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Minnesota Stormwater Manual

Difference between revisions of "Planning green stormwater infrastructure projects and practices"

 
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{{alert|Green Infrastructure refers to ecological systems, both natural and engineered, that act as living infrastructure. Green Infrastructure elements are planned and managed primarily for stormwater control, but also exhibit social, economic and environmental benefits|alert-success}}
 
{{alert|Green Infrastructure refers to ecological systems, both natural and engineered, that act as living infrastructure. Green Infrastructure elements are planned and managed primarily for stormwater control, but also exhibit social, economic and environmental benefits|alert-success}}
  
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[[File:Question mark.png|400px|thumb|alt=question mark symbol|Confused about GI terminology? [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_infrastructure_and_green_stormwater_infrastructure_terminology Link here]]]
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[[File:Review team logo.png|200px|thumb|alt=checklist image|<font size=3>Link to [[Green Infrastructure planning checklist]]</font size>]]
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<!--[[File:Question mark.png|100px|thumb|alt=question mark symbol|Confused about GI terminology? [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_infrastructure_and_green_stormwater_infrastructure_terminology Link here]]]-->
  
 
This <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) describes practices that use natural systems (or engineered systems that mimic or use natural processes) to capture, clean, and infiltrate stormwater; shade and cool surfaces and buildings; reduce flooding, create wildlife habitat; and provide other services that improve environmental quality and communities’ quality of life. (City of Tucson)"> '''green stormwater infrastructure'''</span> (GSI) planning guidance was created to   
 
This <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) describes practices that use natural systems (or engineered systems that mimic or use natural processes) to capture, clean, and infiltrate stormwater; shade and cool surfaces and buildings; reduce flooding, create wildlife habitat; and provide other services that improve environmental quality and communities’ quality of life. (City of Tucson)"> '''green stormwater infrastructure'''</span> (GSI) planning guidance was created to   
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Much of the information presented here is geared towards practitioners who are new to GSI planning and is intended to provide an overview of the topics and questions that are relevant in the GSI planning process.   
 
Much of the information presented here is geared towards practitioners who are new to GSI planning and is intended to provide an overview of the topics and questions that are relevant in the GSI planning process.   
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==Key questions to consider during the planning phase==
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There are a lot of questions to be answered during the planning phase of the GSI project, particularly in the early stages. Even if a planning team is experienced, the total unknown information may be a roadblock itself. The table below is intended to categorize the key questions and topics that should be asked and considered throughout the design process. The following section discusses many of these questions in greater detail.
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{{:Key questions to consider during the planning phase for green stormwater infrastructure}}
  
 
==How to plan for Green Infrastructure in your community==
 
==How to plan for Green Infrastructure in your community==
 
This section provides information on considerations when planning green stormwater infrastructure in your community.  
 
This section provides information on considerations when planning green stormwater infrastructure in your community.  
  
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===Define goals and objectives===
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===Defining goals and objectives, including potential multiple benefits of GSI===
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An important first step in planning GSI is to define the community’s goals and objectives. Every community is unique and therefore every GSI plan also unique. Goals and objectives should be defined with as broad a partnership or stakeholder group as practical. Stakeholders ultimately judge the success or failure of a project, so engaging them early and often will help ensure a successful outcome. [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Establishing_partnerships Link here] to see a discussion of potential stakeholders.
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When planning GSI for your community, an important first step is to define the community’s goals and objectives. Every community is unique and therefore every GSI plan also unique. Goals and objectives should be defined with as broad a partnership or stakeholder group as practical. Stakeholders ultimately judge the success or failure of a project, so engaging them early and often will help ensure a successful outcome. [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Establishing_partnerships Link here] to see a discussion of potential stakeholders.
  
 
Example goals and objectives are illustrated in the accompanying table.
 
Example goals and objectives are illustrated in the accompanying table.
  
 
{{:Example goals and objectives when planning green infrastructure}}
 
{{:Example goals and objectives when planning green infrastructure}}
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Defining the potential multiple benefits of GSI will be an important component of the GSI planning process. These can include environment, social, and economic benefits. The following pages provide more information on the benefits of GSI:
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*[[Multiple benefits of green stormwater infrastructure]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of bioretention]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of infiltration practices]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of constructed wetlands]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of vegetated swales]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of harvest and use/re-use practices]]
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**[[Green Infrastructure benefits of green roofs]]
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Also see the section on [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#How_to_make_the_case_for_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure How to make the case for Green Stormwater Infrastructure].
  
 
===Consider the scale of GSI planning===
 
===Consider the scale of GSI planning===
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Define the scale of the project and understand whether the objectives of the project meet site-specific improvement goals, local community goals, broader regional goals, or some combination. In addition to local benefits, individual GSI practices contribute to large-scale downstream water quality objectives such as a <span title="The amount of a pollutant from both point and nonpoint sources that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards"> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_(TMDLs) '''total maximum daily load''']</span> (TMDL) or in-stream water quality targets such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sediment, or chloride reduction. Most regional stormwater or water quality goals have their own planning documents ([https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/watershed-restoration-and-protection-strategy-status Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategies], TMDL Implementation Plans, etc.) that may help define the need for site-specific GSI.
 
Define the scale of the project and understand whether the objectives of the project meet site-specific improvement goals, local community goals, broader regional goals, or some combination. In addition to local benefits, individual GSI practices contribute to large-scale downstream water quality objectives such as a <span title="The amount of a pollutant from both point and nonpoint sources that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards"> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_(TMDLs) '''total maximum daily load''']</span> (TMDL) or in-stream water quality targets such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sediment, or chloride reduction. Most regional stormwater or water quality goals have their own planning documents ([https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/watershed-restoration-and-protection-strategy-status Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategies], TMDL Implementation Plans, etc.) that may help define the need for site-specific GSI.
  
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The table below provides an overview of common plans that could be developed during the GSI planning process at different scales. This table has been adapted from the [https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/LID-SWM-Guide-v1.0_2010_1_no-appendices.pdf Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority] and modified to include common Minnesota-specific planning documents (CVA & TRCA, 2010).
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The table below provides an overview of common plans that could inform the GSI planning process at different scales. These plans do not need to pre-exist or need to be created in order to move forward with the GSI planning process. Rather, these plans, if they exist, can be consulted during the GSI planning process. This table has been adapted from the [https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/LID-SWM-Guide-v1.0_2010_1_no-appendices.pdf Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority] and modified to include common Minnesota-specific planning documents (CVA & TRCA, 2010).
  
 
{{:Overview of common plans for the green stormwater infrastructure planning process}}
 
{{:Overview of common plans for the green stormwater infrastructure planning process}}
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[[File:Sequencing events for planning GSI.png|thumb|300px|alt=schematic for sequencing of events for green stormwater infrastructure|<font size=3>Schematic for sequencing of events for green stormwater infrastructure</font size>]]
 
[[File:Sequencing events for planning GSI.png|thumb|300px|alt=schematic for sequencing of events for green stormwater infrastructure|<font size=3>Schematic for sequencing of events for green stormwater infrastructure</font size>]]
  
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The planning process for a GSI project can follow many different paths, however, the following steps are typically part of the planning process.
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The following steps are typically part of the planning process.
 
*Determine goals and objectives to meet environmental, social, and economic needs.
 
*Determine goals and objectives to meet environmental, social, and economic needs.
 
*Evaluate possible GSI approaches for technical and financial feasibility.
 
*Evaluate possible GSI approaches for technical and financial feasibility.
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Throughout this process, partnerships with key stakeholders are created, consulted, and used to maximize the chances of successful GSI planning and implementation. Public outreach is typically also conducted throughout the entire process to garner public support of the project.
 
Throughout this process, partnerships with key stakeholders are created, consulted, and used to maximize the chances of successful GSI planning and implementation. Public outreach is typically also conducted throughout the entire process to garner public support of the project.
  
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===Length of time needed for GSI planning===
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===Determine length of time needed for GSI planning===
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The length of time, or the amount of time, needed for GSI planning can vary from project to project, and is often dependent on the type of GSI project.  
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The length or amount of time needed for GSI planning varies from project to project and is dependent on the type of GSI project.  
  
 
'''GSI planning and implementation on land-development projects''': These projects (e.g., new development or large redevelopment projects, street reconstruction projects, and master plan development) can take one to several years to realize, depending on the pace of the land development project. This type of GSI planning is often the most successful and cost-efficient since the GSI planning can be incorporated early in the planning and design phase of land-development projects. Ideally, this results in GSI practices that are seamlessly integrated into the landscape and infrastructure of the project.  
 
'''GSI planning and implementation on land-development projects''': These projects (e.g., new development or large redevelopment projects, street reconstruction projects, and master plan development) can take one to several years to realize, depending on the pace of the land development project. This type of GSI planning is often the most successful and cost-efficient since the GSI planning can be incorporated early in the planning and design phase of land-development projects. Ideally, this results in GSI practices that are seamlessly integrated into the landscape and infrastructure of the project.  
  
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'''Retrofit projects''': GSI planning and implementation of retrofit projects ((e.g.: adding green stormwater infrastructure to an existing landscape)) can take 6 to 18 months to realize, sometimes longer if unforeseen roadblocks occur. Retrofit projects typically come at a higher cost relative to projects that are integrated into land development projects. Mobilization and other labor costs associated with retrofit costs can be minimized if GSI retrofits are planned to happen in conjunction with other infrastructure improvement projects, such as pavement repairs or regrading. Advanced and comprehensive GSI planning projects are one strategy to save retrofit costs by identifying opportunities to install GSI alongside future capital improvement projects. The [https://www.mwmo.org/projects/towerside-district-stormwater-system/ District Stormwater Project], an initiative by the [https://www.mwmo.org/ Mississippi Watershed Management Organization], illustrates this concept [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrY1ohMLXiM in this video].
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'''Retrofit projects''': GSI planning and implementation of retrofit projects ((e.g.: adding green stormwater infrastructure to an existing landscape)) can take 6 to 18 months to realize, sometimes longer if unforeseen roadblocks occur. Retrofit projects typically come at a higher cost relative to projects that are integrated into land development projects. Mobilization and other labor costs associated with retrofit costs can be minimized if GSI retrofits are planned to happen in conjunction with other infrastructure improvement projects, such as pavement repairs or regrading. Advanced and comprehensive GSI planning projects are one strategy to save retrofit costs by identifying opportunities to install GSI alongside future capital improvement projects. The [https://www.mwmo.org/projects/towerside-district-stormwater-system/ Towerside District Stormwater Project], an initiative by the [https://www.mwmo.org/ Mississippi Watershed Management Organization], illustrates this concept [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrY1ohMLXiM in this video].
  
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===Technical approach and resource needs===
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===Determine technical approach and resource needs===
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The technical approach and design process will vary from project to project but may generally follow a sequence of events described by the Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (CVA & TRCA, 2010). The table below shows this sequence and also identifies the type of personnel resources that could be used, as well as helpful publicly available technical resources to help GSI planners get started.  
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The technical approach and design process varies from project to project but generally follows a sequence of events described by the Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (CVA & TRCA, 2010). The table below shows this sequence and identifies the type of personnel resources that could be used, as well as helpful publicly available technical resources to help GSI planners get started.
  
 
{{:Sequence of events and type of personnel resources to help green stormwater infrastructure planners}}
 
{{:Sequence of events and type of personnel resources to help green stormwater infrastructure planners}}
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Financial considerations will be a foundational topic for GSI planning efforts. Based on the stated goals, objectives, and available community resources, the financial priorities and strategies can look quite different for each community.  
 
Financial considerations will be a foundational topic for GSI planning efforts. Based on the stated goals, objectives, and available community resources, the financial priorities and strategies can look quite different for each community.  
  
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The three key financial considerations are: cost, return on investment (value assessment), and funding.  
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The three key financial considerations are cost, return on investment (value assessment), and funding.  
 
#'''Cost''': Cost considerations include planning, design, installation, and operations & maintenance costs. These costs can be assessed by the design and planning teams.
 
#'''Cost''': Cost considerations include planning, design, installation, and operations & maintenance costs. These costs can be assessed by the design and planning teams.
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#'''Return on Investment''': A value assessment factors in both the direct performance benefits of GSI practices and the ancillary community benefits of such practices. Direct performance benefits can be measured or estimated and include, for example, volume of runoff managed, pollutant load reduction achieved, or carbon reduction. These can be measured via monitoring or sampling programs, or estimated via engineering tools and models. Ancillary benefits are harder to measure directly and include, for example, improved air quality, impact on pollinators, climate change resiliency, and traffic calming. These benefits are more difficult to quantify directly, and a relative ranking/scoring strategy is typically used. This assessment is best conducted by all of the planning partners so as not to skew the results.  
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#'''Return on Investment''': A value assessment factors in both the direct performance benefits of GSI practices and the ancillary community benefits of such practices. Direct performance benefits can be measured or estimated and include volume of runoff managed, pollutant load reduction achieved, or carbon reduction. These can be measured via monitoring or sampling programs, or estimated via engineering tools and models. Ancillary benefits are harder to measure directly and include improved air quality, impact on pollinators, climate change resiliency, and traffic calming. Because these benefits are more difficult to quantify directly, a relative ranking/scoring strategy is typically used. This assessment is best conducted by all of the planning partners so as not to skew the results. For more information see [[Multiple benefits of green stormwater infrastructure]].
 
#'''Funding''': Funding is a universal and continuously evolving challenge for GSI projects. There are many funding strategies which can be considered. These are discussed in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#How_to_fund_and_finance_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure How to Fund and Finance GSI] section. Funding considerations are best assessed by the GSI management team with support from the design team.
 
#'''Funding''': Funding is a universal and continuously evolving challenge for GSI projects. There are many funding strategies which can be considered. These are discussed in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#How_to_fund_and_finance_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure How to Fund and Finance GSI] section. Funding considerations are best assessed by the GSI management team with support from the design team.
  
