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| − | {{alert|The anticipated construction period for this page is January through March, 2013|alert-under-construction}} | + | {{alert|Many of the following pages have been updated and the links below redirect you to the updated page. The old pages can be accessed from the redirect page.|alert-info}} |
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| − | ==Infiltration Overview==
| + | Stormwater [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. Design variants include; the infiltration basin, the infiltration trench, the dry well and the underground infiltration system. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows. |
| − | <p>''Natural or constructed depressions located in permeable soils that capture, store and infiltrate the volume of stormwater runoff associated with a particular design event.''</p>
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| − | [[file:Infiltration trench Lino Lakes.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes|Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes]] | + | [[file:Infiltration trench Lino Lakes.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Photo of an infiltration trench in Lino Lakes|<font size=3>Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes</font size>]] |
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| − | [[file:Underground storage and infiltration - Stillwater.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Photo of a Infiltration trench in Stillwater|Photo of a Infiltration trench in Stillwater]] | + | Infiltration practices are applicable to sites with naturally permeable soils and a suitable distance to the seasonally high [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] table, bedrock or other impermeable layer. They may be used in residential and other urban settings where elevated [[Glossary#R|runoff]] volumes, pollutant loads, and runoff temperatures are a concern. In applications where the stormwater runoff has a particularly high pollutant load or where the soils have very high Infiltration rates, a significant amount of [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] should be provided to protect the groundwater quality. Sources that include potential stormwater [[potential stormwater hotspots|hotsposts]] (PSH) should not be introduced to Infiltration areas. |
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| | <u><font size=3>Infiltration trench articles</font size></u> | | <u><font size=3>Infiltration trench articles</font size></u> |
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| | *[[Overview for Infiltration trench]] | | *[[Overview for Infiltration trench]] |
| − | *[[Types of InfiltratioInfiltration trench]] | + | *[[Types of Infiltration trench]] |
| | *[[Design criteria for Infiltration trench]] | | *[[Design criteria for Infiltration trench]] |
| | *[[Construction specifications for Infiltration trench]] | | *[[Construction specifications for Infiltration trench]] |
| − | *[[Operation and maintenance of Infiltration trench]] | + | *[[Operation and maintenance of Infiltration trench]] |
| | + | *[[Assessing the performance of infiltration]] |
| | + | *[[Calculating credits for infiltration trench]] |
| | *[[Cost-benefit considerations for Infiltration trench ]] | | *[[Cost-benefit considerations for Infiltration trench ]] |
| | *[[External resources for Infiltration trench ]] | | *[[External resources for Infiltration trench ]] |
| − | *[[References for Infiltration trench]] | + | *[[References for infiltration]] |
| − | | + | *[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using infiltration basin/underground infiltration BMPs in the MIDS calculator]] |
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| − | ===Design Criteria:===
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| − | *Contributing drainage area
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| − | *Underlying soil types
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| − | *Depth to the water table, bedrock or other impeding layer
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| − | *Proximity to buildings, drinking water supplies, [[Glossary#K|Karst]] features, etc. | |
| − | *Source of stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Benefits===
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| − | *Reduces volume of stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]]
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| − | *Increases ground water [[Glossary#R|recharge]]
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| − | *Improves surface water quality
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| − | *Provides thermal benefits (e.g. to cold water fisheries)
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| − | *Mimics pre-development hydrology
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| − | ===Limitations===
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| − | *Unusual construction considerations
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| − | *Potential for [[Glossary#G|ground water]] contamination
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| − | *Tendency to lose effectiveness over time due to clogging – if not properly constructed or maintained
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| − | *Not recommended for areas with steep slopes
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| − | *May require landscaping: consideration should be given to periods on inundation and drought
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| − | | |
| − | ===Description===
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| − | <p>In general terms, [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] systems can be described as natural or constructed depressions located in permeable soils that capture, store and infiltrate stormwater runoff within 48 hours. These depressions can be located at the surface of the ground (e.g. infiltration basin) or they can be designed as underground facilities (e.g. structural chamber or excavated pit filled with aggregate such as an infiltration trench). Typically, infiltration systems are designed with one or more [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] facilities or they are designed as off-line facilities.</p>
