m (→References) |
|||
(41 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | {{alert| | + | {{alert|Trees can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Trees provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, reduction of heat island effects, carbon sequestration, reduced noise pollution, reduced pavement maintenance needs, and cooler cars in shaded parking lots.|alert-success}} |
+ | |||
+ | {{alert|Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.|alert-warning}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{alert|James Urban recently published [http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/why-trees-may-fail-to-establish-or-thrive-and-what-to-do-about-it a blog] discussing why trees fail to establish. Many of the points raised in the article are related to the following design guidelines for tree quality and planting|alert-info}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Technical information page image.png|100px|left|alt=image]] | ||
==Purchasing trees== | ==Purchasing trees== | ||
Line 6: | Line 12: | ||
[[File:balled and burlapped.png|thumb|150px|alt=schematic of balled and burlapped tree|<font size=3>Schematic of a balled and burlapped tree. Illustration is from Planting & Care at [http://www.arborday.org/ arborday.org] and provided courtesy of the Arbor Day Foundation.</font size>]] | [[File:balled and burlapped.png|thumb|150px|alt=schematic of balled and burlapped tree|<font size=3>Schematic of a balled and burlapped tree. Illustration is from Planting & Care at [http://www.arborday.org/ arborday.org] and provided courtesy of the Arbor Day Foundation.</font size>]] | ||
− | Trees can be purchased in many different forms. [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#References|Gillman and Johnson]] (1999) describe some of the various forms as follows. | + | [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Trees]] can be purchased in many different forms. [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#References|Gillman and Johnson]] (1999) describe some of the various forms as follows. |
*"'''Bare Root'''. Bare root plants are dug from nursery fields in the fall or spring. Soil is removed from the roots, and plants are held in humidity- and temperature-controlled storage over winter. They must be planted in early spring before growth begins. Because many roots are cut during field digging, bare root plants suffer severely from transplanting shock. Bare root stock is normally the least expensive, but if handled improperly, can have the highest mortality. When handling or transporting bare root stock, keep the roots moist and protected from sun and wind at all times. | *"'''Bare Root'''. Bare root plants are dug from nursery fields in the fall or spring. Soil is removed from the roots, and plants are held in humidity- and temperature-controlled storage over winter. They must be planted in early spring before growth begins. Because many roots are cut during field digging, bare root plants suffer severely from transplanting shock. Bare root stock is normally the least expensive, but if handled improperly, can have the highest mortality. When handling or transporting bare root stock, keep the roots moist and protected from sun and wind at all times. | ||
*'''Packaged'''. Packaged trees and shrubs are bare root plants with their roots packed in moist material such as peat moss or shingle tow. Plant them in early spring before growth starts. Keep packing materials moist, and the package cool and shaded until planted. These plants should be treated as bare root plants. | *'''Packaged'''. Packaged trees and shrubs are bare root plants with their roots packed in moist material such as peat moss or shingle tow. Plant them in early spring before growth starts. Keep packing materials moist, and the package cool and shaded until planted. These plants should be treated as bare root plants. | ||
*'''Field-Potted'''. Field-potted nursery stock are field-grown plants dug with a ball of field soil intact which is then placed as is, in a container. These plants should be sold and planted during the spring, as field soil will not provide good plant growth in a container. It is important that the [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|root ball]] be disturbed as little as possible during the digging and planting process. | *'''Field-Potted'''. Field-potted nursery stock are field-grown plants dug with a ball of field soil intact which is then placed as is, in a container. These plants should be sold and planted during the spring, as field soil will not provide good plant growth in a container. It is important that the [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|root ball]] be disturbed as little as possible during the digging and planting process. | ||
− | *'''Containerized'''. Containerized trees and shrubs are dug from the nursery in the spring or fall as bare root stock, placed in a container with a special growing medium, and sold in the container. If containerized in early spring, most plants will be sufficiently established in the container and can be transplanted in late spring, summer, or fall. Roots must be established in the container and hold the media together before transplanting. Do not completely break up the root ball at planting time, but do cut any circling roots prior to planting. The tighter the root ball, the more the root system should be disturbed. | + | *'''Containerized'''. [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Containerized trees]] and shrubs are dug from the nursery in the spring or fall as bare root stock, placed in a container with a special growing medium, and sold in the container. If containerized in early spring, most plants will be sufficiently established in the container and can be transplanted in late spring, summer, or fall. Roots must be established in the container and hold the media together before transplanting. Do not completely break up the root ball at planting time, but do cut any circling roots prior to planting. The tighter the root ball, the more the root system should be disturbed. |