 
Community priorities are as unique as the communities themselves. Most communities and stakeholders prefer funding GSI projects that provide direct and ancillary amenities. For example, funding a <span title="Bioretention is a terrestrial-based (up-land as opposed to wetland) water quality and water quantity control process. Bioretention employs a simplistic, site-integrated design that provides opportunity for runoff infiltration, filtration, storage, and water uptake by vegetation. Bioretention areas are suitable stormwater treatment practices for all land uses, as long as the contributing drainage area is appropriate for the size of the facility. Common bioretention opportunities include landscaping islands, cul-de-sacs, parking lot margins, commercial setbacks, open space, rooftop drainage and street-scapes (i.e., between the curb and sidewalk). Bioretention, when designed with an underdrain and liner, is also a good design option for treating Potential stormwater hotspots. Bioretention is extremely versatile because of its ability to be incorporated into landscaped areas. The versatility of the practice also allows for bioretention areas to be frequently employed as stormwater retrofits."> '''bioretention practice'''</span> that is also a sidewalk pocket flower garden may be more attractive to the community than replacing the impervious pavement of an alley with <span title="Permeable pavements allow stormwater runoff to filter through surface voids into an underlying stone reservoir for temporary storage and/or infiltration. The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP)."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement permeable pavement]'''</span>, even though both the bioretention and permeable pavers provide similar direct stormwater-related benefits. With this in mind, consider pairing GSI projects to community amenity projects to increase the likelihood of funding and community support. Pairing or grouping projects can also increase the overall cost-effectiveness.
 
Community priorities are as unique as the communities themselves. Most communities and stakeholders prefer funding GSI projects that provide direct and ancillary amenities. For example, funding a <span title="Bioretention is a terrestrial-based (up-land as opposed to wetland) water quality and water quantity control process. Bioretention employs a simplistic, site-integrated design that provides opportunity for runoff infiltration, filtration, storage, and water uptake by vegetation. Bioretention areas are suitable stormwater treatment practices for all land uses, as long as the contributing drainage area is appropriate for the size of the facility. Common bioretention opportunities include landscaping islands, cul-de-sacs, parking lot margins, commercial setbacks, open space, rooftop drainage and street-scapes (i.e., between the curb and sidewalk). Bioretention, when designed with an underdrain and liner, is also a good design option for treating Potential stormwater hotspots. Bioretention is extremely versatile because of its ability to be incorporated into landscaped areas. The versatility of the practice also allows for bioretention areas to be frequently employed as stormwater retrofits."> '''bioretention practice'''</span> that is also a sidewalk pocket flower garden may be more attractive to the community than replacing the impervious pavement of an alley with <span title="Permeable pavements allow stormwater runoff to filter through surface voids into an underlying stone reservoir for temporary storage and/or infiltration. The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP)."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement permeable pavement]'''</span>, even though both the bioretention and permeable pavers provide similar direct stormwater-related benefits. With this in mind, consider pairing GSI projects to community amenity projects to increase the likelihood of funding and community support. Pairing or grouping projects can also increase the overall cost-effectiveness.
  
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===Permitting and approvals===
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The following resources provide more information on financial cost considerations related to GSI planning.
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There is typically a permitting and approval aspect to installing GSI. Permitting and approval authorities vary depending upon the location and extent of the project, but may include  
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*[https://www.waterrf.org/CLASIC Community-enabled Lifecycle Analysis of Stormwater Infrastructure Costs (CLASIC)]. CLASIC is a user-informed screening tool that utilizes a life cycle cost framework to support implementation of stormwater infrastructure, including green, hybrid green-gray, and gray infrastructure practices. The CLASIC tool integrates Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), which enables consideration of co-benefits for green infrastructure. There are three integrated components in the CLASIC tool: life cycle cost; performance; and co-benefits.
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*[https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/gi-cost-benefit.pdf NOAA Guide to Assessing Green Infrastructure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction]. The purpose of this guide is to provide a process that communities can use to assess the costs and benefits of green infrastructure to reduce flooding. The guide takes a step-by-step, watershedbased approach to documenting the costs of flooding; projecting increased flooding and associated costs under future land use and climate conditions; and calculating benefits and costs of reducing flooding with green infrastructure over the long term.
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*[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22275/long-term-performance-and-life-cycle-costs-of-stormwater-best-management-practices The National Academies Press Long-Term Performance and Life-Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices, NCHRP Report 792]. Provides tools and guidance to help optimize the best management practices (BMP) portion of a transportation department’s stormwater program. The report is accompanied by a CD-ROM containing a BMP evaluation tool in a spreadsheet format as a computational aid that provides average annual performance and whole life costs for treatment BMPs.
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*[https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources USEPA Green Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Resources]. Describes how other communities have estimated the costs and benefits of their green infrastructure programs as well as tools to inform cost-benefit analysis.
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===Identify permitting and approval requirements===
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Like most infrastructure and construction projects, there is typically a permitting and approval aspect to installing GSI. Permitting and approval authorities vary depending upon the location and extent of the project, but may include  
 
*stormwater utility (e.g., municipality or watershed district),
 
*stormwater utility (e.g., municipality or watershed district),
 
*watershed districts or watershed management organization,
 
*watershed districts or watershed management organization,
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*departments of transportation (if the public right of way is involved), and
 
*departments of transportation (if the public right of way is involved), and
 
*city or county.
 
*city or county.
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Including key people from these organizations as planning partners can be helpful in obtaining the right permits and approvals when implementing green stormwater infrastructure. Contacting the city, county, or watershed district can be an effective place to begin the permitting process.  
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Include key people from these organizations as planning partners to help obtain the right permits and approvals when implementing green stormwater infrastructure. Contacting the city, county, or watershed district can be an effective place to begin the permitting process.  
  
 
The permitting and approval process can be lengthy, so it is helpful to begin the permitting process early. For authorities in which there is an overlap in their permitting processes, it is beneficial for communities to work with these authorities concurrently.
 
The permitting and approval process can be lengthy, so it is helpful to begin the permitting process early. For authorities in which there is an overlap in their permitting processes, it is beneficial for communities to work with these authorities concurrently.
  
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===Establishing partnerships===
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===Establish partnerships===
 
The most effective way to plan and implement a GSI project is to create a diverse group of partners. Partnerships help increase community involvement, provide technical expertise required to meet goals, and can help create a maintainable GSI system. Partnerships can sometimes augment the available funding and resources through in-kind contributions or additional funding. GSI partners can be loosely grouped into three categories: managers, design teams, and stakeholders. GSI planning efforts should include representatives from all three categories.
 
The most effective way to plan and implement a GSI project is to create a diverse group of partners. Partnerships help increase community involvement, provide technical expertise required to meet goals, and can help create a maintainable GSI system. Partnerships can sometimes augment the available funding and resources through in-kind contributions or additional funding. GSI partners can be loosely grouped into three categories: managers, design teams, and stakeholders. GSI planning efforts should include representatives from all three categories.
  
 
*GSI managers may include owners, maintenance personnel, planners, developers, and regulators. GSI managers may be part of private, government, or non-government organizations.  
 
*GSI managers may include owners, maintenance personnel, planners, developers, and regulators. GSI managers may be part of private, government, or non-government organizations.  
 
*GSI designers may include engineers, scientists, and landscape architects that are specialized in GSI and natural restoration practices. If one of the GSI goals is to use GSI practices to provide community amenities, then the inclusion of a landscape architect is strongly encouraged. Landscape architects are trained to identify end user needs and design infrastructure to provide a desirable user experience while achieving the technical goals of a design. Designers may be municipal staff or outside consultants.  
 
*GSI designers may include engineers, scientists, and landscape architects that are specialized in GSI and natural restoration practices. If one of the GSI goals is to use GSI practices to provide community amenities, then the inclusion of a landscape architect is strongly encouraged. Landscape architects are trained to identify end user needs and design infrastructure to provide a desirable user experience while achieving the technical goals of a design. Designers may be municipal staff or outside consultants.  
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*GSI stakeholders may include adjacent property owners, adjacent infrastructure managers, community organizations, government leaders and officials, and anyone who may access or see the GSI. The role of stakeholders in the GSI planning process is integral as they will ultimately judge the success of the GSI, so stakeholder engagement should be prioritized in the early planning phases. To cultivate an effective relationship with stakeholders, a stakeholder engagement plan should be developed and may include:
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*GSI stakeholders may include adjacent property owners, adjacent infrastructure managers, community organizations, government leaders and officials, and anyone who may access or see the GSI. The role of stakeholders in the GSI planning process is integral as they will ultimately judge the success of the GSI, so stakeholder engagement should be prioritized in the early planning phases. To cultivate an effective relationship with stakeholders, a stakeholder engagement plan should be developed and may include  
 
**identification of audiences,
 
**identification of audiences,
 
**stakeholder roles and responsibilities,
 
**stakeholder roles and responsibilities,
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**timing of engagement for individual stakeholders based on roles and responsibilities.
 
**timing of engagement for individual stakeholders based on roles and responsibilities.
  
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===Public outreach and communication===
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===Conduct public outreach and communication===
 
[[File:Maplewood Mall GSI.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=Maplewood Mall green stormwater infrastructure|<font size=3>[https://rwmwd.org/ Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District] incorporated interactive demos and signage at the [https://rwmwd.org/projects/maplewood-mall-retrofit/ Maplewood Mall].</font size>]]
 
[[File:Maplewood Mall GSI.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=Maplewood Mall green stormwater infrastructure|<font size=3>[https://rwmwd.org/ Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District] incorporated interactive demos and signage at the [https://rwmwd.org/projects/maplewood-mall-retrofit/ Maplewood Mall].</font size>]]
  
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As stated in the previous section, it is the stakeholders who will ultimately judge the success or failure of a project, so engaging early and often will help ensure a successful outcome. Public outreach is particularly important when defining community goals and priorities.
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Stakeholders ultimately judge the success or failure of a project, so engaging them early and often helps ensure a successful outcome. Public outreach is particularly important when defining community goals and priorities.
  
 
Outreach activities can be done in-house or via a consultant. The role of public outreach is often undervalued, and the effort required is often underestimated. When in doubt, a professional specialist, such as a communications or public relations expert, is recommended to support public outreach.
 
Outreach activities can be done in-house or via a consultant. The role of public outreach is often undervalued, and the effort required is often underestimated. When in doubt, a professional specialist, such as a communications or public relations expert, is recommended to support public outreach.
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The outreach materials are equally as important as the outreach strategies. Interactive communications materials can be highly effective to support outreach strategies, are increasingly common and relatively easy to do, and keeps the public interested and engaged. Examples of interactive communications materials include
 
The outreach materials are equally as important as the outreach strategies. Interactive communications materials can be highly effective to support outreach strategies, are increasingly common and relatively easy to do, and keeps the public interested and engaged. Examples of interactive communications materials include
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*Storyboards (e.g.: [https://ewn.erdc.dren.mil/?cat=18 USACE Engineering With Nature storyboards]),
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*storyboards (e.g.: [https://ewn.erdc.dren.mil/?cat=18 USACE Engineering With Nature storyboards]),
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*Online Story Maps (e.g.: [https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/c41bc3f84d8e4e70bc1672ffcd830f1f City of Atlanta GSI Program storymap]),
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*online story maps (e.g.: [https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/c41bc3f84d8e4e70bc1672ffcd830f1f City of Atlanta GSI Program storymap]),
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*Online web maps (e.g.: [https://www1.nyc.gov/site/dep/water/green-infrastructure.page NYC DEP Green Infrastructure Program Map]),
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*online web maps (e.g.: [https://www1.nyc.gov/site/dep/water/green-infrastructure.page NYC DEP Green Infrastructure Program Map]),
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*Website content (e.g.: [https://water.phila.gov/gsi/ Philadelphia GSI webpage]),
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*website content (e.g.: [https://water.phila.gov/gsi/ Philadelphia GSI webpage]),
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*Targeted priorities boards,
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*targeted priorities boards,
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*Commenting on maps using post-its,
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*commenting on maps using post-its,
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*Public interviews and surveys,
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*public interviews and surveys,
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*Video booths, and
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*video booths, and
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*Interactive physical models.
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*interactive physical models.
  
 
[[File:MWMO signage.png|300px|thumb|alt=photo of signage at Mississippi WMP|<font size=3>Example of informational signage at the office of the [https://www.mwmo.org/ Mississippi River Watershed Management Organization], where several GSI practices exist.</font size>]]
 
[[File:MWMO signage.png|300px|thumb|alt=photo of signage at Mississippi WMP|<font size=3>Example of informational signage at the office of the [https://www.mwmo.org/ Mississippi River Watershed Management Organization], where several GSI practices exist.</font size>]]
  
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In addition to well-crafted media content and notification, few techniques are as effective at communicating the benefits of GSI as having the public walk by and through a built example of GSI. Creating high-visibility GSI pilot projects at public facilities such as government offices, schools, or libraries, can be an effective means of engaging and educating the public on GSI. Pilot projects can include educational signage about the function and benefits of GSI, and allows the public to see GSI under different weather conditions and seasons. GSI pilot projects at schools can also be incorporated into the educational curriculum.
+
In addition to well-crafted media content and notification, few techniques are as effective at communicating the benefits of GSI as having the public walk by and through a built example of GSI. Creating high-visibility GSI pilot projects at public facilities such as government offices, schools, or libraries, is an effective means of engaging and educating the public on GSI. Pilot projects can include educational signage about the function and benefits of GSI and allows the public to see GSI under different weather conditions and seasons. GSI pilot projects at schools can also be incorporated into the educational curriculum.
  
 
Some useful links providing information on stakeholder involvement and perceptions are illustrated below.
 