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| − | {{alert|[[glossary#I|Infiltration]] systems should be located in permeable soils and a minimum 3-foot distance is ''REQUIRED'' from the bottom of the seasonally high water table, bedrock or other impeding layer per the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Construction General Permit (CGP)]]|alert-danger}}
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| − | <p>Dry wells and Trenches should be designed to handle the smaller, more frequent rainfall events. Stormwater associated with the larger rainfall events should bypass these practices by a separate pipe or an overflow device. Infiltration basins and underground infiltration systems should be designed to handle both the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] and as the water quantity volume.</p>
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| − | <p>Infiltration systems can be designed to address a number of stormwater management issues including: water quality, stormwater [[Glossary#G|runoff]] reduction, flow attenuation, [[Glossary#T|thermal impacts]] to cold water fisheries, and [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] [[Glossary#R|recharge]].</p>
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| − | ===Maintenance Requirements===
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| − | *Establishment of native vegetation may require weeding, watering, pumping, replacement of plants and tree/shrub trimming
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| − | *Inspection and removal of [[Glossary#S|sediment]] accumulation
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| − | *Street sweeping of impervious areas adjacent to infiltration practices
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| − | *Avoid the application of fertilizer or herbicide in or near [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices
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| − | | |
| − | ===SITE FACTORS===
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| − | [[file:Trench-storm.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Schematic of Start of Storm Event - Initial runoff & storage|Schematic of Start of Storm Event - Initial runoff & storage]]
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| − | [[file:Trench-storage.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Schematic of Duration of Storm Event - Storage & filtration/infiltration|Schematic of Duration of Storm Event - Storage & filtration/infiltration]]
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| − | [[file:Trench-infiltration.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Schematic of inflitration trench following storm event - Remaining storage drawdown|Schematic of inflitration trench following storm event - Remaining storage drawdown]]
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| − | *Max Drainage Areas: Dry Well/ Trench/ Basin = 1/ 5/ 50 Acres
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| − | *Max. Site Slope = 20 percent
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| − | *Min. Depth to Bedrock = 3 feet
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| − | *Min. Depth to Seasonally High Water Table = 3 feet
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| − | *NRCS Soil Type *C & D soils have limited infiltration ability but can be used to match predevelopment conditions = A,B,C*,& D
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| − | *Freeze/ Thaw Suitability = Poor - Good
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| − | *Potential [[Glossary#H|Hotspot]] [[Glossary#R|Runoff]] = NO
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| − | ===MANAGEMENT SUITABILITY===
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| − | *Water Quality (V<sub>wq</sub>) = High
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| − | *Med. Channel Protection (V<sub>cp</sub>)
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| − | *[[Glossary#O|Overbank Flood Protection]] (Vp<sub>10</sub>) = Low/Med.
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| − | *[[Glossary#E|Extreme Flood]] Protection (Vp<sub>100</sub>) = Low
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| − | *[[Glossary#R|Recharge]] Volume (V<sub>re</sub>) = High
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| − | | |
| − | ===MECHANISMS===
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| − | *Screening/ [[Glossary#F|Filtration]]
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| − | *Temperature Control
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| − | *Transpiration *if vegetated
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| − | *Soil [[Glossary#A|Adsorption]]
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| − | *Biological/ Micro. Uptake
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| − | ===POLLUTION REMOVAL*===
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| − | *Total Suspended Solids [[Glossary#T|(TSS)]] = 100 percent
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| − | *Nutrients - [[Glossary#T|Total Phosphorus]]/ = 100 percent
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| − | *Total Nitrogen = 100 percent
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| − | *Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc = 100 percent
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| − | *Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E. Coli = 100 percent
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| − | *Toxins - Hydrocarbon = 100 percent
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| − | <p>Pollution removal addresses only the impact on surface water, as there could be some transfer of pollution to the soil layer and [[Glossary#G|groundwater]].</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Suitability==
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| − | ===General===
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| − | <p>Stormwater [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. Design variants include; the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] basin, the infiltration trench, the dry well and the underground [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] system. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows.</p>