− | *'''Container Grown'''. Container grown stock has been growing in a container throughout most of its production. Because the roots of these plants are not disturbed at the time of planting, container grown plants suffer little transplant shock and may be planted at any time during the growing season. Plants that have outgrown their containers may have deformed root systems, which can result in girdling roots. Large plants may be root bound in the container. The root ball of these plants must be torn or cut open [or box cut] to eliminate subsequent circling or girdling roots. | + | *'''Container Grown'''. Container grown stock has been growing in a container throughout most of its production. Because the roots of these plants are not disturbed at the time of planting, container grown plants suffer little transplant shock and may be planted at any time during the growing season. Plants that have outgrown their containers may have deformed root systems, which can result in girdling roots. Large plants may be root bound in the container. The root ball of these plants must be torn or cut open [or box cut] to eliminate subsequent circling or [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|girdling roots]]. |
*'''Balled and Burlapped (B & B)'''. Balled and burlapped trees and shrubs are dug with a firm ball of soil around the roots, and held securely in place with burlap, twine, and sometimes a wire basket. A broken, damaged, or dry soil ball can result in serious damage to the roots. The stem should not wobble in the soil ball. Because of the weight of the soil ball, B & B trees can be difficult to transport and plant without special equipment. B & B stock is often the most expensive, but if handled and planted properly, is as reliable as container grown stock. Always lift B & B plants from beneath the ball, never by the stem. B & B stock can be planted in spring, summer, and fall. | *'''Balled and Burlapped (B & B)'''. Balled and burlapped trees and shrubs are dug with a firm ball of soil around the roots, and held securely in place with burlap, twine, and sometimes a wire basket. A broken, damaged, or dry soil ball can result in serious damage to the roots. The stem should not wobble in the soil ball. Because of the weight of the soil ball, B & B trees can be difficult to transport and plant without special equipment. B & B stock is often the most expensive, but if handled and planted properly, is as reliable as container grown stock. Always lift B & B plants from beneath the ball, never by the stem. B & B stock can be planted in spring, summer, and fall. | ||
*'''Tree Spade'''. Larger plants are often moved with a tree spade—a machine that digs a mass of soil including the plant and some of its roots. The plant and root ball may stay in the machine until it is planted into a pre-dug matching hole, or it may be placed in a wire basket lined with burlap. The size of the root ball is critical and species dependent. An experienced machine operator can make the difference between success and failure. Matching soils from the digging site to the planting site is also important, as is compaction within the planting hole. Roughing up the sides of the hole can offset some of this compaction. Plants can be moved in most seasons with a spade, although plants dug in summer and early fall should have an oversized ball and receive special attention relative to species, condition, handling, and irrigation." | *'''Tree Spade'''. Larger plants are often moved with a tree spade—a machine that digs a mass of soil including the plant and some of its roots. The plant and root ball may stay in the machine until it is planted into a pre-dug matching hole, or it may be placed in a wire basket lined with burlap. The size of the root ball is critical and species dependent. An experienced machine operator can make the difference between success and failure. Matching soils from the digging site to the planting site is also important, as is compaction within the planting hole. Roughing up the sides of the hole can offset some of this compaction. Plants can be moved in most seasons with a spade, although plants dug in summer and early fall should have an oversized ball and receive special attention relative to species, condition, handling, and irrigation." | ||
− | *'''Gravel Bed Method to market bare root trees'''. The Gravel Bed Method is a method of handling bare root nursery stock in which dormant plants are placed in an irrigated bed of gravel in the spring with their roots submerged in gravel. These trees are held for up to a year before planting bare root (in full leaf) in the landscape. It is a lower cost method to grow trees that extends the planting season of bare root stock. Root growth in gravel is very extensive and point fibrous. Unlike with bark mulch, sawdust or sand, few roots are damaged when plants are removed from the gravel. The gravel bed method also greatly minimizes the risk of girdling roots compared to containerized and B&B trees. For more information on gravel beds, see [ | + | *'''Gravel Bed Method to market bare root trees'''. The Gravel Bed Method is a method of handling bare root nursery stock in which dormant plants are placed in an irrigated bed of gravel in the spring with their roots submerged in gravel. These trees are held for up to a year before planting bare root (in full leaf) in the landscape. It is a lower cost method to grow trees that extends the planting season of bare root stock. Root growth in gravel is very extensive and point fibrous. Unlike with bark mulch, sawdust or sand, few roots are damaged when plants are removed from the gravel. The gravel bed method also greatly minimizes the risk of girdling roots compared to containerized and B&B trees. For more information on gravel beds, see [https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/223266 Busiahn and Peterson] (2013). |