Some useful links providing information on stakeholder involvement and perceptions are illustrated below.
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*[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/green-infrastructure.pdf ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES WITH GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE]
 
*[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/green-infrastructure.pdf ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES WITH GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE]
 
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02697459.2020.1738686?journalCode=cppr20#:~:text=The%20involvement%20of%20stakeholders%20in,governing%20UGI%20access%20more%20enforceable. The Role of Stakeholders in Improving Management Practices of Urban Green Infrastructure in Southern Ethiopia]
 
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02697459.2020.1738686?journalCode=cppr20#:~:text=The%20involvement%20of%20stakeholders%20in,governing%20UGI%20access%20more%20enforceable. The Role of Stakeholders in Improving Management Practices of Urban Green Infrastructure in Southern Ethiopia]
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===Accounting for climate change and resilience===
 
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[[File:TC METRO PRECIP TREND.png|300px|thumb|alt=figure showing TC Metro precipitation trend|<font size=3>Precipitation trend for the Twin Cities Metro Area (MN DNR)</font size>]]
 
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In Minnesota, the annual rainfall depth and frequency of large storms has been increasing in recent years (MNDNR, 2021). GSI can be a valuable tool to help offset runoff generated from more precipitation, but planners may want to design these practices to manage the higher flow rates and volumes associated with larger storms. With increasing rainfall and runoff, as well as with the general trend of increasing imperviousness, the target stormwater quality treatment volume may need to be increased as well. For example, [https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Watershed/growgreen/2019LPT/Rain-Gardens-Design-and-Installation-Tom-Franke.pdf in Austin, TX] a site with 50% impervious cover is required to treat the first 1-inch of precipitation, but sites with 100% impervious cover are required to treat the first 1.5-inches of precipitation (Franke, 2016).
 
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Minnesota’s winter temperatures also have increasing (MNDNR, 2021), consequently more frequent “mid-winter thaws” can be expected, which can impact the proper functioning of infiltration-based practices in particular. For example, freezing and thawing events will impact infiltration in aboveground retention systems with surface conveyance differently than underground retention systems with subsurface pipe conveyance. Properly designed infiltration-based practices should function during winter; however, the efficiency of saturated, frozen infiltration practices can be greatly diminished. Mid-winter thaws may increase the likelihood that infiltration practices are saturated in near-freezing weather, which may render them less effective during the spring runoff events. If the goal of a GSI practice is to infiltrate the spring melt water, then increasing the stormwater retention capacity of the practice may be warranted.
 
−
 
−
A diverse and preferably <span title="A species that has been observed in the form of a naturally occurring and self-sustaining population in historical times. Non-natives do not meet this definition."> '''native'''</span> plant palette should also be considered in order to make the overall planting bed more resilient to a broader range of climate and hydrologic scenarios. Installing GSI can help reduce local temperatures associated with climate change, and drought resilient species can help maintain effective ecosystem function during drier periods. More planting guidance can be found in the Minnesota Plant List page of the Minnesota Stormwater Manual.
 
  
 
===Potential roadblocks and barriers===
 
===Potential roadblocks and barriers===
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There are several potential roadblocks and barriers to GSI implementation, but in many cases, these can be anticipated and managed. Below is a list of common roadblocks experienced by GSI planners and suggested ways of addressing or managing these roadblocks.  
 
There are several potential roadblocks and barriers to GSI implementation, but in many cases, these can be anticipated and managed. Below is a list of common roadblocks experienced by GSI planners and suggested ways of addressing or managing these roadblocks.  
  
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*'''Lack of community buy-in''': The value and benefit of green stormwater infrastructure is not always readily perceived or understood by community members or stakeholders, which sometimes prevents acceptance or support of GSI efforts. Communicating the benefits of GSI beyond stormwater management, and focusing more on ancillary benefits of GSI, is an effective method for overcoming this particular challenge. Incomplete or inadequate representation of these benefits may leave stakeholders unhappy with value gained from the GSI. Plain language should be used when describing the benefits and mechanisms of stormwater management to community members. Using visuals and graphics can also be an effective means of communicating with community members. Examples of interactive techniques that can be used to communicate with the public are shown in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Public_outreach_and_communication Public Outreach section].  
+
*'''Lack of community buy-in''': The value and benefit of green stormwater infrastructure is not always readily perceived or understood by community members or stakeholders, which sometimes prevents acceptance or support of GSI efforts. Communicating the benefits of GSI beyond stormwater management, and focusing more on ancillary benefits of GSI, is an effective method for overcoming this particular challenge. Incomplete or inadequate representation of these benefits may leave stakeholders unhappy with value gained from the GSI. Plain language should be used when describing the benefits and mechanisms of stormwater management to community members. Using visuals and graphics can also be an effective means of communicating with community members. Examples of interactive techniques that can be used to communicate with the public are shown in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Conduct_public_outreach_and_communication Public Outreach section].  
 
*'''GSI costs are deemed too expensive''': Costs are a clear roadblock when planning and implementing GSI. Early in the planning process, planners and partners should provide rough cost estimates to set expectations and allow for funding and financing options to be explored as soon as possible. Clear communication on all the benefits of GSI can also help demonstrate and justify the cost of GSI and can help alleviate cost concerns from partners and stakeholders.  
 
*'''GSI costs are deemed too expensive''': Costs are a clear roadblock when planning and implementing GSI. Early in the planning process, planners and partners should provide rough cost estimates to set expectations and allow for funding and financing options to be explored as soon as possible. Clear communication on all the benefits of GSI can also help demonstrate and justify the cost of GSI and can help alleviate cost concerns from partners and stakeholders.  
 
*'''Unclear operations and maintenance responsibilities''':  Ongoing maintenance is necessary for GSI to operate properly and provide all intended benefits. Failure to properly maintain GSI can lead to expensive repairs. GSI operation and maintenance (O&M) can add a continued expense over the lifetime of the GSI practices; however, these costs can be less than maintenance of traditional <span title="Gray stormwater is designed to move urban stormwater away from the built environment and includes curbs, gutters, drains, piping, and collection systems. Generally, traditional gray infrastructure collects and conveys stormwater from impervious surfaces, such as roadways, parking lots and rooftops, into a series of piping that ultimately discharges untreated stormwater into a local water body."> '''gray infrastructure'''</span>. Ongoing maintenance agreements are always recommended and, in some cases, necessary. More information on GSI operation and maintenance can be found in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_green_stormwater_infrastructure_best_management_practices O&M of GSI BMPs page of the Minnesota Stormwater Manual].  
 
*'''Unclear operations and maintenance responsibilities''':  Ongoing maintenance is necessary for GSI to operate properly and provide all intended benefits. Failure to properly maintain GSI can lead to expensive repairs. GSI operation and maintenance (O&M) can add a continued expense over the lifetime of the GSI practices; however, these costs can be less than maintenance of traditional <span title="Gray stormwater is designed to move urban stormwater away from the built environment and includes curbs, gutters, drains, piping, and collection systems. Generally, traditional gray infrastructure collects and conveys stormwater from impervious surfaces, such as roadways, parking lots and rooftops, into a series of piping that ultimately discharges untreated stormwater into a local water body."> '''gray infrastructure'''</span>. Ongoing maintenance agreements are always recommended and, in some cases, necessary. More information on GSI operation and maintenance can be found in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_green_stormwater_infrastructure_best_management_practices O&M of GSI BMPs page of the Minnesota Stormwater Manual].  
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Additional information on overcoming barriers to green stormwater infrastructure is available on the following websites.
 
Additional information on overcoming barriers to green stormwater infrastructure is available on the following websites.
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*[https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/overcoming-barriers-green-infrastructure Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure]
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*[https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/overcoming-barriers-green-infrastructure Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure] (EPA)
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*[https://www.unh.edu/unhsc/sites/unh.edu.unhsc/files/FactSheet%20-%20OvercomingBarriers%20PRINT.pdf Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure]
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*[https://www.unh.edu/unhsc/sites/unh.edu.unhsc/files/FactSheet%20-%20OvercomingBarriers%20PRINT.pdf Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure] (New Hampshire)
 
*[https://seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Portals/0/Files/Coastal%20Communities/Green_Infrastructure/DRAFT_GIworkbook_complete.pdf TACKLING BARRIERS TO Green Infrastructure]
 
*[https://seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Portals/0/Files/Coastal%20Communities/Green_Infrastructure/DRAFT_GIworkbook_complete.pdf TACKLING BARRIERS TO Green Infrastructure]
 
*[https://agsci.psu.edu/aec/news/research-spotlight-overcoming-barriers-to-green-infrastructure-solutions Research Spotlight: Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure Solutions]
 
*[https://agsci.psu.edu/aec/news/research-spotlight-overcoming-barriers-to-green-infrastructure-solutions Research Spotlight: Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure Solutions]
 
*[http://uswateralliance.org/sites/uswateralliance.org/files/publications/Barriers-and-Gateways-to-Green-Infrastructure.pdf Barriers and Gateways to Green Infrastructure]
 
*[http://uswateralliance.org/sites/uswateralliance.org/files/publications/Barriers-and-Gateways-to-Green-Infrastructure.pdf Barriers and Gateways to Green Infrastructure]
 
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09640568.2019.1605890 Challenges of mainstreaming green infrastructure in built environment professions]
 
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09640568.2019.1605890 Challenges of mainstreaming green infrastructure in built environment professions]
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===Key questions to consider during the planning phase===
 
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There are a lot of questions to be answered during the planning phase of the GSI project, particularly in the early stages. Even if a planning team is experienced, the total unknown information may be a roadblock itself. The table below is intended to categorize the key questions and topics that should be asked and considered throughout the design process.
 
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{{:Key questions to consider during the planning phase for green stormwater infrastructure}}
 
  
 
==How to make the case for Green Stormwater Infrastructure==
 
==How to make the case for Green Stormwater Infrastructure==
  
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===General overview===
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Planners and engineers who would like to integrate GSI into landscapes and projects sometimes find themselves having to “make the case” for GSI. This may include presenting on the multiple benefits of GSI (social, economic, and environmental), describing the equity and <span title="Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies."> '''environmental justice'''</span> aspects of GSI, and discussing cost related topics such as life cycle costs, <span title="A business concept that posits firms should commit to measuring their social and environmental impact—in addition to their financial performance—rather than solely focusing on generating profit"> '''triple bottom line'''</span>, and cost-benefit analysis. Different outreach and communications strategies can be used to help “make the case”.  
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Planners and engineers who would like to integrate GSI into landscapes and projects sometimes find themselves having to “make the case” for GSI. This may include presenting on the multiple benefits of GSI (social, economic, and environmental), describing the equity and environmental justice aspects of GSI, and discussing cost related topics such as life cycle costs, triple bottom line, and cost-benefit analysis. Different outreach and communications strategies can be used to help “make the case,” as discussed in the “Public Outreach and Communication” section.  
 
  
 
===Presenting the multiple benefits of GSI===
 
===Presenting the multiple benefits of GSI===
 
[[File:Pocket park.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=image of a pocket park|<font size=3>Rendering of a pocket park (Source: [https://columbusunderground.com/green-infrastructure-and-neighborhood-pocket-parks-part-of-blueprint-columbus-plan-bw1/ Columbus Underground])</font size>]]
 
[[File:Pocket park.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=image of a pocket park|<font size=3>Rendering of a pocket park (Source: [https://columbusunderground.com/green-infrastructure-and-neighborhood-pocket-parks-part-of-blueprint-columbus-plan-bw1/ Columbus Underground])</font size>]]
  
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Green infrastructure should be presented as not only providing stormwater benefits, but also as providing multiple social, economic, and environmental benefits. Considering and presenting these benefits together rather than separately, and highlighting the interactions between benefits, is important in making a better business case for implementing green stormwater infrastructure.
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Green infrastructure should be presented as not only providing stormwater benefits, but also as providing multiple social, economic, and environmental benefits (see [[Multiple benefits of green stormwater infrastructure]]). Considering and presenting these benefits together rather than separately, and highlighting the interactions between benefits, is important in making a better business case for implementing green stormwater infrastructure.
 
   
 
   
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The social benefits of GSI are numerous, ranging from saving lives to enhancing the aesthetics of a neighborhood. Green infrastructure can be integrated into the creation of public amenities such as pocket parks or micro green spaces. GSI can also improve overall public health by reducing air temperatures in the summer (counteracting the urban heat island effect), improving air quality, and decreasing asthma incidences, and stimulate a more inviting and walkable environment ([https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-11/documents/greeninfrastructure_healthy_communities_factsheet.pdf USEPA, 2017]). Secondary cascading impacts such as transportation delays, utility service disruptions, and even pandemics are also times when GSI can have a positive effect: waiting for a late bus under the shade of street trees on a 95℉ day or a stroll through a city park for moments of socially distanced relief during the recent Covid pandemic are relatable moments. Social equity challenges are highlighted in low- to moderate-income communities and urban neighborhoods, which often have more impervious areas than tree cover (New York Times, 2020) and older, traditional stormwater management infrastructure. Deploying GSI in the form of street trees, urban forests, and integrated stormwater management can provide traditional infrastructural service benefits while also satisfying the innate human instinct to connect with nature. Placing GSI in urban areas increases the likelihood that a greater diversity of people gets time in and around natural systems. If planned properly, strategic GSI placement can help provide socially equitable access to green spaces for all residents. In identifying the social benefits of GSI, a community should also address the role GSI plays in gentrification and should consider these unintended social consequences in the design and placement of GSI. Refer to the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Equity Equity Section] for further information on the role of GSI in gentrification and tools for addressing it.   
+
'''Social benefits of GSI''': The social benefits of GSI are numerous. Green infrastructure can be integrated into the creation of public amenities such as pocket parks or micro green spaces. GSI can also improve overall public health by reducing air temperatures in the summer (counteracting the urban heat island effect), improving air quality, and decreasing asthma incidences, and stimulate a more inviting and walkable environment ([https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-11/documents/greeninfrastructure_healthy_communities_factsheet.pdf USEPA, 2017]). Secondary cascading impacts such as transportation delays, utility service disruptions, and even pandemics are also times when GSI can have a positive effect: waiting for a late bus under the shade of street trees on a 95℉ day or a stroll through a city park for moments of socially distanced relief during the recent Covid pandemic are relatable moments. Social equity challenges are highlighted in low- to moderate-income communities and urban neighborhoods, which often have more impervious areas than tree cover (New York Times, 2020) and older, traditional stormwater management infrastructure. Deploying GSI in the form of street trees, urban forests, and integrated stormwater management can provide traditional infrastructural service benefits while also satisfying the innate human instinct to connect with nature. Placing GSI in urban areas increases the likelihood that a greater diversity of people gets time in and around natural systems. If planned properly, strategic GSI placement can help provide socially equitable access to green spaces for all residents. In identifying the social benefits of GSI, a community should also address the role GSI plays in gentrification and should consider these unintended social consequences in the design and placement of GSI. Refer to the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Equity Equity Section] for further information on the role of GSI in gentrification and tools for addressing it.   
  
