossary#B|BMP]]s, subtract that portion from the V<sub>wq</sub> to determine the part of the V<sub>wq</sub> to be treated by the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice.</p>
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| − | <p>The design techniques in this section are meant to maximize the volume of stormwater being infiltrated. If the site layout and underlying soil conditions permit, a portion of the Channel Protection Volume (V<sub>cp</sub>), [[Glossary#O|Overbank Flood Protection]] Volume (Vp<sub>10</sub>), and the [[Glossary#E|Extreme Flood]] Volume (Vp<sub>100</sub>) may also be managed in the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice (see Step 7).</p>
| |
| − | <p>Details on the [[Unified sizing criteria]] are found in the [[Unified sizing criteria]] section.</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 5. Select design variant based on Physical Suitability Evaluation.'''====
| |
| − | <p>Once the Physical Suitability Evaluation is complete, it is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' that the designer apply the better site design principles in sizing and locating the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice(s) on the development site. Given the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] and the drainage area, select the appropriate infiltration practice for the first iteration of the design process.</p>
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| − | <p>Note: Information collected during the site suitability evaluation (see Steps 1 and 3) should be used to explore the potential for multiple [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices versus relying on a single infiltration facility. The use of smaller infiltration practices dispersed around a development is usually more sustainable than a single regional facility that is more likely to have maintenance and [[Glossary#G|ground-water]] mounding problems (Source: [http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/dnr1002-Infiltration.pdf Site Evaluation for Stormwater Infiltration, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Conservation Practice Standards, 2004)].</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 6. Size infiltration practice (Note: Steps 6, 7, 8 and 9 are iterative).'''====
| |
| − | <p>After following the steps outlined above, the designer will presumably know the location of naturally occurring permeable soils, the depth to the water table, bedrock or other impermeable layer, and the contributing drainage area. While the first step in sizing an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice is selecting the type of infiltration practice for the site, the basic design procedures are very similar. </p>
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| − | :<p>'''Infiltration Location:''' Given the steps performed in the Physical Suitability Evaluation, identify the most suitable location for the infiltration practice. </p>
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| − | | |
| − | {{alert|[[Glossary#P|Pre-treatment]] prior to infiltration is ''REQUIRED'' to remove [[Glossary#T|total suspended solids]] and other pollutants associated with stormwater (see Step 9)|alert-danger}}
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| − | | |
| − | :'''Infiltration Rates:''' If the infiltration rate is not measured, the [[#Construction and Maintenance Costs|'''Design infiltration rates''' ]] table above provides infiltration rates for the design of infiltration practices. These infiltration rates represent the long-term [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] capacity of a practice and are not meant to exhibit the capacity of the soils in the natural state. Select the design infiltration rate from the [[#Construction and Maintenance Costs|'''Design infiltration rates''' ]] table based on the least permeable soil horizon within the first five feet below the bottom elevation of the proposed infiltration practice.