It is recommended the Owner or Project Landscape Architect inspect trees prior to digging at the nursery. | It is recommended the Owner or Project Landscape Architect inspect trees prior to digging at the nursery. | ||
− | Many tree material and planting specifications have already been developed by others. Many municipalities and jurisdictions, for example, have developed their own tree material and planting specifications (see | + | Many tree material and planting specifications have already been developed by others. Many municipalities and jurisdictions, for example, have developed their own tree material and planting specifications (see [http://www.nycgovparks.org/permits/trees/standards.pdf] [https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/TreePlanting] [https://www.plano.gov/2000/Tree-Specification-Documents]). Many university extension services and tree organizations also provide tree planting guidelines (see [http://www.arborday.org/trees/planting/]). The tree material and planting guidelines below were developed based on experience and research by the contracted and technical teams for this project, combined with the resources listed in the references section. Additional guidance regarding tree planting is available in the references section below, as well as at the following 2 websites: |
*[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/assistance/backyard/treecare/howtoPlantTree.pdf Minnesota DNR] | *[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/assistance/backyard/treecare/howtoPlantTree.pdf Minnesota DNR] | ||
*[http://www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu/category/urban-natural-resources/tree-planting/ University of Minnesota - My Minnesota Woods] | *[http://www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu/category/urban-natural-resources/tree-planting/ University of Minnesota - My Minnesota Woods] | ||
Line 32: | Line 38: | ||
*[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/assistance/backyard/treecare/howtoPlantTree.pdf Minnesota DNR] | *[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/assistance/backyard/treecare/howtoPlantTree.pdf Minnesota DNR] | ||
*[http://www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu/category/urban-natural-resources/tree-planting/ University of Minnesota Forest Resources Extension - My Minnesota Woods] | *[http://www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu/category/urban-natural-resources/tree-planting/ University of Minnesota Forest Resources Extension - My Minnesota Woods] | ||
+ | |||
+ | Additional information on tree planting guidelines or specifications can be found at the following: | ||
+ | *[https://wwv.isa-arbor.com/education/onlineresources/cadplanningspecifications Planting Details and Specifications] - International Society of Arboriculture; | ||
+ | *[https://ufei.calpoly.edu/tree-standards-specifications/ Tree Standards and Specifications] - Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute at Cal Poly; | ||
+ | *[https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/UrbanForests/EABToolbox_TreePlantingGuide.pdf Developing Tree Purchase and Planting Specifications for Bid] - Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; and | ||
+ | *[https://ufei.calpoly.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Tree_Specifications12_13.pdf Guidelines and Specifications for Selecting, Planting, and Early Care of Young Trees] - Brian Kempf and Ed Gilman, 2011. | ||
===General guidelines=== | ===General guidelines=== | ||
Line 41: | Line 53: | ||
====Quality Assurance==== | ====Quality Assurance==== | ||
− | *[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Plant Acceptance]] | + | *Plant Acceptance |
− | + | **The Owner will inspect all work for [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Plant Acceptance]] upon written request of the Contractor. | |
**Plant Acceptance by the Owner shall be for general conformance to specified size, character and quality and not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for full conformance to the contract documents, including correct species. | **Plant Acceptance by the Owner shall be for general conformance to specified size, character and quality and not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for full conformance to the contract documents, including correct species. | ||
**Any plant that is deemed defective as defined under the warranty provisions below shall not be accepted. | **Any plant that is deemed defective as defined under the warranty provisions below shall not be accepted. | ||
Line 64: | Line 76: | ||