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Economic benefits of GSI include reduction of O&M costs relative to traditional infrastructure, reducing the initial capital outlay costs of large traditional (gray) infrastructure, preserving property values, supporting local workforces, and even agri/eco-tourism. While GSI does require careful maintenance as discussed in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Potential_roadblocks_and_barriers Potential Roadblocks and Barriers section], GSI tends to appreciate in value over time as the ecosystems protected or created, such as <span title="Bioretention, also called rain gardens, is a terrestrial-based (up-land as opposed to wetland) water quality and water quantity control process. Bioretention employs a simplistic, site-integrated design that provides opportunity for runoff infiltration, filtration, storage, and water uptake by vegetation. Bioretention areas are suitable stormwater treatment practices for all land uses, as long as the contributing drainage area is appropriate for the size of the facility. Common bioretention opportunities include landscaping islands, cul-de-sacs, parking lot margins, commercial setbacks, open space, rooftop drainage and street-scapes (i.e., between the curb and sidewalk). Bioretention, when designed with an underdrain and liner, is also a good design option for treating Potential stormwater hotspots. Bioretention is extremely versatile because of its ability to be incorporated into landscaped areas. The versatility of the practice also allows for bioretention areas to be frequently employed as stormwater retrofits."> '''rain gardens'''</span>, <span title="Bioswales are landscape elements designed to concentrate or remove debris and pollution out of surface runoff water. They consist of a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than 6%) and filled with vegetation, compost and/or riprap.> '''bioswales'''</span>, and constructed <span title="Stormwater wetlands are similar in design to stormwater ponds and mainly differ by their variety of water depths and associated vegetative complex."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_wetlands stormwater wetlands]'''</span>, increase in functionality. This is an advantage over traditional gray infrastructure, which tends to depreciate over its lifetime ([https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Promoting-Nature-Based-Hazard-Mitigation-Through-FEMA-Mitigation-Grants-05-10-2021-LR.pdf The Nature Conservancy / AECOM], 2021), resulting in the need for major repairs or replacement.  <span title="Green roofs consist of a series of layers that create an environment suitable for plant growth without damaging the underlying roof system. Green roofs create green space for public benefit, energy efficiency, and stormwater retention/ detention."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_roofs Green roofs]'''</span> are an example of building-integrated GSI which can minimize traditional building component replacement cycles and extend the life of components - in this case sheltering roofing membranes by limiting exposure to damaging ultraviolet rays. Other examples include GSI techniques such as onsite stormwater capture and infiltration with rain gardens, bioswales, and constructed wetlands which can reduce the need for large, complex, costly, and often unattractive traditional stormwater management structures such as concrete detention basins, hardscaped bypass channels, and below-grade catchment tanks which require expensive excavation and relocation of utilities to install ([https://www.conservation.org/docs/default-source/publication-pdfs/ci-green-gray-practical-guide-v08.pdf Conservation International], 2019). Planting [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Minnesota_plant_lists#Salt_tolerance chloride-tolerant species] reduces the replacement costs from deicing salts. Maintaining or increasing property values have been shown to be a positive secondary benefit of GSI related to social benefits listed above. People and businesses value being located in and near vegetation and green areas. Designing, building, operating, and maintaining GSI cannot be outsourced. These are local jobs done by local people, keeping dollars in the community ([https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_riskmap-nature-based-solutions-guide_2021.pdf FEMA], 2021). Finally, treating agricultural, preservation, and reservation lands as green stormwater infrastructure extends the possibility of economic benefits of agri/eco-tourism into non-urban areas.
+
'''Economic benefits of GSI''': Economic benefits of GSI include reduction of O&M costs relative to traditional infrastructure, reducing the initial capital outlay costs of large traditional (gray) infrastructure, preserving property values, supporting local workforces, and even agri/eco-tourism. While GSI does require careful maintenance as discussed in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Planning_green_stormwater_infrastructure_projects_and_practices#Potential_roadblocks_and_barriers Potential Roadblocks and Barriers section], GSI tends to appreciate in value over time as the ecosystems protected or created, such as <span title="Bioretention, also called rain gardens, is a terrestrial-based (up-land as opposed to wetland) water quality and water quantity control process. Bioretention employs a simplistic, site-integrated design that provides opportunity for runoff infiltration, filtration, storage, and water uptake by vegetation. Bioretention areas are suitable stormwater treatment practices for all land uses, as long as the contributing drainage area is appropriate for the size of the facility. Common bioretention opportunities include landscaping islands, cul-de-sacs, parking lot margins, commercial setbacks, open space, rooftop drainage and street-scapes (i.e., between the curb and sidewalk). Bioretention, when designed with an underdrain and liner, is also a good design option for treating Potential stormwater hotspots. Bioretention is extremely versatile because of its ability to be incorporated into landscaped areas. The versatility of the practice also allows for bioretention areas to be frequently employed as stormwater retrofits."> '''rain gardens'''</span>, <span title="Bioswales are landscape elements designed to concentrate or remove debris and pollution out of surface runoff water. They consist of a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than 6%) and filled with vegetation, compost and/or riprap.> '''bioswales'''</span>, and constructed <span title="Stormwater wetlands are similar in design to stormwater ponds and mainly differ by their variety of water depths and associated vegetative complex."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_wetlands stormwater wetlands]'''</span>, increase in functionality. This is an advantage over traditional gray infrastructure, which tends to depreciate over its lifetime ([https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Promoting-Nature-Based-Hazard-Mitigation-Through-FEMA-Mitigation-Grants-05-10-2021-LR.pdf The Nature Conservancy / AECOM], 2021), resulting in the need for major repairs or replacement.  <span title="Green roofs consist of a series of layers that create an environment suitable for plant growth without damaging the underlying roof system. Green roofs create green space for public benefit, energy efficiency, and stormwater retention/ detention."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_roofs Green roofs]'''</span> are an example of building-integrated GSI which can minimize traditional building component replacement cycles and extend the life of components - in this case sheltering roofing membranes by limiting exposure to damaging ultraviolet rays. Other examples include GSI techniques such as onsite stormwater capture and infiltration with rain gardens, bioswales, and constructed wetlands which can reduce the need for large, complex, costly, and often unattractive traditional stormwater management structures such as concrete detention basins, hardscaped bypass channels, and below-grade catchment tanks which require expensive excavation and relocation of utilities to install ([https://www.conservation.org/docs/default-source/publication-pdfs/ci-green-gray-practical-guide-v08.pdf Conservation International], 2019). Planting [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Minnesota_plant_lists#Salt_tolerance chloride-tolerant species] reduces the replacement costs from deicing salts. Maintaining or increasing property values have been shown to be a positive secondary benefit of GSI related to social benefits listed above. People and businesses value being located in and near vegetation and green areas. Designing, building, operating, and maintaining GSI cannot be outsourced. These are local jobs done by local people, keeping dollars in the community ([https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_riskmap-nature-based-solutions-guide_2021.pdf FEMA], 2021). Finally, treating agricultural, preservation, and reservation lands as green stormwater infrastructure extends the possibility of economic benefits of agri/eco-tourism into non-urban areas.
  
 
[[File:Biochar.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=image of biochar|<font size=3>Biochar incorporated into soil can sequester carbon ([https://extension.usu.edu/vegetableguide/management/biochar Utah State University]).</font size>]]
 
[[File:Biochar.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=image of biochar|<font size=3>Biochar incorporated into soil can sequester carbon ([https://extension.usu.edu/vegetableguide/management/biochar Utah State University]).</font size>]]
  
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Environmental benefits from GSI include improvements in water quality, air quality, greenhouse gases, and ecological habitat, and reduced impacts from flooding, extreme precipitation, extreme heat, wildfire, and other climate stressors such as landslides, mudflows, and subsidence (FEMA, 2021). Integrated stormwater management with GSI retains and treats storm water locally, reduces the need for extensive and often oversized drainage systems, reduces exposure of stormwater to surface pollution like road salts and oils, and can reduce occurrences of localized flooding. GSI can also help mitigate greenhouse gasses and help reach increasingly aggressive state and local targets through <span title="The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide.> '''carbon sequestration'''</span>. Carbon sequestration can happen by planting and preserving deep-rooted and woody-stemmed native plants and trees on small urban sites, suburban lots, and in rural forest, wetland, and meadow areas. Regenerative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, no/low till, intercropping, integration of deep-rooted grasses (and other prairie plants), and use of <span title="Biochar is a charcoal-like substance that’s made by burning organic material from biomass. Biochar has useful applications for soil and engineered media used in stormwater practices."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management biochar]'''</span> can further extend carbon mitigation potential of agricultural lands ([https://drawdown.org/sectors/food-agriculture-land-use Food, Agriculture, and Land Use Solutions Project Drawdown], 2021). From pollinator gardens to constructed wetlands, GSI not only increases the number and diversity of types of habitats for different species of plants and animals through habitat creation, but it also increases ecological connectivity across urban, suburban, and rural areas through habitat preservation. With elevated annual precipitation and frequency of heavy rains in Minnesota, the risk of flooding is likely to increase (MNDNR, 2021). GSI can manage flood risk by reducing stormwater runoff through infiltration practices (e.g., bioswales) ([https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/manage-flood-risk USEPA], 2022a). NOAA provides [https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/gi-cost-benefit.html A Guide to Assessing Green Infrastructure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction]. Green infrastructure can include water elements or solar elements to implement blue-green and yellow-green stormwater infrastructure, respectively, in a community which can provide additional water quality, energy, and aesthetic benefits.  
+
'''Environmental benefits of GSI''': Environmental benefits from GSI include improvements in water quality, air quality, greenhouse gases, ecological habitat, and reduced impacts from flooding, extreme precipitation, extreme heat, wildfire, and other climate stressors such as landslides, mudflows, and subsidence (FEMA, 2021). Integrated stormwater management with GSI retains and treats storm water locally, reduces the need for extensive and often oversized drainage systems, reduces exposure of stormwater to surface pollution like road salts and oils, and can reduce occurrences of localized flooding. GSI can also help mitigate greenhouse gasses and help reach increasingly aggressive state and local targets through <span title="The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide.> '''carbon sequestration'''</span>. Carbon sequestration can happen by planting and preserving deep-rooted and woody-stemmed native plants and trees on small urban sites, suburban lots, and in rural forest, wetland, and meadow areas. Regenerative agricultural practices such as <span title="Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure."> '''crop rotation'''</span>, <span title="Conservation tillage is an agricultural management approach that aims to minimize the frequency or intensity of tillage operations in an effort to promote certain economic and environmental benefits."> '''conservation tillage'''</span> (no- or low-till), <span title="Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice that involves growing two or more crops in proximity. In other words, intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field."> '''intercropping'''</span>, integration of deep-rooted grasses (and other prairie plants), and use of <span title="Biochar is a charcoal-like substance that’s made by burning organic material from biomass. Biochar has useful applications for soil and engineered media used in stormwater practices."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management biochar]'''</span> can further extend carbon mitigation potential of agricultural lands ([https://drawdown.org/sectors/food-agriculture-land-use Food, Agriculture, and Land Use Solutions Project Drawdown], 2021). From pollinator gardens to constructed wetlands, GSI not only increases the number and diversity of types of habitats for different species of plants and animals through habitat creation, but it also increases ecological connectivity across urban, suburban, and rural areas through habitat preservation. With elevated annual precipitation and frequency of heavy rains in Minnesota, the risk of flooding is likely to increase (MNDNR, 2021). GSI can manage flood risk by reducing stormwater runoff through infiltration practices (e.g., bioswales) ([https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/manage-flood-risk USEPA], 2022a). NOAA provides [https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/gi-cost-benefit.html A Guide to Assessing Green Infrastructure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction]. Green infrastructure can include water elements or solar elements to implement <span title="Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is an approach to urban flood resilience, recognized globally and in international literature, that capitalizes on the benefits of working with urban green-spaces and naturalized water-flows."> '''blue-green infrastructure'''</span> and <span title="Yellow-green stormwater infrastructure includes solar energy aspects or features to green infrastructure practices, such as incorporating GSI practices at solar farms.">  '''yellow-green'''</span> stormwater infrastructure, respectively, in a community which can provide additional water quality, energy, and aesthetic benefits.  
  