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| − | | |
| − | <p>The infiltration capacity and existing hydrologic regime of natural [[Glossary#B|basins]] are inheritably different than constructed practices and may not meet the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html General Permit] requirements for constructed practices. In the event that a natural depression is being proposed to be used as an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] system, the design engineer must demonstrate the following information: infiltration capacity of the system under existing conditions (inches/hour), existing drawdown time for the high water level (HWL) and a natural overflow elevation. The design engineer should also demonstrate that operation of the natural depression under post-development conditions mimics the [[Glossary#H|hydrology]] of the system under pre-development conditions.</p>
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| − | | |
| − | <p>'''If the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] rates are measured''' the tests shall be conducted at the proposed bottom elevation of the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice. If the infiltration rate is measured with a double-ring infiltrometer the requirements of ASTM D3385 shall be used for the field test.</p>
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| − | <p>The measured infiltration rate shall be divided by a correction factor selected from the table below. The correction factor adjusts the measured [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] rates for the occurrence of less permeable soil horizons below the surface and the potential variability in the subsurface soil horizons throughout the infiltration site. This correction factor also accounts for the long-term infiltration capacity of the stormwater management facility.</p>
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| − | {{:Total correction factors Ddvided into measured infiltration rates}}
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| − | | |
| − | <p>To select the correction factor from the '''Total correction factors Ddvided into measured infiltration rates''' table above, determine the ratio of the design [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] rates for each location an infiltration measurement was performed. To determine this ratio, the design infiltration rate (the [[#Construction and Maintenance Costs|'''Design infiltration rates''' ]]) for the surface textural classification is divided by the design infiltration rate for the least permeable soil horizon. For example, a device with a loamy sand (0.8 inch/hour.) at the surface and least permeable layer of loam (0.3 inches/hour.) will have a design infiltration rate ratio of about 2.7 and thus a correction factor of 3.5. The depth of the least permeable soil horizon should be within 5 feet of the proposed bottom of the device or to the depth of a limiting layer. In this exercise, if an infiltration rate of 2.5 inches/hr is measured, the adjustment rate would be 0.71 inch/hour.</p>
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| − | :<p>'''Depth:''' The depth of an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice is a function of the maximum drawdown time and the design infiltration rate. Given the assumed infiltration rate for the practice, determine the maximum depth as follows:</p>
| |
| − | <math>D = i x t</math>
| |
| − | <p>Where:</p>
| |
| − | :<p>D = maximum depth of practice (inches)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>i = infiltration rate (inches/hour)</p>
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| − | :<p>t = maximum drawdown time (48 hours)</p>
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| − | <p>'''Effective Infiltration Area:''' Given the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] (Vwq) and the maximum depth of the practice (D) calculate the effective infiltration area where the effective infiltration area is defined as the area of the facility that is used to infiltrate [[Glossary#R|runoff]] and does not include the area used for site access, berms and/or [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]]. For above ground practices that are rectangular in nature (infiltration [[Glossary#B|basins]] with 1V:3H side slopes or steeper)</p>
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| − | <math>A_i = V_w/D</math>
| |
| − | <p>Where:</p>
| |
| − | :<p>A<sub>i</sub> = effective infiltration area at the bottom of practice (ft<sup>2</sup>)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>V<sub>w</sub> = design volume (e.g. V<sub>wq</sub>) (feet<sup>3</sup>)</p>
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| − | <p>D = maximum depth of practice (feet) ''Note: bottom of the infiltration practice must be at least three feet from the seasonally high [[Glossary#G|ground-water]] table.''</p>
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| − | <p>For above ground practices that have angular sides slopes (infiltration basins with sides slopes shallower that 1V:3H)</p>
| |
| − | <math>Ai = V_w/D</math>
| |
| − | <p>Where:</p>
| |