**The warranty of all replacement plants shall extend for an additional one-year period from the date of their acceptance after replacement. In the event that a replacement plant is not acceptable during or at the end of the said extended warranty period, the Owner may elect one more replacement items or credit for each item. These tertiary replacement items are not protected under a warranty period. | **The warranty of all replacement plants shall extend for an additional one-year period from the date of their acceptance after replacement. In the event that a replacement plant is not acceptable during or at the end of the said extended warranty period, the Owner may elect one more replacement items or credit for each item. These tertiary replacement items are not protected under a warranty period. | ||
**During and by the end of the warranty period, remove all tree wrap, ties, and guying unless agreed to by the Owner to remain in place. All trees that have leaned shall be straightened. | **During and by the end of the warranty period, remove all tree wrap, ties, and guying unless agreed to by the Owner to remain in place. All trees that have leaned shall be straightened. | ||
− | *Plant Final Acceptance: At the end of the warranty period, the Owner shall inspect all warranted work, upon written request of the Contractor. The request shall be received at least 10 calendar days before the anticipated date of final inspection. | + | *[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Plant Final Acceptance]]: At the end of the warranty period, the Owner shall inspect all warranted work, upon written request of the Contractor. The request shall be received at least 10 calendar days before the anticipated date of final inspection. |
====Selection and inspection of plants==== | ====Selection and inspection of plants==== | ||
Line 89: | Line 101: | ||
====Plants: General==== | ====Plants: General==== | ||
*Standards and measurement: Provide plants of quantity, size, genus, species, and variety or Cultivars as shown and scheduled in contract documents. | *Standards and measurement: Provide plants of quantity, size, genus, species, and variety or Cultivars as shown and scheduled in contract documents. | ||
− | **Tree stock shall conform to [ | + | **Tree stock shall conform to [https://www.dot.state.mn.us/pre-letting/spec/ Mn/DOT specification 3861.2], ANSI Z60.1, [http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/american-standard.shtml American Standard for Nursery Stock], and all state requirements for nursery stock except where they are modified by this specification. Where there is a conflict between this specification and the above specifications, this specification will apply. |
**Plants larger than specified may be used if acceptable to the Owner. Use of such plants shall not increase the contract price. If larger plants are accepted the [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|root ball]] size shall be increased in proportion to the size of the plant. Larger plants may not be acceptable if the resulting root ball cannot be fit into the required planting space. | **Plants larger than specified may be used if acceptable to the Owner. Use of such plants shall not increase the contract price. If larger plants are accepted the [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|root ball]] size shall be increased in proportion to the size of the plant. Larger plants may not be acceptable if the resulting root ball cannot be fit into the required planting space. | ||
*Plant Quality | *Plant Quality | ||
Line 101: | Line 113: | ||
***Trees greater than 1.5 inches caliper should be able to stand erect without a supporting stake. | ***Trees greater than 1.5 inches caliper should be able to stand erect without a supporting stake. | ||
***The trunk and branches shall be reasonably free of knots, scrapes, broken or split wood, fresh limb cuts, sunscald, injuries, and abrasions. All graft unions, where applicable, shall be completely healed without visible sign of graft rejection. All grafts shall be visible above the soil line. | ***The trunk and branches shall be reasonably free of knots, scrapes, broken or split wood, fresh limb cuts, sunscald, injuries, and abrasions. All graft unions, where applicable, shall be completely healed without visible sign of graft rejection. All grafts shall be visible above the soil line. | ||
− | ***Open trunk and branch wounds shall be less than 10 percent of the circumference at the wound and no more than 2 inches tall. Pruning shall not encroach on the branch collar. Properly made pruning cuts are not considered open trunk wounds. Pruning cuts in accordance with ANSI standards are considered properly made pruning cuts. | + | ***Open trunk and branch wounds shall be less than 10 percent of the circumference at the wound and no more than 2 inches tall. Pruning shall not encroach on the branch collar. Properly made pruning cuts are not considered open trunk wounds. Pruning cuts in accordance with [http://www.ansi.org/ ANSI] standards are considered properly made pruning cuts. |
**Plant quality at or below the soil line | **Plant quality at or below the soil line | ||
***The roots shall be reasonably free of scrapes, broken or split wood. | ***The roots shall be reasonably free of scrapes, broken or split wood. | ||
Line 123: | Line 135: | ||
**Trees greater than 5 inches in caliper shall be root-pruned a minimum of 12 months before transplanting. All root pruning shall be accomplished utilizing accepted horticultural practices for root pruning including staking and watering. | **Trees greater than 5 inches in caliper shall be root-pruned a minimum of 12 months before transplanting. All root pruning shall be accomplished utilizing accepted horticultural practices for root pruning including staking and watering. | ||
*Spade harvested and transplanted | *Spade harvested and transplanted | ||