 
Social, economic, and environmental benefits should also be considered holistically rather than separately. Consider all benefits categories and set goals to achieve high marks across the board. For example, integrated stormwater management with GSI keeps water onsite locally, provides an attractive landscape (social), reduces the need for oversized traditional water treatment infrastructure (economic), and creates pockets of ecological habitat and shading (environmental). Also consider the interactions between benefits and use the process as an opportunity to innovate. Workforce development and equity are closely linked, for example. Implementing green stormwater infrastructure in disadvantaged communities is critical as discussed above, but the design, installation, operation and maintenance of green stormwater infrastructure also presents further opportunities to reduce barriers for entry for local builders from historically disadvantaged populations. Consider tailoring training programs in GSI for O&M staff, small businesses (especially (MBE / DBE / WBE), trade / vocational schools, and community colleges. Developing training for older staff and contractors familiar only with traditional infrastructure will improve job retention, prioritize continuing education, and encourage broader uptake and acceptance of green stormwater infrastructure.
 
Social, economic, and environmental benefits should also be considered holistically rather than separately. Consider all benefits categories and set goals to achieve high marks across the board. For example, integrated stormwater management with GSI keeps water onsite locally, provides an attractive landscape (social), reduces the need for oversized traditional water treatment infrastructure (economic), and creates pockets of ecological habitat and shading (environmental). Also consider the interactions between benefits and use the process as an opportunity to innovate. Workforce development and equity are closely linked, for example. Implementing green stormwater infrastructure in disadvantaged communities is critical as discussed above, but the design, installation, operation and maintenance of green stormwater infrastructure also presents further opportunities to reduce barriers for entry for local builders from historically disadvantaged populations. Consider tailoring training programs in GSI for O&M staff, small businesses (especially (MBE / DBE / WBE), trade / vocational schools, and community colleges. Developing training for older staff and contractors familiar only with traditional infrastructure will improve job retention, prioritize continuing education, and encourage broader uptake and acceptance of green stormwater infrastructure.
  
 
===Equity===
 
===Equity===
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[[File:Environmental justice locator.png|500px|thumb|alt=Environmental justice map tool image|<font size=3>Screen shot of [http://ceed.org/twin-cities-environmental-justice-mapping-tool-released/ Twin Cities Environmental Justice Mapping Tool].</font size>]]
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[[File:Environmental justice locator.png|500px|thumb|alt=Environmental justice map tool image|<font size=3>Screen shot of [https://ceed.org/resource/twin-cities-environmental-justice/ Twin Cities Environmental Justice Mapping Tool].</font size>]]
  
 
When planning for GSI, equity issues may arise. For example, GSI initiatives tend to favor locations where open space or vegetation already exists, or in affluent neighborhoods. The planning phase of GSI can be used to assess where GSI is most needed and prioritize GSI in <span title="Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies."> '''environmental justice'''</span> (EJ) areas. Also consider linking GSI incentives to flood mitigation programs and focus on locations already experiencing flooding and extreme temperatures, which typically coincide with EJ areas.
 
When planning for GSI, equity issues may arise. For example, GSI initiatives tend to favor locations where open space or vegetation already exists, or in affluent neighborhoods. The planning phase of GSI can be used to assess where GSI is most needed and prioritize GSI in <span title="Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies."> '''environmental justice'''</span> (EJ) areas. Also consider linking GSI incentives to flood mitigation programs and focus on locations already experiencing flooding and extreme temperatures, which typically coincide with EJ areas.
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*[https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources EPA’s Green Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Resources]
 
*[https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources EPA’s Green Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Resources]
 
*[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22275/long-term-performance-and-life-cycle-costs-of-stormwater-best-management-practices The National Academies Press Long-Term Performance and Life-Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices, NCHRP Report 792]
 
*[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22275/long-term-performance-and-life-cycle-costs-of-stormwater-best-management-practices The National Academies Press Long-Term Performance and Life-Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices, NCHRP Report 792]
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*[https://clasic.erams.com/docs/?token=NEkn6IZCSb Community-enabled Lifecycle Analysis of Stormwater Infrastructure Costs (CLASIC)]
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*[https://www.waterrf.org/CLASIC Community-enabled Lifecycle Analysis of Stormwater Infrastructure Costs (CLASIC)]
  
 
It is also worth noting that entities implementing GSI may want to consider collecting their own long-term performance and life-cycle cost data to improve their decision-making process in the future.
 
It is also worth noting that entities implementing GSI may want to consider collecting their own long-term performance and life-cycle cost data to improve their decision-making process in the future.
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Strategies for overcoming these code and ordinance related barriers include performing an audit of the codes and ordinances, amending codes and ordinances, and developing design guidance for GSI that are acceptable within the bounds of existing codes and ordinances. Resources in addressing code and ordinance barriers to GSI include the following.
 
Strategies for overcoming these code and ordinance related barriers include performing an audit of the codes and ordinances, amending codes and ordinances, and developing design guidance for GSI that are acceptable within the bounds of existing codes and ordinances. Resources in addressing code and ordinance barriers to GSI include the following.
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*[https://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/our-work/focus-areas/coastal-communities/green-infrastructure/#:~:text=What%20is%20Green%20Infrastructure%3F&text=The%20Wisconsin%20Sea%20Grant%20has,of%20Local%20Codes%20and%20Ordinances. WI Sea Grant Tackling Barriers to Green Infrastructure: An Audit of Municipal Codes and Ordinances]
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*[https://publications.aqua.wisc.edu/product/tackling-barriers-to-green-infrastructure-an-audit-of-municipal-codes-and-ordinances/ WI Sea Grant Tackling Barriers to Green Infrastructure: An Audit of Municipal Codes and Ordinances]
 
*[https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/overcoming-barriers-green-infrastructure USEPA Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure]
 
*[https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/overcoming-barriers-green-infrastructure USEPA Overcoming Barriers to Green Infrastructure]
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*[https://www.cwp.org/updated-code-ordinance-worksheet-improving-local-development-regulations/ An Updated Code and Ordinance Worksheet for Improving Local Development Regulations] - Center for Watershed Protection
  
 
===Ordinance resources and guidance documents===
 
===Ordinance resources and guidance documents===
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{{:Resources and guidance documents exist for developing green stormwater infrastructure ordinances}}
 
{{:Resources and guidance documents exist for developing green stormwater infrastructure ordinances}}
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==Examples of planning for GI and GSI==
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*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866721003526 Planning for green infrastructure and mapping synergies and trade-offs: A case study in the Yanshuei River Basin, Taiwan]
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*[https://oppla.eu/casestudy/17624 Lisbon: Masterplan Vale de Alcantara: A green corridor]
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*[https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/15/8432 Planning a Green Infrastructure Network from Theory to Practice: The Case Study of Setúbal, Portugal]
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*[https://aii.transportation.org/Documents/EPGT/EPGT-PASMemo_May-June09.pdf Green Infrastructure Planning: Recent Advances and Applications]
  
 
==Resources==
 
==Resources==
 
*[https://www.flowstobay.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GIDG-2nd-Edition-2020-03kh-RED.pdf Chapter 3 of the San Mateo Green Infrastructure Design Guide provides information for GSI design and planning]
 
*[https://www.flowstobay.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GIDG-2nd-Edition-2020-03kh-RED.pdf Chapter 3 of the San Mateo Green Infrastructure Design Guide provides information for GSI design and planning]
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*[https://clasic.erams.com/docs/?token=NEkn6IZCSb Community-enabled Lifecycle Analysis of Stormwater Infrastructure Costs (CLASIC)]
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*[https://www.waterrf.org/CLASIC Community-enabled Lifecycle Analysis of Stormwater Infrastructure Costs (CLASIC)]
 
*[https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/greenbelt/pages/5202/attachments/original/1504021812/Green_Infrastructure_Final.pdf?1504021812= Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation and Green Infrastructure Ontario Coalition’s A Green Infrastructure Guide for Small Cities, Towns and Rural Communities identifies specific planning zones and the appropriate GSI to use for each, and includes case studies for each planning zone]
 
*[https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/greenbelt/pages/5202/attachments/original/1504021812/Green_Infrastructure_Final.pdf?1504021812= Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation and Green Infrastructure Ontario Coalition’s A Green Infrastructure Guide for Small Cities, Towns and Rural Communities identifies specific planning zones and the appropriate GSI to use for each, and includes case studies for each planning zone]
 
*[https://www.georgetownclimate.org/adaptation/toolkits/green-infrastructure-toolkit/introduction.html Georgetown Climate Center’s Green Infrastructure Toolkit includes information on integrating GSI into existing infrastructure, funding GSI development, communicating the benefits of GSI, and equity and environmental justice surrounding GSI]
 
*[https://www.georgetownclimate.org/adaptation/toolkits/green-infrastructure-toolkit/introduction.html Georgetown Climate Center’s Green Infrastructure Toolkit includes information on integrating GSI into existing infrastructure, funding GSI development, communicating the benefits of GSI, and equity and environmental justice surrounding GSI]
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*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/water-quality-trading Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Water Quality Trading]
 
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/water-quality-trading Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Water Quality Trading]
 
*[https://www.legacy.mn.gov/clean-water-fund Minnesota Clean Water Fund]
 
*[https://www.legacy.mn.gov/clean-water-fund Minnesota Clean Water Fund]
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*[http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Projects/GreenInfrastructureChampions/4_GSI_PlanningAction.pdf New Jersey Green Infrastructure Planning provides a step-by-step guide through the planning process]
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*[https://gitoolkit.njfuture.org/plan/  New Jersey Green Infrastructure Planning provides a step-by-step guide through the planning process]
 
*[https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/gi-cost-benefit.pdf NOAA Guide to Assessing Green Infrastructure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction]
 
*[https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/gi-cost-benefit.pdf NOAA Guide to Assessing Green Infrastructure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction]
 
*[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22275/long-term-performance-and-life-cycle-costs-of-stormwater-best-management-practices The National Academies Press Long-Term Performance and Life-Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices, NCHRP Report 792]
 
*[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22275/long-term-performance-and-life-cycle-costs-of-stormwater-best-management-practices The National Academies Press Long-Term Performance and Life-Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices, NCHRP Report 792]
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*The Nature Conservancy / AECOM, 2021, [https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Promoting-Nature-Based-Hazard-Mitigation-Through-FEMA-Mitigation-Grants-05-10-2021-LR.pdf Promoting Nature-Based Hazard Mitigation Through FEMA Mitigation Grants]
 
*The Nature Conservancy / AECOM, 2021, [https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Promoting-Nature-Based-Hazard-Mitigation-Through-FEMA-Mitigation-Grants-05-10-2021-LR.pdf Promoting Nature-Based Hazard Mitigation Through FEMA Mitigation Grants]
 
*University of Minnesota, 2022. [https://create.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sharing_in_the_benefits_of_a_greening_city_-_final_web.pdf Sharing in the Benefits of a Greening City Toolkit]
 
*University of Minnesota, 2022. [https://create.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sharing_in_the_benefits_of_a_greening_city_-_final_web.pdf Sharing in the Benefits of a Greening City Toolkit]
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*USDA, [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_021531.pdf Guidelines for Establishing Aquatic Plants in Constructed Wetlands]
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*USDA, [https://www.chesapeakenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/guidelines-for-establishing-aquatic-plants.pdf Guidelines for Establishing Aquatic Plants in Constructed Wetlands]
 
*USEPA, 2017. [https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-11/documents/greeninfrastructure_healthy_communities_factsheet.pdf Healthy Benefits of Green Infrastructure in Communities]
 
*USEPA, 2017. [https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-11/documents/greeninfrastructure_healthy_communities_factsheet.pdf Healthy Benefits of Green Infrastructure in Communities]
 
*USEPA, 2021a. [https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/policy-guides Policy Guides]
 
*USEPA, 2021a. [https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/policy-guides Policy Guides]
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*USEPA, 2022b. [https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources Green Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Resources]
 
*USEPA, 2022b. [https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources Green Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Resources]
 
*WI Sea Grant: [https://publications.aqua.wisc.edu/product/tackling-barriers-to-green-infrastructure-an-audit-of-municipal-codes-and-ordinances/ Tackling Barriers to Green Infrastructure: An Audit of Municipal Codes and Ordinances]
 
*WI Sea Grant: [https://publications.aqua.wisc.edu/product/tackling-barriers-to-green-infrastructure-an-audit-of-municipal-codes-and-ordinances/ Tackling Barriers to Green Infrastructure: An Audit of Municipal Codes and Ordinances]
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[[Category:Level 2 - Management/Winter management]]

Latest revision as of 22:00, 21 February 2023

Green Infrastructure: Green Infrastructure refers to ecological systems, both natural and engineered, that act as living infrastructure. Green Infrastructure elements are planned and managed primarily for stormwater control, but also exhibit social, economic and environmental benefits
checklist image
Link to Green Infrastructure planning checklist


This green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) planning guidance was created to

  • help practitioners plan for incorporating green stormwater infrastructure into their communities,
  • help make the case for green stormwater infrastructure,
  • provide resources on how to fund and finance green stormwater infrastructure, and
  • provide information on how to include green stormwater infrastructure into ordinances and policy.

Much of the information presented here is geared towards practitioners who are new to GSI planning and is intended to provide an overview of the topics and questions that are relevant in the GSI planning process.

Key questions to consider during the planning phase

There are a lot of questions to be answered during the planning phase of the GSI project, particularly in the early stages. Even if a planning team is experienced, the total unknown information may be a roadblock itself. The table below is intended to categorize the key questions and topics that should be asked and considered throughout the design process. The following section discusses many of these questions in greater detail.

Key questions to consider during the planning phase for green stormwater infrastructure.
Link to this table

Topic Key questions
Ownership Should the GSI practices be owned by the community government, by individual property owners, or by another entity (such as a conservancy or port authority)?
Maintenance What are the recommended maintenance frequencies and practices? How often is the community willing to maintain their GSI practices?

Should there be shared responsibility for maintenance?

Performance How much stormwater needs to be treated?