| − | :<p>A<sub>i</sub> = effective infiltration area at half the volume of the practice* (see figure below) (ft<sup>2</sup>)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>V<sub>w</sub> = design volume (e.g. Vwq) (feet<sup>3</sup>)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>D = maximum depth of practice (feet) ''Note: bottom of the infiltration practice should be at least 3 feet from the seasonally high [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] table.</p>
| |
| − | <p>Since there is potentially a significant amount of infiltration that could occur though the sides of the practice, the design engineer should take this surface area into consideration thereby potentially reducing the overall footprint of the stormwater infiltration practice. </p>
| |
| − | <p>For underground practices (e.g. infiltration trenches, dry wells, subsurface infiltration practices): </p>
| |
| − | <math>A_i = V_w/nD</math>
| |
| − | <p>Where:</p>
| |
| − | :<p>A<sub>i</sub> = effective [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] area is the sum of the bottom area and the sides of the practice* (feet<sup>2</sup>)
| |
| − | :<p>V<sub>w</sub> = design volume (e.g. V<sub>wq</sub>) (feet<sup>3</sup>)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>n = porosity of [[Glossary#F|filter media]] (range of porosity values for sands and gravels: 0.25 to 0.5)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>D = maximum depth of practice (feet) ''Note: maximum of 12 feet, and separated by at least 3 feet from seasonally high ground-water table''</p>
| |
| − | <p>Since underground facilities have potentially more surface area in contact with permeable soils, these practices should take these areas into consideration. Only that portion of the sides that is in contact with naturally permeable material should be used in calculating the effective infiltration area of the practice.</p>
| |
| − | <p>For subsurface infiltration practices, use the procedure described above or technique recommended by manufacturer and approved by the local or state authority.</p>
| |
| − | :<p>'''Volume:''' The preliminary volume of the infiltration practice is determined by multiplying the average [[Glossary#B|basin]] area by the depth of the practice.</p>
| |
| − | :<p>The total storage volume for infiltration [[Glossary#B|basin]] and underground infiltration systems is:</p>
| |
| − | <math>V = A x D</math>
| |
| − | <p>Where:</p>
| |
| − | :<p>V = Design volume for infiltration [[Glossary#B|basin]] and underground infiltration system (ft<sup>3</sup>)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>A = average basin area (square feet)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>D = depth of practice (feet)</p>
| |
| − | <p>For those practices that do not involve a media filter (e.g. infiltration basin and underground infiltration systems) this volume represents the total storage volume (design volume) of the practice. For those practices which do involve a [[Glossary#M|media filter]] (e.g. infiltration trenches and dry wells) this volume represents the void space and the total storage volume will be greater. The following formula can be used to determine the total storage volume (design volume):</p>
| |
| − | <p>The total storage volume for infiltration trenches and dry wells</p>
| |
| − | <math>V_t = A x n x D_i</math>
| |
| − | <p>Where:</p>
| |
| − | :<p>V<sub>t</sub> = Design volume for [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] trenches and dry wells (feet<sup>3</sup>)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>A = average [[Glossary#B|basin]] area (square feet)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>n = porosity of filter media (range of porosity values for sands and gravels: 0.25 to 0.5)</p>
| |
| − | :<p>D = depth of practice (feet)</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ====Step 7. Size outlet structure and/or flow diversion structure, if needed (Note: Steps 6, 7, 8 and 9 are iterative).'''====
| |
| − | <p>It is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' that the outlet for the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice shall safely convey stormwater using all of the following mechanisms ([http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/InfiltrationBasin_1003.pdf Infiltration Basin, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Conservation Practice Standard, 10/04]).</p>
| |
| − | :<p>'''Drawdown valve:''' [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] systems may be designed with a drawdown valve for the removal of standing water for maintenance and winter diversion.</p>
| |
| − | :<p>'''Emergency spillway:''' {{alert|A means to release discharge in excess of the infiltration volume safely into the downstream stormwater conveyance system is ''REQUIRED''.|alert-danger}}</p>
| |
| − | :<p>'''Freeboard:''' It is ''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED'' that two feet of freeboard be provided from the 100-year flood elevation of the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice to the lowest basement floor elevation of residential, commercial, industrial and institutional buildings located adjacent to the [[Glossary#B|BMP]], unless local requirements recommend otherwise.</p>
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| − | :<p>'''Drop Structure:''' Infiltration trenches or subsurface infiltration systems may be designed with a drop structure sized to handle the overflow. This additional volume of stormwater may be directed into the existing stormwater system or it may be diverted to a downstream BMP</p>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Step 8. Perform ground-water mounding analysis (Note: Steps 6, 7, 8 and 9 are iterative).'''====