− | **Spade Harvested and Transplanted Plants shall meet all the requirements for field grown trees. Root ball diameters shall be of similar size as the [http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/american-standard.shtml ANSI Z60.1] requirements for Balled and Burlapped plants. | + | **[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Spade Harvested and Transplanted]] Plants shall meet all the requirements for field grown trees. Root ball diameters shall be of similar size as the [http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/american-standard.shtml ANSI Z60.1] requirements for Balled and Burlapped plants. |
**Trees shall be harvested prior to leafing out (bud break) in the spring or during the fall planting period except for plants considered as fall planting hazards. Plants that are fall planting hazards shall only be harvested prior to leafing out in the spring. | **Trees shall be harvested prior to leafing out (bud break) in the spring or during the fall planting period except for plants considered as fall planting hazards. Plants that are fall planting hazards shall only be harvested prior to leafing out in the spring. | ||
**Before moving, trees shall be watered thoroughly to hydrate the tree and keep the root package together during transport. | **Before moving, trees shall be watered thoroughly to hydrate the tree and keep the root package together during transport. | ||
**Trees shall be moved and planted within 48 hours of the initial harvesting and shall remain in the spade machine until planted. | **Trees shall be moved and planted within 48 hours of the initial harvesting and shall remain in the spade machine until planted. | ||
*Container grown plants | *Container grown plants | ||
− | **Container grown plants may be permitted only when indicated on the drawing, approved in this document, or approved by the Owner. | + | **[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Container grown plants]] may be permitted only when indicated on the drawing, approved in this document, or approved by the Owner. |
**Provide established and well rooted plants in removable containers. | **Provide established and well rooted plants in removable containers. | ||
**Container class size shall conform to ANSI Z60.1 for container plants for each size and type of plant. | **Container class size shall conform to ANSI Z60.1 for container plants for each size and type of plant. | ||
**Container-grown stock shall have been grown in a container long enough for the root system to have developed sufficiently to hold its potting medium together but not so long as to have developed Stem Girdling or matted roots circling around the edge of the container. Plants that fail to meet this requirement may be modified to correct deficiencies as describe [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Execution guidelines|below]] if approved by the Owner. | **Container-grown stock shall have been grown in a container long enough for the root system to have developed sufficiently to hold its potting medium together but not so long as to have developed Stem Girdling or matted roots circling around the edge of the container. Plants that fail to meet this requirement may be modified to correct deficiencies as describe [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Execution guidelines|below]] if approved by the Owner. | ||
*Containerized plants | *Containerized plants | ||
− | **Containerized plants may be permitted only when indicated on the drawing, this document or approved by the Owner. | + | **[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Definitions|Containerized plants]] may be permitted only when indicated on the drawing, this document or approved by the Owner. |
**Provide field grown plants in containers of similar size as the ANSI Z60.1 requirements for Balled and Burlapped plants. | **Provide field grown plants in containers of similar size as the ANSI Z60.1 requirements for Balled and Burlapped plants. | ||
**Place the field grown plant in the container at the correct depth of the root crown as defined [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Plants: General|above.]] | **Place the field grown plant in the container at the correct depth of the root crown as defined [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Plants: General|above.]] | ||
Line 155: | Line 167: | ||
====Mulch==== | ====Mulch==== | ||
− | *Mulch shall be as specified in [ | + | *Mulch shall be as specified in [https://www.dot.state.mn.us/pre-letting/spec/ MNDOT 3882], Type 6, Shredded Hardwood Mulch. |
*Submit manufacturers product data and one gallon sample for approval. | *Submit manufacturers product data and one gallon sample for approval. | ||
====Anti-desicant==== | ====Anti-desicant==== | ||
− | *Anti-Desiccant shall be emulsion type, film-forming agent similar to Dowax by Dow Chemical Company, or Wilt-Pruf by Nursery Specialty Products, Inc., Croton Falls, New York, designed to permit transpiration but retard excessive loss of moisture from plants. Deliver in manufacturer’s fully identified containers and use in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions | + | *Anti-Desiccant shall be emulsion type, film-forming agent similar to Dowax by Dow Chemical Company, or Wilt-Pruf by Nursery Specialty Products, Inc., Croton Falls, New York, designed to permit transpiration but retard excessive loss of moisture from plants. Deliver in manufacturer’s fully identified containers and use in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. |
*Submit manufacturers product data for approval. | *Submit manufacturers product data for approval. | ||
====Tree staking and guying material==== | ====Tree staking and guying material==== | ||