What contaminants should be targeted?
What is the target removal efficiency for those contaminants?
What is the performance standard based on?
Is climate change accounted for?

Cost What is the available budget range?

Are higher cost options acceptable if they provide additional community services?
What are the estimated capital and O&M costs?

Funding What are the available funding sources: tax revenue, grants, donors, developers?
Technical resources How will in-house and consultant resources be coordinated?
Community support Are there individuals or groups willing to provide volunteer maintenance?
Community outreach Is the outreach goal to inform people of the project, or is the goal to solicit public input?

Who is best positioned to effectively lead community outreach efforts?
Which community members are and are not being reached through traditional outreach efforts?

Exploration Is the community interested in newer techniques that may require more interventions or would they prefer to stick with the “tried and true” techniques?
Ammenities Should the GSI practices serve as community amenities beyond stormwater management?

What ancillary benefits should the GSI practices provide?

Ordinances Is the community interested in using ordinances as a vehicle for implementing GSI?

Are GSI ordinances an option for the community?

Permitting Which permits and regulatory approvals are needed?
potential roadblocks Who may benefit from the GSI project?

Who may be adversely impacted by the GSI project?

Climate change and resilience To what extent are we willing to adaptively manage the GSI product in the future to accommodate climate change?

Are options designed into the product for future implementation?

Canopy cover preservation Is there existing canopy cover in place that would be removed by the GSI?

Can the existing canopy cover be preserved to retain the site’s pre-existing, natural pollutant removal, rainfall interception, evapotranspiration, and shading capabilities?
Can the GSI be placed somewhere else within the site to preserve existing canopy cover?

How to plan for Green Infrastructure in your community

This section provides information on considerations when planning green stormwater infrastructure in your community.

Defining goals and objectives, including potential multiple benefits of GSI

When planning GSI for your community, an important first step is to define the community’s goals and objectives. Every community is unique and therefore every GSI plan also unique. Goals and objectives should be defined with as broad a partnership or stakeholder group as practical. Stakeholders ultimately judge the success or failure of a project, so engaging them early and often will help ensure a successful outcome. Link here to see a discussion of potential stakeholders.

Example goals and objectives are illustrated in the accompanying table.

Example goals and objectives when planning green infrastructure. Also see Multiple benefits of green stormwater infrastructure.
Link to this table

Example goals Example objectives
Improve water quality, especially in areas with impaired or polluted waterways Install GSI upland of waterways

Preserve buffer zones around waterways

Alleviate recurring local flooding issues Install infiltration-based GSI.

Reduce imperviousness through GSI

“Green” highly impervious or urban areas to reduce the urban heat island effect Increase tree canopy

Reduce imperviousness through vegetation-based GSI practices like bioretention practice

Provide a neighborhood or community amenity Incorporate GSI as part of a larger neighborhood amenity like a pocket park or playground
Increase biodiversity and native habitat Use native vegetation as part of a GSI project
Address socio-environmental issues in the community Incorporate GSI as part of an overarching strategy to address socio-environmental concerns
Reduce costs and/or increasing effectiveness of stormwater management Select stormwater practices that are most cost cost effective (e.g. have lowest cost per unit of pllutant reduced)

Defining the potential multiple benefits of GSI will be an important component of the GSI planning process. These can include environment, social, and economic benefits. The following pages provide more information on the benefits of GSI:

Also see the section on How to make the case for Green Stormwater Infrastructure.

Consider the scale of GSI planning

schematic of watershed scale GSI practices
Schematic of low impact development (LID) practices at the watershed scale: (a) bioretention system, (b) green roof, (c) rain garden, (d) permeable pavements, (e) a bioswale, and (f) rain barrel (Not to scale). Image source: Golden and Hoghooghi (2017), WIREsWater 5:1. Photo Credits: (a) [1], (b) ©2009 Diane Cook & Len Jenshel (c) [2] (d) NACTO Urban Street Design Guide (e) [3] (f) [4]

Define the scale of the project and understand whether the objectives of the project meet site-specific improvement goals, local community goals, broader regional goals, or some combination. In addition to local benefits, individual GSI practices contribute to large-scale downstream water quality objectives such as a total maximum daily load (TMDL) or in-stream water quality targets such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sediment, or chloride reduction. Most regional stormwater or water quality goals have their own planning documents (Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategies, TMDL Implementation Plans, etc.) that may help define the need for site-specific GSI.

The table below provides an overview of common plans that could inform the GSI planning process at different scales. These plans do not need to pre-exist or need to be created in order to move forward with the GSI planning process. Rather, these plans, if they exist, can be consulted during the GSI planning process. This table has been adapted from the Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and modified to include common Minnesota-specific planning documents (CVA & TRCA, 2010).

Overview of common plans that could inform or be developed during the GSI planning process at various different scales.
Link to this table

Scale Planning type Planning description Minnesota-specific planning document
Watershed
  • Master Plan
  • Growth Plan
  • Official Plan
 Major themes and objectives for the municipality’s future growth are established, and challenges and opportunities for growth are identified, such as municipal policy direction for innovative SWM approaches and other climate change initiatives.
Community/subwatershed Secondary plan Major elements of the natural heritage system are identified

including terrestrial, aquatic and water resources (hydrology, hydrogeology, fluvial geomorphology, etc.). Stormwater management objectives for surface and groundwater resources. Future drainage boundaries, locations of stormwater management facilities and watercourse realignments are established.

Block plan The location of lots, roads, parks and open space blocks, natural heritage features and buffers, and stormwater management facilities are defined. A full range of opportunities to achieve stormwater management objectives are identified, establishing a template for the more detailed resolution of the design of stormwater management facilities at subsequent stages in the planning and design process.
Neighborhood Draft Plan of Subdivision/Functional Servicing Plan Conceptual design is carried out for stormwater management facilities. Consideration should be given to how stormwater management objectives can be achieved and how these objectives influence the location and configuration of each of the components listed above
Registered plan Detailed design is carried out for stormwater management facilities.
Site Site plan Site-specific opportunities are identified to integrate stormwater management facilities into all of the components of a development including landscaped areas, parking lots, rooftops, and subsurface infrastructure. Solutions should be considered in the context of the overall stormwater management strategy for the block or secondary plan area to ensure that functional requirements are achieved
Site Permits and other Approvals Plan Detailed design of SWM for the site

Sequence events for GSI planning

schematic for sequencing of events for green stormwater infrastructure
Schematic for sequencing of events for green stormwater infrastructure

The following steps are typically part of the planning process.

  • Determine goals and objectives to meet environmental, social, and economic needs.
  • Evaluate possible GSI approaches for technical and financial feasibility.
  • Conduct a site-specific GSI design guided by the goals and objectives and the range of technically and financially feasible GSI solutions.

Throughout this process, partnerships with key stakeholders are created, consulted, and used to maximize the chances of successful GSI planning and implementation. Public outreach is typically also conducted throughout the entire process to garner public support of the project.

Determine length of time needed for GSI planning

The length or amount of time needed for GSI planning varies from project to project and is dependent on the type of GSI project.

GSI planning and implementation on land-development projects: These projects (e.g., new development or large redevelopment projects, street reconstruction projects, and master plan development) can take one to several years to realize, depending on the pace of the land development project. This type of GSI planning is often the most successful and cost-efficient since the GSI planning can be incorporated early in the planning and design phase of land-development projects. Ideally, this results in GSI practices that are seamlessly integrated into the landscape and infrastructure of the project.

Retrofit projects: GSI planning and implementation of retrofit projects ((e.g.: adding green stormwater infrastructure to an existing landscape)) can take 6 to 18 months to realize, sometimes longer if unforeseen roadblocks occur. Retrofit projects typically come at a higher cost relative to projects that are integrated into land development projects. Mobilization and other labor costs associated with retrofit costs can be minimized if GSI retrofits are planned to happen in conjunction with other infrastructure improvement projects, such as pavement repairs or regrading. Advanced and comprehensive GSI planning projects are one strategy to save retrofit costs by identifying opportunities to install GSI alongside future capital improvement projects. The Towerside District Stormwater Project, an initiative by the Mississippi Watershed Management Organization, illustrates this concept in this video.

Determine technical approach and resource needs

The technical approach and design process varies from project to project but generally follows a sequence of events described by the Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (CVA & TRCA, 2010). The table below shows this sequence and identifies the type of personnel resources that could be used, as well as helpful publicly available technical resources to help GSI planners get started.

Sequence of events and type of personnel resources to help green stormwater infrastructure planners (Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, 2010).
Link to this table

Planning and design step Examples of Helpful Personnel Resources Helpful Publicly Available Technical Resources (Non-Exhaustive)
1.Use available information from regional, watershed and subwatershed scale studies to develop an understanding of the environmental contexts in which the site is located and the watershed management objectives and targets relevant to the site (e.g., stormwater management, natural heritage system and aquatic community objectives/targets). Engineer or scientist familiar with the area and its environmental context, and who has GSI expertise
2.Undertake a comprehensive inventory of the biophysical, ecological, and hydrological characteristics of the site. Biologist, ecologist, hydrologist, or similar
3.Identify existing terrestrial and aquatic natural heritage features and functions that require protection as the basis for a natural heritage system. Biologist or ecologist with terrestrial and aquatic expertise
4.Identify opportunities to enhance features, connectivity, and functional integrity of the natural heritage system. Engineer or scientist
5.Identify soil and hydrogeologic conditions that are well-suited for stormwater infiltration practices. Hydrologist, geologist, soil scientist, geotechnical engineer, or similar
6.Identify patterns of shallow groundwater flow and locations of discharge to receiving watercourses or wetlands within or adjacent to the limits of the site. Hydrologist, geologist, or similar
7.Identify strategic and desirable locations for stormwater management practices (SWMPs) and the nature and function of facilities (e.g., attenuation, infiltration, filtration, evapotranspiration, harvesting, etc.). Engineer or scientist with GSI expertise EPA GSI Modeling Toolkit
8.Identify a long list of opportunities to integrate desirable SWMPs into components of the community or built form. Planner or landscape architect with GSI expertise
9.Explore a full range of design options for the community that can achieve stormwater management objectives in conjunction with other community design objectives. Planner or landscape architect with GSI expertise
10.Develop the community design plan Planner or landscape architect with GSI expertise
11.Resolve the design of the stormwater management strategy including defining the SWMPs to be incorporated into the design of specific components of the development and establish specific design and performance criteria for each practice. Engineer or scientist with GSI expertise

GSI practices need to be designed by duly licensed professionals, such as a professional engineer or landscape architect. In addition to the personnel resources listed in the table above, additional types of personnel that could be consulted include

  • easement and realty specialists,
  • financial planners and/or accountants,
  • meeting facilitators,
  • regulatory & permitting specialists,
  • zoning planners,
  • legal counsel specializing in drafting ordinances,
  • arborist or restoration specialists,
  • marketing specialists,
  • GSI Installers, and
  • surveyors.

Communities should determine which of these personnel resources they have “in-house,” and which could be provided by consultants. Ideally a planning team would include both in-house resources who have an intimate understanding of the community priorities and resources and consultants who can bring a range of experiences and skills from other projects and communities.

Financial considerations

photo of bioretention and permeable pavement
Bioretention (top) and permeable pavement may provide similar stormwater benefits, but bioretention provides additional ancillary benefits that may be desirable.

Financial considerations will be a foundational topic for GSI planning efforts. Based on the stated goals, objectives, and available community resources, the financial priorities and strategies can look quite different for each community.

The three key financial considerations are cost, return on investment (value assessment), and funding.

  1. Cost: Cost considerations include planning, design, installation, and operations & maintenance costs. These costs can be assessed by the design and planning teams.
  2. Return on Investment: A value assessment factors in both the direct performance benefits of GSI practices and the ancillary community benefits of such practices. Direct performance benefits can be measured or estimated and include volume of runoff managed, pollutant load reduction achieved, or carbon reduction. These can be measured via monitoring or sampling programs, or estimated via engineering tools and models. Ancillary benefits are harder to measure directly and include improved air quality, impact on pollinators, climate change resiliency, and traffic calming. Because these benefits are more difficult to quantify directly, a relative ranking/scoring strategy is typically used. This assessment is best conducted by all of the planning partners so as not to skew the results. For more information see Multiple benefits of green stormwater infrastructure.
  3. Funding: Funding is a universal and continuously evolving challenge for GSI projects. There are many funding strategies which can be considered. These are discussed in the How to Fund and Finance GSI section. Funding considerations are best assessed by the GSI management team with support from the design team.

Community priorities are as unique as the communities themselves. Most communities and stakeholders prefer funding GSI projects that provide direct and ancillary amenities. For example, funding a bioretention practice that is also a sidewalk pocket flower garden may be more attractive to the community than replacing the impervious pavement of an alley with permeable pavement, even though both the bioretention and permeable pavers provide similar direct stormwater-related benefits. With this in mind, consider pairing GSI projects to community amenity projects to increase the likelihood of funding and community support. Pairing or grouping projects can also increase the overall cost-effectiveness.

The following resources provide more information on financial cost considerations related to GSI planning.

  • Community-enabled Lifecycle Analysis of Stormwater Infrastructure Costs (CLASIC). CLASIC is a user-informed screening tool that utilizes a life cycle cost framework to support implementation of stormwater infrastructure, including green, hybrid green-gray, and gray infrastructure practices. The CLASIC tool integrates Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), which enables consideration of co-benefits for green infrastructure. There are three integrated components in the CLASIC tool: life cycle cost; performance; and co-benefits.
  • NOAA Guide to Assessing Green Infrastructure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction. The purpose of this guide is to provide a process that communities can use to assess the costs and benefits of green infrastructure to reduce flooding. The guide takes a step-by-step, watershedbased approach to documenting the costs of flooding; projecting increased flooding and associated costs under future land use and climate conditions; and calculating benefits and costs of reducing flooding with green infrastructure over the long term.
  • The National Academies Press Long-Term Performance and Life-Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices, NCHRP Report 792. Provides tools and guidance to help optimize the best management practices (BMP) portion of a transportation department’s stormwater program. The report is accompanied by a CD-ROM containing a BMP evaluation tool in a spreadsheet format as a computational aid that provides average annual performance and whole life costs for treatment BMPs.
  • USEPA Green Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Resources. Describes how other communities have estimated the costs and benefits of their green infrastructure programs as well as tools to inform cost-benefit analysis.