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| − | <p>[[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] practices are applicable to sites with naturally permeable soils and a suitable distance to the seasonally high [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] table, bedrock or other impermeable layer. They may be used in residential and other urban settings where elevated [[Glossary#R|runoff]] volumes, pollutant loads, and [[Glossary#R|runoff]] temperatures are a concern. In applications where the stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]] has a particularly high pollutant load or where the soils have very high [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] rates, a significant amount of [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] should be provided to protect the [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] quality. Sources that include potential stormwater should not be introduced to [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] systems. Sources that include potential stormwater [[Glossary#H|hotsposts]] (PSH) should not be introduced to [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] areas.</p>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Function Within Stormwater Treatment Train===
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| − | <p>Infiltration practices may be located at the end of the treatment train or they can be designed as off-line configurations where the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] is diverted to the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice. In any case, the practice may be applied as part of a stormwater management system to achieve one or more of the following objectives:</p>
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| − | *Reduce stormwater pollutants
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| − | *Increase [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] [[Glossary#R|recharge]]
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| − | *Decrease [[Glossary#R|runoff]] peak flow rates
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| − | *Decrease the volume of stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]]
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| − | *Preserve base flow in streams
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| − | *Reduce [[Glossary#T|thermal impacts]] of [[Glossary#R|runoff]].
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| − | ===MPCA Permit Applicability===
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| − | <p>One of the goals of this Manual is to facilitate understanding of and compliance with the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA General Stormwater Permit for Construction Activity (MN R100001)], commonly called the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html Construction General Permit (CGP)], which includes design and performance standards for permanent stormwater management systems. These standards must be applied in all projects in which at least one acre of new impervious area is being created, and [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit] stipulates certain standards for various categories of stormwater management practices.</p>
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| − | <p>For regulatory purposes, infiltration practices fall under the “Infiltration / Filtration” category described in Part III.C.2 of [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit]. If used in combination with other practices, credit for combined stormwater treatment can be given as described in Part III.C.4. Due to the statewide prevalence of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit], design guidance in this section is presented with the assumption that [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit] does apply. Also, although it is expected that in many cases [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] will be used in combination with other practices, standards are described for the case in which it is a stand alone practice.</p>
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| − | <p>The following terms are thus used in the text to distinguish various levels of stormwater pond design guidance:</p>
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| − | <p>'''REQUIRED:''' Indicates design standards stipulated by the MPCA Permit (or other consistently applicable regulations).</p>
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| − | <p>'''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED:''' Indicates design guidance that is extremely beneficial or necessary for proper functioning of the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice, but is not specifically required by the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit].</p>
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| − | <p>'''RECOMMENDED:''' Indicates design guidance that is helpful for infiltration performance but not critical to the design.</p>
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| − | <p>Of course, there are situations, particularly retrofit projects, in which an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility is constructed without being subject to the conditions of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit]. While compliance with the permit is not required in these cases, the standards it establishes can provide valuable design guidance to the user. It is also important to note that additional and potentially more stringent design requirements may apply for a particular [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility, depending on where it is situated both jurisdictionally and within the surrounding landscape.</p>
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| − | {{alert|There is some concern that underground infiltration systems and dry wells meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definition of a Class V injection well. Class V injection wells are defined as any bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or dug hole that is deeper than its widest surface dimension, or an improved sinkhole, or a subsurface fluid distribution system (from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1001KJM.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2000+Thru+2005&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C00thru05%5CTxt%5C00000016%5CP1001KJM.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL When Are Storm Water Discharges Regulated as Class V Wells, June 2003]. Please consult MPCA with questions on the applicability of Class V injection well rules.|alert-caution}}