− | *Tree guying is to be flat woven polypropylene material, 3/4 inch wide, with 900 pound break strength. Product to be ArborTie, manufactured by Deep Root Partners, L.P., or approved equal | + | *Tree guying is to be flat woven polypropylene material, 3/4 inch wide, with 900 pound break strength. Product to be ArborTie, manufactured by Deep Root Partners, L.P., or approved equal. |
*Stakes shall be 2 inch by 2 inch hardwood stakes free of knots (or approved equal) and of lengths appropriate to the size plant required to adequately support the plant. | *Stakes shall be 2 inch by 2 inch hardwood stakes free of knots (or approved equal) and of lengths appropriate to the size plant required to adequately support the plant. | ||
*Dead men for Large Trees where required on the drawings shall be 4 inch by 4 inch by 4 feet long wood (or approved equal). Wood shall NOT be treated for rot protection. | *Dead men for Large Trees where required on the drawings shall be 4 inch by 4 inch by 4 feet long wood (or approved equal). Wood shall NOT be treated for rot protection. | ||
Line 169: | Line 181: | ||
====Watering bags==== | ====Watering bags==== | ||
− | *Watering bags shall be Treegator Irrigation Bags, sized to the appropriate model for the requirements of the plant, manufactured by Spectrum Products, Inc, Youngsville, NC 27596, or approved equal | + | *Watering bags shall be Treegator Irrigation Bags, sized to the appropriate model for the requirements of the plant, manufactured by Spectrum Products, Inc, Youngsville, NC 27596, or approved equal. |
*Submit manufacturers product data for approval. | *Submit manufacturers product data for approval. | ||
====Chemical or biological additives==== | ====Chemical or biological additives==== | ||
*Chemical or biological additives are designed to increase soil fertility. All material shall be delivered to the site in unopened containers and stored in a dry enclosed space suitable for the material and meeting all environmental regulations. Biological additives shall be protected from extreme cold and heat. All products shall be freshly manufactured and dated for the year in which the products are to be used. | *Chemical or biological additives are designed to increase soil fertility. All material shall be delivered to the site in unopened containers and stored in a dry enclosed space suitable for the material and meeting all environmental regulations. Biological additives shall be protected from extreme cold and heat. All products shall be freshly manufactured and dated for the year in which the products are to be used. | ||
− | **Fertilizer for planting shall be organic fertilizer with a [ | + | **Fertilizer for planting shall be organic fertilizer with a [https://calculator.academy/salt-index-calculator/ salt index] of 25 or less. The majority of the nutrient elements are from organic sources. Fertilizer selections shall be based on the recommendations of the soil test. |
**Submit manufacturers product data for approval. | **Submit manufacturers product data for approval. | ||
Line 220: | Line 232: | ||
*The root system of each plant, regardless of root ball package type, shall be inspected by the Contractor at the time of planting to confirm that the roots meet the requirements for [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Product guidelines|tree quality]]. The Contractor shall undertake, at the time of planting, all modifications to the root system required by the Owner to meet these quality standards. | *The root system of each plant, regardless of root ball package type, shall be inspected by the Contractor at the time of planting to confirm that the roots meet the requirements for [[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes#Product guidelines|tree quality]]. The Contractor shall undertake, at the time of planting, all modifications to the root system required by the Owner to meet these quality standards. | ||
*Container Root Ball Shaving: The outer surfaces of ALL plants in containers, including the top, sides and bottom of the root ball shall be shaved to remove all circling and matted roots. Shaving shall be performed using saws, knives, sharp shovels or other suitable equipment that is capable of making clean cuts on the roots. Shaving shall remove a minimum of one inch of root mat or deeper as required to remove all roots that are not growing reasonably radial to the trunk and to remove all kinked and vertical roots. For trees where shaving could potentially harm the tree because the tree would not have sufficient roots left, shaving is not required if the specifier permits not shaving the root ball. | *Container Root Ball Shaving: The outer surfaces of ALL plants in containers, including the top, sides and bottom of the root ball shall be shaved to remove all circling and matted roots. Shaving shall be performed using saws, knives, sharp shovels or other suitable equipment that is capable of making clean cuts on the roots. Shaving shall remove a minimum of one inch of root mat or deeper as required to remove all roots that are not growing reasonably radial to the trunk and to remove all kinked and vertical roots. For trees where shaving could potentially harm the tree because the tree would not have sufficient roots left, shaving is not required if the specifier permits not shaving the root ball. | ||