Identify permitting and approval requirements

Like most infrastructure and construction projects, there is typically a permitting and approval aspect to installing GSI. Permitting and approval authorities vary depending upon the location and extent of the project, but may include

  • stormwater utility (e.g., municipality or watershed district),
  • watershed districts or watershed management organization,
  • gas and electric utility (approval from utilities is required if digging is involved),
  • zoning and homeowners associations,
  • departments of transportation (if the public right of way is involved), and
  • city or county.

Include key people from these organizations as planning partners to help obtain the right permits and approvals when implementing green stormwater infrastructure. Contacting the city, county, or watershed district can be an effective place to begin the permitting process.

The permitting and approval process can be lengthy, so it is helpful to begin the permitting process early. For authorities in which there is an overlap in their permitting processes, it is beneficial for communities to work with these authorities concurrently.

Establish partnerships

The most effective way to plan and implement a GSI project is to create a diverse group of partners. Partnerships help increase community involvement, provide technical expertise required to meet goals, and can help create a maintainable GSI system. Partnerships can sometimes augment the available funding and resources through in-kind contributions or additional funding. GSI partners can be loosely grouped into three categories: managers, design teams, and stakeholders. GSI planning efforts should include representatives from all three categories.

  • GSI managers may include owners, maintenance personnel, planners, developers, and regulators. GSI managers may be part of private, government, or non-government organizations.
  • GSI designers may include engineers, scientists, and landscape architects that are specialized in GSI and natural restoration practices. If one of the GSI goals is to use GSI practices to provide community amenities, then the inclusion of a landscape architect is strongly encouraged. Landscape architects are trained to identify end user needs and design infrastructure to provide a desirable user experience while achieving the technical goals of a design. Designers may be municipal staff or outside consultants.
  • GSI stakeholders may include adjacent property owners, adjacent infrastructure managers, community organizations, government leaders and officials, and anyone who may access or see the GSI. The role of stakeholders in the GSI planning process is integral as they will ultimately judge the success of the GSI, so stakeholder engagement should be prioritized in the early planning phases. To cultivate an effective relationship with stakeholders, a stakeholder engagement plan should be developed and may include
    • identification of audiences,
    • stakeholder roles and responsibilities,
    • communication strategies, and
    • timing of engagement for individual stakeholders based on roles and responsibilities.

Conduct public outreach and communication

Maplewood Mall green stormwater infrastructure
Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District incorporated interactive demos and signage at the Maplewood Mall.

Stakeholders ultimately judge the success or failure of a project, so engaging them early and often helps ensure a successful outcome. Public outreach is particularly important when defining community goals and priorities.

Outreach activities can be done in-house or via a consultant. The role of public outreach is often undervalued, and the effort required is often underestimated. When in doubt, a professional specialist, such as a communications or public relations expert, is recommended to support public outreach.

Information: Communications or public relations experts are recommended to support public outreach

Many communities have existing resources and strategies for public outreach. Surveys, council meetings, mass mailings, newspapers and print media, social media, public bulletins, and public meetings are common outreach strategies. Most communities and neighborhoods may have one or several primary mechanisms for community notification which can be leveraged. Note that GSI may be unfamiliar to many, so use language that is accessible, clear, and jargon-free when discussing GSI and its challenges and benefits.

The outreach materials are equally as important as the outreach strategies. Interactive communications materials can be highly effective to support outreach strategies, are increasingly common and relatively easy to do, and keeps the public interested and engaged. Examples of interactive communications materials include

photo of signage at Mississippi WMP
Example of informational signage at the office of the Mississippi River Watershed Management Organization, where several GSI practices exist.

In addition to well-crafted media content and notification, few techniques are as effective at communicating the benefits of GSI as having the public walk by and through a built example of GSI. Creating high-visibility GSI pilot projects at public facilities such as government offices, schools, or libraries, is an effective means of engaging and educating the public on GSI. Pilot projects can include educational signage about the function and benefits of GSI and allows the public to see GSI under different weather conditions and seasons. GSI pilot projects at schools can also be incorporated into the educational curriculum.

Some useful links providing information on stakeholder involvement and perceptions are illustrated below.

Potential roadblocks and barriers

schematic showing multiple benefits of green infrastructue
Community resistance to GSI can sometimes be overcome by illustrating the multiple benefits of GSI, as illustrated in this schematic (US EPA)

There are several potential roadblocks and barriers to GSI implementation, but in many cases, these can be anticipated and managed. Below is a list of common roadblocks experienced by GSI planners and suggested ways of addressing or managing these roadblocks.

  • Lack of community buy-in: The value and benefit of green stormwater infrastructure is not always readily perceived or understood by community members or stakeholders, which sometimes prevents acceptance or support of GSI efforts. Communicating the benefits of GSI beyond stormwater management, and focusing more on ancillary benefits of GSI, is an effective method for overcoming this particular challenge. Incomplete or inadequate representation of these benefits may leave stakeholders unhappy with value gained from the GSI. Plain language should be used when describing the benefits and mechanisms of stormwater management to community members. Using visuals and graphics can also be an effective means of communicating with community members. Examples of interactive techniques that can be used to communicate with the public are shown in the Public Outreach section.
  • GSI costs are deemed too expensive: Costs are a clear roadblock when planning and implementing GSI. Early in the planning process, planners and partners should provide rough cost estimates to set expectations and allow for funding and financing options to be explored as soon as possible. Clear communication on all the benefits of GSI can also help demonstrate and justify the cost of GSI and can help alleviate cost concerns from partners and stakeholders.
  • Unclear operations and maintenance responsibilities: Ongoing maintenance is necessary for GSI to operate properly and provide all intended benefits. Failure to properly maintain GSI can lead to expensive repairs. GSI operation and maintenance (O&M) can add a continued expense over the lifetime of the GSI practices; however, these costs can be less than maintenance of traditional gray infrastructure. Ongoing maintenance agreements are always recommended and, in some cases, necessary. More information on GSI operation and maintenance can be found in the O&M of GSI BMPs page of the Minnesota Stormwater Manual.
  • Uninterested owner: Occasionally, a land or building owner may not be interested in participating in a GSI project. Landowner approval or buy-in should be sought as early as possible during the planning process so that alternatives can be identified if necessary. Clear communication on all the benefits of GSI can also be helpful. Some landowners may be interested in participating in water quality trading.
  • Lack of commitment after design stage of project: Sometimes design components that are included in early project renderings are dropped after the project has been approved and permitted. Consider retaining commitments to the design through the approval process and beyond.
  • Competing resources and priorities: In addition to monetary resources, available time from those stakeholders and partners with critical skillsets can derail progress on GSI planning. To the extent possible, only partners that have the time and capacity to stay actively and sufficiently engaged throughout the entire planning process should be selected. Timelines should be developed to accommodate competing priorities so that delays are avoided, and expectations are set appropriately.
  • Concerns about GSI aesthetics: Certain GSI may not meet the aesthetic preferences of all stakeholders, particularly those who may interact with a practice. The end user should always be considered, and design features should incorporate their feedback and preferences. Alternative GSI types may help offset aesthetic concerns, but not always. Early buy-in from stakeholders can also minimize this roadblock.
  • Concerns about GSI effectiveness: Stakeholders may question the effectiveness of GSI related to stormwater volume or pollutant load reductions. This may be a general concern (uncertainty in the literature values) or due to site-specific modeling that shows GSI may not achieve the desired objectives. In both situations, open communication between all partners, and particularly the design team and managers, should be encouraged. The team as a whole should reach a consensus based on the best available information. Proper installation is critical to GSI effectiveness. Third party oversight and inspection are helpful to ensure proper installation of GSI, which will help achieve maximum potential efficiency.
  • Regulatory hurdles: Regulatory hurdles may slow down or derail the GSI planning, and as such can be disincentive to certain stakeholders. Experienced engineers, planners, and other partners should be included from the onset of planning to make the regulatory process as streamlined as possible. Clear communication between the party that owns or is implementing the regulatory process and the regulator is encouraged. The permitting and approvals section has additional information on potential permitting and approval requirements for GSI.

Additional information on overcoming barriers to green stormwater infrastructure is available on the following websites.

How to make the case for Green Stormwater Infrastructure

Planners and engineers who would like to integrate GSI into landscapes and projects sometimes find themselves having to “make the case” for GSI. This may include presenting on the multiple benefits of GSI (social, economic, and environmental), describing the equity and environmental justice aspects of GSI, and discussing cost related topics such as life cycle costs, triple bottom line, and cost-benefit analysis. Different outreach and communications strategies can be used to help “make the case”.

Presenting the multiple benefits of GSI

image of a pocket park
Rendering of a pocket park (Source: Columbus Underground)

Green infrastructure should be presented as not only providing stormwater benefits, but also as providing multiple social, economic, and environmental benefits (see Multiple benefits of green stormwater infrastructure). Considering and presenting these benefits together rather than separately, and highlighting the interactions between benefits, is important in making a better business case for implementing green stormwater infrastructure.

Social benefits of GSI: The social benefits of GSI are numerous. Green infrastructure can be integrated into the creation of public amenities such as pocket parks or micro green spaces. GSI can also improve overall public health by reducing air temperatures in the summer (counteracting the urban heat island effect), improving air quality, and decreasing asthma incidences, and stimulate a more inviting and walkable environment (USEPA, 2017). Secondary cascading impacts such as transportation delays, utility service disruptions, and even pandemics are also times when GSI can have a positive effect: waiting for a late bus under the shade of street trees on a 95℉ day or a stroll through a city park for moments of socially distanced relief during the recent Covid pandemic are relatable moments. Social equity challenges are highlighted in low- to moderate-income communities and urban neighborhoods, which often have more impervious areas than tree cover (New York Times, 2020) and older, traditional stormwater management infrastructure. Deploying GSI in the form of street trees, urban forests, and integrated stormwater management can provide traditional infrastructural service benefits while also satisfying the innate human instinct to connect with nature. Placing GSI in urban areas increases the likelihood that a greater diversity of people gets time in and around natural systems. If planned properly, strategic GSI placement can help provide socially equitable access to green spaces for all residents. In identifying the social benefits of GSI, a community should also address the role GSI plays in gentrification and should consider these unintended social consequences in the design and placement of GSI. Refer to the Equity Section for further information on the role of GSI in gentrification and tools for addressing it.

Economic benefits of GSI: Economic benefits of GSI include reduction of O&M costs relative to traditional infrastructure, reducing the initial capital outlay costs of large traditional (gray) infrastructure, preserving property values, supporting local workforces, and even agri/eco-tourism. While GSI does require careful maintenance as discussed in the Potential Roadblocks and Barriers section, GSI tends to appreciate in value over time as the ecosystems protected or created, such as rain gardens, bioswales, and constructed stormwater wetlands, increase in functionality. This is an advantage over traditional gray infrastructure, which tends to depreciate over its lifetime (The Nature Conservancy / AECOM, 2021), resulting in the need for major repairs or replacement. Green roofs are an example of building-integrated GSI which can minimize traditional building component replacement cycles and extend the life of components - in this case sheltering roofing membranes by limiting exposure to damaging ultraviolet rays. Other examples include GSI techniques such as onsite stormwater capture and infiltration with rain gardens, bioswales, and constructed wetlands which can reduce the need for large, complex, costly, and often unattractive traditional stormwater management structures such as concrete detention basins, hardscaped bypass channels, and below-grade catchment tanks which require expensive excavation and relocation of utilities to install (Conservation International, 2019). Planting chloride-tolerant species reduces the replacement costs from deicing salts. Maintaining or increasing property values have been shown to be a positive secondary benefit of GSI related to social benefits listed above. People and businesses value being located in and near vegetation and green areas. Designing, building, operating, and maintaining GSI cannot be outsourced. These are local jobs done by local people, keeping dollars in the community (FEMA, 2021). Finally, treating agricultural, preservation, and reservation lands as green stormwater infrastructure extends the possibility of economic benefits of agri/eco-tourism into non-urban areas.

image of biochar
Biochar incorporated into soil can sequester carbon (Utah State University).

Environmental benefits of GSI: Environmental benefits from GSI include improvements in water quality, air quality, greenhouse gases, ecological habitat, and reduced impacts from flooding, extreme precipitation, extreme heat, wildfire, and other climate stressors such as landslides, mudflows, and subsidence (FEMA, 2021). Integrated stormwater management with GSI retains and treats storm water locally, reduces the need for extensive and often oversized drainage systems, reduces exposure of stormwater to surface pollution like road salts and oils, and can reduce occurrences of localized flooding. GSI can also help mitigate greenhouse gasses and help reach increasingly aggressive state and local targets through carbon sequestration. Carbon sequestration can happen by planting and preserving deep-rooted and woody-stemmed native plants and trees on small urban sites, suburban lots, and in rural forest, wetland, and meadow areas. Regenerative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, conservation tillage (no- or low-till), intercropping, integration of deep-rooted grasses (and other prairie plants), and use of biochar can further extend carbon mitigation potential of agricultural lands (Food, Agriculture, and Land Use Solutions Project Drawdown, 2021). From pollinator gardens to constructed wetlands, GSI not only increases the number and diversity of types of habitats for different species of plants and animals through habitat creation, but it also increases ecological connectivity across urban, suburban, and rural areas through habitat preservation. With elevated annual precipitation and frequency of heavy rains in Minnesota, the risk of flooding is likely to increase (MNDNR, 2021). GSI can manage flood risk by reducing stormwater runoff through infiltration practices (e.g., bioswales) (USEPA, 2022a). NOAA provides A Guide to Assessing Green Infrastructure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction. Green infrastructure can include water elements or solar elements to implement blue-green infrastructure and yellow-green stormwater infrastructure, respectively, in a community which can provide additional water quality, energy, and aesthetic benefits.