| |
| − | <p>Ground water mounding, the process by which a mound of water forms on the water table as a result of [[Glossary#R|recharge]] at the surface, can be a limiting factor in the design and performance of infiltraand seasonally saturated soils (or from bedrock) is required (5 feet ''RECOMMENDED'') to maintain the hydraulic capacity of the practice and provide adequate water quality treatment. A [[Glossary#G|groundwater mounding]] analysis is ''RECOMMENDED'' to verify this separation for [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices.</p>
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| − | <p>The most widely known and accepted analytical methods to solve for groundwater mounding are based on the work by Hantush (1967) and Glover (1960). The maximum groundwater mounding potential should be determined through the use of available analytical and numerical methods. Detailed groundwater mounding analysis should be conducted by a trained hydrogeologist or equivalent as part of the site design procedure.</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 9. Determine pre-treatment volume and design pre-treatment measures (Note: Steps 6, 7, 8 and 9 are iterative).'''====
| |
| − | <p>See the section on [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] earlier in this section for specific pre-treatment design guidance</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 10. Check volume, peak discharge rates and period of inundation against State, local and watershed organization requirements (Note: Steps 6, 7, 8 and 9 are iterative).'''====
| |
| − | <p>Follow the design procedures identified in the [[Unified sizing criteria]] section of the Manual to determine the [[Glossary#V|volume control]] and peak discharge requirements for water quality, [[Glossary#R|recharge]], channel protection, overbank flood and [[Glossary#E|extreme storm]].</p>
| |
| − | <p>Perform hand calculations or model the proposed development scenario using a surface water model appropriate for the hydrologic and hydraulic design considerations specific to the site (see also the section on [[Introduction to stormwater modeling|stormwater modeling]]). This includes defining the parameters of the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice defined above: elevation and area (defines the storage volume), infiltration rate and method of application (effective infiltration area), and outlet structure and/or flow diversion information. The results of this analysis can be used to determine whether or not the proposed design meets the applicable requirements. If not, the design will have to be re-evaluated (back to Step 5).</p>
| |
| − | :<p>The following items are specifically ''REQUIRED'' by the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA Permit]:</p>
| |
| − | {{alert|'''Volume:''' Infiltration or filtration systems shall be sufficient to infiltrate or filter a [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] of ½ inch of runoff from the new impervious surfaces created by the project (or 1 inch for certain protected waterbodies). If this criterion is not met, increase the storage volume of the infiltration practice or treat excess water quality volume (Vwq) in an upstream or downstream BMP (see Step 5).|alert-danger}}
| |
| − | {{alert|'''Peak Discharge Rates:''' Since most [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] systems are not designed for quantity control they generally do not have peak discharge limits. However outflow must be limited such that [[Glossary#E|erosion]] does not occur down gradient.|alert-danger}}
| |
| − | {{alert|'''Period of Inundation:''' Infiltration practices shall discharge through the soil or filter media in 48 hours or less. Additional flows that cannot be infiltrated or filtered in 48 hours should be routed to bypass the system through a stabilized discharge point. This criterion was established to provide the following: wet-dry cycling between rainfall events; unsuitable mosquito breeding habitat; suitable habitat for vegetation; aerobic conditions; and storage for back-to-back precipitation events. The period of inundation is defined as the time from the high water level in the practice to 3 to 6 inches above the bottom of the facility. It is assumed that this range is less than 1/5 the bounce in the infiltration practice.|alert-danger}}
| |
| − | <p>Other design requirements may apply to a particular site. The applicant should confirm local design criteria and applicability (see Step 3).</p>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 11. Prepare Vegetation and Landscaping Plan.'''====
| |
| − | <p>A landscaping plan for an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] [[Glossary#B|basin]] or trench should be prepared to indicate how the enhanced [[Glossary#S|swale]] system will be stabilized and established with vegetation. Landscape design should specify proper grass species and wetland plants based on specific site, soils and hydric conditions present along the channel. Further information on plant selection and use occurs in the [[Minnesota plant lists]] section.</p>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===='''Step 12. Prepare Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Plan.'''====