− | *Exposed Stem Tissue after Modification: The required root ball modifications may result in stem tissue that has not formed trunk bark being exposed above the soil line. If such condition occurs, wrap the exposed portion of the stem in a protective wrapping such as Dewitt Tree Wrap fabric. Secure the fabric with biodegradable tape such as 3M Scotch 234 or 232 masking tape or approved equal. DO NOT USE string, twine or any other material that may girdle the trunk if not removed. | + | *Exposed Stem Tissue after Modification: The required root ball modifications may result in stem tissue that has not formed trunk bark being exposed above the soil line. If such condition occurs, wrap the exposed portion of the stem in a protective wrapping such as Dewitt Tree Wrap fabric. Secure the fabric with biodegradable tape such as 3M Scotch 234 or 232 masking tape or approved equal. DO NOT USE string, twine or any other material that may girdle the trunk if not removed. |
*Using hand tools, back hoe or mini-excavator, excavate the planting hole into the planting soil to the depth of the root ball, as measured after any root ball modification to correct root problems, and wide enough for working room around the root ball or to the size indicated on the drawing. | *Using hand tools, back hoe or mini-excavator, excavate the planting hole into the planting soil to the depth of the root ball, as measured after any root ball modification to correct root problems, and wide enough for working room around the root ball or to the size indicated on the drawing. | ||
**The measuring point for root ball depth shall be the average height of the outer edge of the root ball after any required root ball modification. | **The measuring point for root ball depth shall be the average height of the outer edge of the root ball after any required root ball modification. | ||
Line 302: | Line 314: | ||
*The Contractor shall protect landscape work and materials from damage due to planting operations or operations by other Contractors or trespassers. Maintain protection during installation until Plant Acceptance. Treat, repair or replace damaged planting work immediately. | *The Contractor shall protect landscape work and materials from damage due to planting operations or operations by other Contractors or trespassers. Maintain protection during installation until Plant Acceptance. Treat, repair or replace damaged planting work immediately. | ||
*Damage done by the Contractor, or any of their sub contractors, to plants or any other parts of the work shall be replaced by the Contractor at no expense to the Owner. | *Damage done by the Contractor, or any of their sub contractors, to plants or any other parts of the work shall be replaced by the Contractor at no expense to the Owner. | ||
+ | *For information on protecting existing trees on site, see [[Protection of existing trees on construction sites]]. | ||
====Plant maintenance prior to plant acceptance==== | ====Plant maintenance prior to plant acceptance==== | ||
Line 321: | Line 334: | ||
**Weed control: keep all beds reasonably free of weeds. The Owner must approve in advance the use of all chemical herbicide applications. | **Weed control: keep all beds reasonably free of weeds. The Owner must approve in advance the use of all chemical herbicide applications. | ||
**Trash removal: remove all trash and debris from all planting beds and maintain the beds in a neat and tidy appearance. | **Trash removal: remove all trash and debris from all planting beds and maintain the beds in a neat and tidy appearance. | ||
− | **Disease and insect control: Provide an Integrated Plant Management (IPM) program to maintain disease and insects at acceptable and manageable levels. | + | **Disease and insect control: Provide an Integrated Plant Management (IPM) program to maintain disease and insects at acceptable and manageable levels. Manageable levels shall be defined as minimum damage to plants. Use least invasive methods to control plant disease and insect outbreaks. The Owner must approve in advance the use of all chemical pesticide applications. |
− | Manageable levels shall be defined as minimum damage to plants. Use least invasive methods to control plant disease and insect outbreaks. The Owner must approve in advance the use of all chemical pesticide applications. | ||
**Plant replacement: replace all plants that are defective as defined in the warranty provisions, as soon as the plant decline is obvious and in suitable weather and season for planting. | **Plant replacement: replace all plants that are defective as defined in the warranty provisions, as soon as the plant decline is obvious and in suitable weather and season for planting. | ||
**Mulch: refresh mulch once a year to maintain complete coverage. Do not over mulch. Do not apply mulch against the trunks or stems of any plants. Replacement mulch shall meet the requirements of the original approved material. | **Mulch: refresh mulch once a year to maintain complete coverage. Do not over mulch. Do not apply mulch against the trunks or stems of any plants. Replacement mulch shall meet the requirements of the original approved material. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Other tree planting specifications== | ||
+ | *[https://calculator.academy/salt-index-calculator/ Gilman et al.] have developed a modern, up-to-date, and peer reviewed set of details and specifications in AutoCAD, PDF, and Microsoft Word formats for the green industry. These are designed specifically for landscape architects, engineers, architects, contractors, urban foresters, arborists, municipalities, and state agencies. | ||
+ | *[https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/TreePlanting Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources] | ||
+ | *[http://www.urbanforest.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/pages.page/id/425 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection] | ||
==Definitions== | ==Definitions== | ||
Line 344: | Line 361: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