Social, economic, and environmental benefits should also be considered holistically rather than separately. Consider all benefits categories and set goals to achieve high marks across the board. For example, integrated stormwater management with GSI keeps water onsite locally, provides an attractive landscape (social), reduces the need for oversized traditional water treatment infrastructure (economic), and creates pockets of ecological habitat and shading (environmental). Also consider the interactions between benefits and use the process as an opportunity to innovate. Workforce development and equity are closely linked, for example. Implementing green stormwater infrastructure in disadvantaged communities is critical as discussed above, but the design, installation, operation and maintenance of green stormwater infrastructure also presents further opportunities to reduce barriers for entry for local builders from historically disadvantaged populations. Consider tailoring training programs in GSI for O&M staff, small businesses (especially (MBE / DBE / WBE), trade / vocational schools, and community colleges. Developing training for older staff and contractors familiar only with traditional infrastructure will improve job retention, prioritize continuing education, and encourage broader uptake and acceptance of green stormwater infrastructure.

Equity

Environmental justice map tool image
Screen shot of Twin Cities Environmental Justice Mapping Tool.

When planning for GSI, equity issues may arise. For example, GSI initiatives tend to favor locations where open space or vegetation already exists, or in affluent neighborhoods. The planning phase of GSI can be used to assess where GSI is most needed and prioritize GSI in environmental justice (EJ) areas. Also consider linking GSI incentives to flood mitigation programs and focus on locations already experiencing flooding and extreme temperatures, which typically coincide with EJ areas.

Another common equity issue is lack of a diverse stakeholder group involvement during the GSI planning stages. Engaging stakeholders from a variety of backgrounds and expertise to maximize potential project benefits and buy-in is critical for the success of GSI (The Nature Conservancy / AECOM, 2021). Involving a diverse group of community members can occur at all GSI stages, including planning, designing, building, and monitoring green stormwater infrastructure. Consider historically disadvantaged populations, income-limited, or other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, small-to-medium enterprises (SME), low-to-medium income (LMI) households, single-parent households, and renters; and populations at increased risk of climate change impacts.

To engage a diverse group of stakeholders, consider the barriers to community engagement, such as work schedules conflicts, limited transportation options, or cost of attendance. Providing incentives such as compensating stakeholders for their time, reimbursing travel costs, or planning engagement opportunities outside of traditional work schedules can be very helpful in attracting a diverse group of stakeholders. Be intentional and considerate when entering relationships with community members and be mindful of mistrust based on historic environmental racism and redlining, as well as the impact of gentrification on the community and the contribution to gentrification by GSI. Meet people where they are, early and often, by conducting outreach in community locations such as libraries, community centers, schools, churches, and parks. Leverage relationships with local groups, partners, and organizers who know the community. Demographic research can also be used to identify the desired composition of a stakeholder group.

Another equity concern is that newer GSI design, construction, installation, and maintenance may present barriers for market-entry for local builders from historically disadvantaged populations and communities without training. This population can be targeted for specific communication on GSI work opportunities for smaller construction firms typically owned and operated by income-limited or vulnerable groups such as small-to-medium enterprises (SME). Consider encouraging local trade schools and career centers to provide training on GSI design, construction, installation, and maintenance training. Communities can also provide incentive and/or subsidy programs to small-to-medium enterprises (SME), low-income homeowners, and landlords for GSI implementation. These incentives could include access to technical assistance and financial incentives, including tax rebates, subsidies, and permit waivers or expedited permitting.

Additional resources for addressing equity and environmental justice in GSI planning include:

Life cycle costs, triple bottom line, cost-benefit analysis

Green infrastructure can be a cost-effective approach to reduce stormwater flows, improve water quality, and help communities stretch their infrastructure investments further by providing multiple environmental, economic, and social benefits also known as the triple bottom line (USEPA, 2022b). Making the case for GSI often entails comparing life cycle costs or cost-benefit analysis between green and grey infrastructure, or between different types of GSI. Cost considerations should include the upfront capital costs as well as the long-term maintenance requirements and replacement costs over the expected life span of the infrastructure.

Many guidance documents and tools exist to assist planners and engineers calculate life cycle costs, assess the triple bottom line, or conduct a cost-benefit analysis, including:

It is also worth noting that entities implementing GSI may want to consider collecting their own long-term performance and life-cycle cost data to improve their decision-making process in the future.

How to fund and finance Green Stormwater Infrastructure

Funding GSI can be a considerable roadblock for a planner or community. Financial constraints and funding opportunities should be understood at an early stage of planning. Fortunately, there are many federal, state, and other grant opportunities that can be leveraged to help finance GSI.

Federal funding opportunities are diverse - they come from numerous agencies and target many types of benefits. Given the variety of GSI benefits (e.g., water quality, flood management), GSI is applicable to many opportunities. EPA maintains one such list of applicable funding sources.

At the state level, MPCA maintains a page devoted to state funding options. MN’s Clean Water Fund has funded over 3,300 projects with the mission of improving and protecting surface water resources.

Local governments also fund projects through stormwater fees or other infrastructure funds. Contact municipal and county governments for local opportunities. Municipal bonds and private financing are other opportunities for funding.

A non-exhaustive list of current funding opportunities is provided in the table below. It should be noted that some of the funding resources provided may be only loosely connected to GSI but may be worthwhile to explore as GSI may be used to accomplish their overarching goals.

List of current funding opportunities for green stormwater infrastructure. Some of the funding resources provided may be only loosely connected to GSI
Link to this table

Program/funding source Agency/organization/owner Federal/state/local/other Target benefit Similar program/funding source
Clean Water Fund State of Minnesota State
Clean Water Act - NPS Grant (Section 319) EPA Federal Nonpoint source
Clean Water State Revolving Fund EPA Federal/state General water quality
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund EPA Federal/state Source water quality & quantity USDA Rural Development Water & Waste Disposal
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative EPA Federal Great Lakes focus (i.e., communities along Lake Superior)
Brownfields Grant Program EPA Federal (with state and local collaboration) Brownfields
Superfund Redevelopment Program EPA Federal Superfund sites - flood and erosion risk mitigation
Five Star & Urban Waters Restoration EPA Federal River, wetland, riparian, forest, coastal, and wildlife conservation USDA National Urban & Community Forestry
Environmental Justice Small Grants EPA Federal Water as pertains to public health - focus on NGOs, Tribal organizations
Urban Waters Small Grants EPA Federal WQ in urban communities
Greening America’s Communities EPA Federal All GSI related benefits
Building Blocks Program EPA Federal Pre-concept level planning discussion
Planning Assistance to States US Army Corps of Engineers Federal Development of conservation plans
Weatherization & Intergovernmental Program DOE Federal GSI focused on weather impacts (e.g., green roofs)
Building Resilient Infrastructure & Communities FEMA Federal Natural disaster risk mitigation (e.g., flooding) NOAA Coastal Resilience Grants
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program FEMA Federal Natural disaster risk mitigation (post-disaster relief) HUD Community Development Block Grant; NOAA Coastal Resilience Grants
Flood Mitigation Assistance FEMA Federal Flood mitigation
Community Development Block Grant HUD Federal GSI implementation in concert with affordable housing projects
Sustainable Communities Regional Planning HUD Federal Planning level involvement
Community Development Block Grant HUD Federal Post-disaster recovery FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program; NOAA Coastal Resilience Grants
Community-Based Restoration Program NOAA Federal Aquatic habitat
Coastal Resilience Grants NOAA Federal Pre and Post disaster recovery for coastal communities (for MN this would be Lake Superior) Program, HUD
National Urban & Community Forestry USDA Federal Urban forestry EPA Five Star & Urban Waters Restoration
Rural Development Water and Environment USDA Federal Reliable water supply and disposal EPA Drinking Water State Revolving Fund; USDA Rural Development Water & Waste Disposal
Rural Development Water & Waste Disposal USDA Federal Reliable water supply and disposal EPA Drinking Water State Revolving Fund; USDA Rural Development Water and Environment
BUILD Grant Program DOT Federal Transportation projects featuring GSI
Congestion Mitigation & Air Quality FHWA Federal Bike & pedestrian trails that include GSI
Minnesota’s Lake Superior Coastal Program MN DNR State Lake Superior coastal resources
Metropolitan Council funding Metropolitan Council Local Connection of jobs, housing, and amenities through transit. Increase equitability
Soil and Water Conservation Districts Board of Water and Soil Resources (BWSR) Local Landowner conservation projects
Climate resilience MN DNR State Flood risk and stormwater quality
Funding form Watershed Districts/Watershed Management Organizations Local Improve water quality within the watershed Capital Region Watershed District
Varies

General Mills
BestBuy

Companies looking to promote water sustainability (ex. General Mills, BestBuy, major tech companies, food & beverage companies) Other Offset company water consumption (conservation, replenish)
Varies Local private foundations, specifically those with a sustainability focus Local Support progression of sustainable practices

How to include Green Stormwater Infrastructure into ordinances and policy

General overview

Schematic of Procedures to control stormwater runoff and promote green stormwater infrastructure.png
Relevant procedures to control stormwater runoff and promote green stormwater infrastructure (MODNR, 2012; Figure on page 101 and reformatted)

Ordinances and policies are effective tools to assist municipalities in implementing green stormwater infrastructure in a consistent and integrated way (EPA, 2021). Green infrastructure and stormwater ordinances are becoming widespread across the United States as communities and the public are realizing the environmental, social, and economic benefits of these ordinances. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources created a flow chart that shows the types of policies and ordinances that can help control stormwater runoff and promote green stormwater infrastructure (see adjacent figure).

Ordinances should clearly identify the objectives and performance goals. Some communities develop ordinances and engineering or design guidelines at the same time. This can help streamline implementation and provide practitioners with the necessary tools to follow the ordinance requirements. The objectives and performance goals of an ordinance can vary widely depending on what a community would like to achieve. Some examples include protection of existing trees, reduction of post-construction stormwater volume and peak flows, promotion of native vegetation, and reduction of impervious surfaces.

Some communities may provide alternatives to ordinances in order to promote green stormwater infrastructure, such as green stormwater infrastructure incentive programs. These typically consist of some kind of monetary rebate to install green stormwater infrastructure. Rebate or incentive programs can be specific and target specific geographic locations, types of buildings, or types of green stormwater infrastructure. Examples of other alternatives include zoning codes or building codes that require green stormwater infrastructure for new construction or renovations.

General process

Developing ordinances typically requires collaboration across multiple city departments. The request for an ordinance can be initiated by an entity who is responsible for green stormwater infrastructure and/or stormwater, or an entity who has authority over the land on which green stormwater infrastructure would be implemented.

Developing ordinances requires strong stakeholder support in order to be accepted as well as City Council support. Stakeholders can include individuals, trade organizations, or public interest groups. The stakeholder process can be time and resource intensive, but a successful stakeholder program can be helpful in successfully developing ordinances. The entity’s legal team should review any proposed ordinance to make sure the ordinance is aligned with local, state, and national laws. Ordinances may also need approval from municipal councils, boards, or the public. Developing ordinances can be done using in-house resources, although outside expertise can be brought in for technical, outreach, communications, or legal support.

Developing ordinances may take anywhere from several months to several years, depending on the intended reach of the ordinance and the support from the affected community. Common obstacles to implementing ordinances include stakeholder opposition, competing ordinances (e.g.: an ordinance on minimum sidewalk could compete with an ordinance for larger tree boxes), and lack of support from municipal leaders.

Unintentional barriers

Current codes and ordinances may create unintentional barriers to the implementation of GSI due to outdated regulations or unclear language that limit the application of key GSI runoff mitigation measures. Some of these barriers include:

  • dimensional standards,
  • requirement of sealcoating paved surfaces,
  • landscaping buffers, and
  • building codes requiring curbs and gutters.

Strategies for overcoming these code and ordinance related barriers include performing an audit of the codes and ordinances, amending codes and ordinances, and developing design guidance for GSI that are acceptable within the bounds of existing codes and ordinances. Resources in addressing code and ordinance barriers to GSI include the following.

Ordinance resources and guidance documents

Many resources and guidance documents exist for developing ordinances. A non-exhaustive list of these is provided in the table below.

Resources and guidance documents exist for developing green stormwater infrastructure ordinances
Link to this table

Type Description Link
General Georgetown Climate Center Ordinance Resources [5]
Integrating GSI intro ordinances [6]
WeConservePA ordinance resources [7]
EPA GSI Policy Guides [8]
Municipal Online Stormwater Training Center (MOST) [9]
3 Rivers Wet Weather [10]
Integrating Green Infrastructure Into Ordinances [11]
MIDS-related ordinances Examples of communities who developed ordinances that use the MIDS performance goals. [12]
Tree ordinances Examples of tree ordinances from MPCA [13]
Model Floodplain Ordinances MN Model Floodplain Ordinances [14]
Post Construction Runoff Control Ordinances Examples provided by the Stormwater Center [15]
Stream buffer ordinances Examples provided by the Stormwater Center [16]
Open space preservation ordinances Examples provided by the Stormwater Center [17]
Ordinance barriers Tackling Barriers to Green Infrastructure: An Audit of Municipal Codes and Ordinances [18]

Examples of planning for GI and GSI

Resources

References

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This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 22:00.