| |
| − | <p>See Operation and Maintenance section for guidance on preparing an O&M plan.</p>
| |
| | | | |
| − | ===='''Step 13. Prepare Cost Estimate.'''==== | + | *<font size=3>[[Fact sheet|'''Fact sheet''']]</font size> |
| − | <p>See Cost Considerations section for guidance on preparing a cost estimate that includes both construction and maintenance costs.</p>
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Links to Other Manuals== | + | ==Related pages== |
| − | <p>[http://www.georgiastormwater.com/ Georgia Stormwater Management Manual] 2001. Atlanta Regional Commission. </p>
| + | *[[Understanding and interpreting soils and soil boring reports for infiltration BMPs]] |
| − | <p>[http://www.vtwaterquality.org/stormwater.htm Vermont Stormwater Management Manual]. 2002. </p>
| + | *[[Determining soil infiltration rates]] |
| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/dnr1002-Infiltration.pdf Wisconsin DNR Site Evaluation for Stormwater Infiltration Conservation Practice Standard 1002] 2004.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/InfiltrationBasin_1003.pdf Wisconsin DNR Infiltration Basin Conservation Practice Standard 1003] 2004. </p>
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==References==
| + | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Infiltration (trench/basin)]] |
| − | <p>[http://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/D2487-00.htm ASTM standard D2487-00 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)]</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?62363 Bouwer, H. and R. C. Rice]. 1989. Effect of Water Depth in Ground-water Recharge Basins on Infiltration. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 4, pp. 556-567.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://www.atlantaregional.com/environment/georgia-stormwater-manual/ Georgia Stormwater Management Manual]. 2001.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/54021000/Oldpapers/GroundWaterRecharge.pdf Glover, R., 1960]. Mathematical Derivations as Pertain to Ground-water Recharge. Report CER60REG70. Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fort Collins, Colorado. 81 pp.</p>
| |
| − | <p>Hantush, M., 1967. Use of Soil Texture, Bulk Density and Slope of water Retention Curve to Predict Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. Water Resources Research, 3(1): 227-234.</p>
| |
| − | <p>Rawls, W., D. Brakensiek, and K. Saxton, 1982. Estimation of Soil Water Properties, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 1316 – 1320 and 1328.</p>
| |
| − | <p>Rawls, W., D. Giminez, and R. Grossman, 1998. Use of Soil Texture, Bulk Density and Slope of water Retention Curve to Predict Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, ASAE. Vol. 41(4), pp. 983 – 988.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://www.metrocouncil.org/environment/Water/BMP/manual.htm Metropolitan Council] Urban Small Sites Best Management Practice Manual. 2001.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/stormwater-management/stormwater-best-management-practices-manual.html Minnesota Pollution Control Agency] Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual. 2000.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://www.hydrocad.net/tr-55.htm Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1986]. Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, Technical Release 55 (TR-55). </p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://www.bcwd.org/Resources/2005_Basin_Infiltration_Report.pdf South Washington Watershed District] (SWWD), 2005. 2004 Infiltration Monitoring Program Final Report. Emmons and Olivier Resources, Inc.</p>
| |
| − | <p>>[http://www.hydrocad.net/tr-55.htm United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service]. TR-55, Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. Washington D.C., 1975.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service], 2005. National Soil Survey Handbook, title 430-VI. (Online) Available: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/.</p>
| |
| − | <p>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, When are Storm Water Discharges Regulated as Class V Wells, June 2003</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/G3691-P.pdf University of Wisconsin – Extension] Wisconsin Storm Water Manual: Technical Design Guidelines for Storm Water Management Practices. 2000.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://www.stormwaterok.net/CWP%20Documents/CWP-07%20Natl%20Pollutant%20Removal%20Perform%20Database.pdf Winer, R. 2000]. National Pollutant Removal Performance Database.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/dnr1002-Infiltration.pdf Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources] Site Evaluation for Stormwater Infiltration Conservation Practice Standard 1002. 2004.</p>
| |
| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/InfiltrationBasin_1003.pdf Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources] Infiltration Basin Conservation Practice Standard 1003. 2004.</p>
| |
| − | <p>Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Personal conversation with Roger Bannerman. July 2005.</p>
| |