− | *Busiahn, Jacob, and Sean Peterson. 2013. [ | + | *Busiahn, Jacob, and Sean Peterson. 2013. [https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/223266 All you need to Know about Community Gravel Beds]. University of Minnesota Department of Forest Resources. |
− | *Gillman, J.H. and G.R. Johnson. 1999. [ | + | *Gillman, J.H. and G.R. Johnson. 1999. [https://extension.umn.edu/how/planting-and-transplanting-trees-and-shrubs Planting and Transplanting Trees and Shrubs]. University of Minnesota Extension WW-03825. |
*Gilman, Edward F. 2013. [http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/abbreviated-planting-specs.shtml Sample planting specifications for trees]. Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida Gainesville. | *Gilman, Edward F. 2013. [http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/abbreviated-planting-specs.shtml Sample planting specifications for trees]. Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida Gainesville. | ||
− | *Gilman, Edward F. 2011. | + | *Gilman, Edward F. 2011. Specifications for Planting Trees and Shrubs in the Southeastern U.S. Document ENH856. Environmental Horticulture, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. |
− | *Gilman, E. No Publication Year Given. [ | + | *Gilman, E. No Publication Year Given. [https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/sample-specs.shtml Sample nursery stock specification for shade trees]. |
− | *International Society of Arboriculture. | + | *International Society of Arboriculture. ''Guide for Developing Planting Specifications''. |
− | *Johnson, Jill | + | *Johnson, Jill, Gary Johnson, Maureen McDonough, Lisa Burban, and Janette Monear. 2008. [https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev7_013722.pdf Tree Owner's Manual for the Northeastern Midwestern United States]. United States of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Area. State and Private Forestry, NA-FR-04-07. |
− | *University of Minnesota Forest Resources Extension [http://www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu/ My Minnesota Woods]. | + | *University of Minnesota Forest Resources Extension. [http://www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu/ My Minnesota Woods]. |
*Urban, J. 2012. Draft Tree Planting Specification, Prepared for 2012 International Society of Arboriculture Conference. | *Urban, J. 2012. Draft Tree Planting Specification, Prepared for 2012 International Society of Arboriculture Conference. | ||
<noinclude> | <noinclude> | ||
+ | |||
==Related pages== | ==Related pages== | ||
*[[Overview for trees]] | *[[Overview for trees]] | ||
Line 377: | Line 395: | ||
*[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using trees with an underdrain as a BMP in the MIDS calculator]] | *[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using trees with an underdrain as a BMP in the MIDS calculator]] | ||
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Specifications and details/Design criteria]] |
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Tree trench and box]] |
</noinclude> | </noinclude> |
Trees can be purchased in many different forms. Gillman and Johnson (1999) describe some of the various forms as follows.
It is recommended the Owner or Project Landscape Architect inspect trees prior to digging at the nursery.
Many tree material and planting specifications have already been developed by others. Many municipalities and jurisdictions, for example, have developed their own tree material and planting specifications (see [1] [2] [3]). Many university extension services and tree organizations also provide tree planting guidelines (see [4]). The tree material and planting guidelines below were developed based on experience and research by the contracted and technical teams for this project, combined with the resources listed in the references section. Additional guidance regarding tree planting is available in the references section below, as well as at the following 2 websites:
The following guidelines are written in a format similar to a specification, and can serve as a basis for a specification. However, they are NOT a finished specification. Any specification for construction must be developed specifically for that project by a person skilled in writing specifications and construction documents. Terminology and requirements in the final specifications must be consistent with the terminology in other parts of the construction documents including plans and detail nomenclature.
See the File:Trees-4-Detail.pdf which supplements the tree planting guidelines. Additional drawings regarding tree planting are available in the references section below, as well as at the following 2 websites:
Additional information on tree planting guidelines or specifications can be found at the following:
The following root ball packages are permitted. Specific Root Ball Packages shall be required where indicated on the plant list or in this document. Any type of Root Ball Package that is not specifically defined in this document shall not be permitted.
Coordinate the relocation of any irrigation lines, heads or the conduits of other utility lines that are in conflict with tree locations. Root balls shall not be altered to fit around lines. Notify the Owner of any conflicts encountered.
When applicable, plant trees before other plants are installed.
The following are permitted root ball packages and special planting requirements that shall be followed during the planting process in addition to the above general planting requirements.
The following pages address incorporation of trees into stormwater management under paved surfaces
This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 14:29.