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| − | <p>Of course, there are situations, particularly retrofit projects, in which an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility is constructed without being subject to the conditions of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit]. While compliance with the permit is not required in these cases, the standards it establishes can provide valuable design guidance to the user. It is also important to note that additional and potentially more stringent design requirements may apply for a particular infiltration facility, depending on where it is situated both jurisdictionally and within the surrounding landscape.</p>
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| − | ==Design Procedure== | + | *<font size=3>[[Fact sheet|'''Fact sheet''']]</font size> |
| − | <p>The following steps outline a recommended design procedure for [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices in compliance with the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA Permit] for new construction. Design recommendations beyond those specifically required by the permit are also included and marked accordingly. </p>
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| − | ==Links to Other Manuals== | + | ==Related pages== |
| − | <p>[http://www.georgiastormwater.com/ Georgia Stormwater Management Manual] 2001. Atlanta Regional Commission. </p>
| + | *[[Understanding and interpreting soils and soil boring reports for infiltration BMPs]] |
| − | <p>[http://www.vtwaterquality.org/stormwater.htm Vermont Stormwater Management Manual]. 2002. </p>
| + | *[[Determining soil infiltration rates]] |
| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/dnr1002-Infiltration.pdf Wisconsin DNR Site Evaluation for Stormwater Infiltration Conservation Practice Standard 1002] 2004.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/InfiltrationBasin_1003.pdf Wisconsin DNR Infiltration Basin Conservation Practice Standard 1003] 2004. </p>
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| − | ==References==
| + | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Infiltration (trench/basin)]] |
| − | <p>[http://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/D2487-00.htm ASTM standard D2487-00 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)]</p>
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| − | <p>[http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?62363 Bouwer, H. and R. C. Rice]. 1989. Effect of Water Depth in Ground-water Recharge Basins on Infiltration. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 4, pp. 556-567.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://www.atlantaregional.com/environment/georgia-stormwater-manual/ Georgia Stormwater Management Manual]. 2001.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/54021000/Oldpapers/GroundWaterRecharge.pdf Glover, R., 1960]. Mathematical Derivations as Pertain to Ground-water Recharge. Report CER60REG70. Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fort Collins, Colorado. 81 pp.</p>
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| − | <p>Hantush, M., 1967. Use of Soil Texture, Bulk Density and Slope of water Retention Curve to Predict Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. Water Resources Research, 3(1): 227-234.</p>
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| − | <p>Rawls, W., D. Brakensiek, and K. Saxton, 1982. Estimation of Soil Water Properties, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 1316 – 1320 and 1328.</p>
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| − | <p>Rawls, W., D. Giminez, and R. Grossman, 1998. Use of Soil Texture, Bulk Density and Slope of water Retention Curve to Predict Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, ASAE. Vol. 41(4), pp. 983 – 988.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://www.metrocouncil.org/environment/Water/BMP/manual.htm Metropolitan Council] Urban Small Sites Best Management Practice Manual. 2001.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/stormwater-management/stormwater-best-management-practices-manual.html Minnesota Pollution Control Agency] Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual. 2000.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://www.hydrocad.net/tr-55.htm Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1986]. Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, Technical Release 55 (TR-55). </p>
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| − | <p>[http://www.bcwd.org/Resources/2005_Basin_Infiltration_Report.pdf South Washington Watershed District] (SWWD), 2005. 2004 Infiltration Monitoring Program Final Report. Emmons and Olivier Resources, Inc.</p>
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| − | <p>>[http://www.hydrocad.net/tr-55.htm United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service]. TR-55, Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. Washington D.C., 1975.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service], 2005. National Soil Survey Handbook, title 430-VI. (Online) Available: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/.</p>
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| − | <p>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, When are Storm Water Discharges Regulated as Class V Wells, June 2003</p>
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| − | <p>[http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/G3691-P.pdf University of Wisconsin – Extension] Wisconsin Storm Water Manual: Technical Design Guidelines for Storm Water Management Practices. 2000.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://www.stormwaterok.net/CWP%20Documents/CWP-07%20Natl%20Pollutant%20Removal%20Perform%20Database.pdf Winer, R. 2000]. National Pollutant Removal Performance Database.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/dnr1002-Infiltration.pdf Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources] Site Evaluation for Stormwater Infiltration Conservation Practice Standard 1002. 2004.</p>
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| − | <p>[http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormwater/documents/InfiltrationBasin_1003.pdf Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources] Infiltration Basin Conservation Practice Standard 1003. 2004.</p>
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| − | <p>Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Personal conversation with Roger Bannerman. July 2005.</p>
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