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Difference between revisions of "Plant lists for green roofs"

 
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Given adequate growing medium depth and irrigation, just about any plants, even trees, can be grown on green roofs. The plant list discussions below pertain to extensive green roofs.
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{{alert|Green roofs consist of a series of layers that create an environment suitable for plant growth without damaging the underlying roof system. Green roofs create green space for public benefit, energy efficiency, and stormwater retention/ detention.|alert-success}}
  
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While most of the first extensive green roofs in the US were planted with non-native succulent species, mostly Sedum species, the plant palette for green roofs in the US, and in Minnesota, is rapidly expanding to include many herbaceous plants and grasses.  
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Given adequate growing medium depth and irrigation, just about any plants, even trees, can be grown on green roofs. The plant list discussions below pertain to [[Glossary#E|extensive green roofs]].
  
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Species included on the plant lists below may not be appropriate for all projects. Suitability can vary with climate, microclimate, project goals, and maintenance budget. Many of these green roof species have not yet been tested in all of Minnesota. While a considerable number of green roofs has been installed in the Twin Cities area, few green roofs have been installed to date in more northern parts of Minnesota, which have a harsher climate that will be more challenging for green roof vegetation.
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While most of the first extensive green roofs in the US were planted with non-native succulent species, mostly Sedum species, the plant palette for green roofs in the United States, and in Minnesota, is rapidly expanding to include many herbaceous plants and grasses.  
  
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See [[Design criteria for green roofs]] for guidance on factors that affect green roof plant selection.  
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Species included on the plant lists below may not be appropriate for all projects. Suitability can vary with climate, microclimate, project goals, and maintenance budget. Many of these green roof species have not yet been tested in all of Minnesota. While a considerable number of green roofs have been installed in the Twin Cities area, few green roofs have been installed to date in more northern parts of Minnesota that have a harsh climate that will be challenging for green roof vegetation. The section on [[Design criteria for green roofs|design criteria for green roofs]] provides guidance on factors that affect green roof plant selection.
  
 
==Growing sedums and other succulent plants on green roofs==
 
==Growing sedums and other succulent plants on green roofs==
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[[File:Sedums on Target Center Arena green roof.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=photo of sedums on Target Center Arena green roof|<font size=3>Photo of sedums on the Target Center Arena green roof in Minneapolis, MN. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.</font size>]]
  
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[[File:Sedums on Target Center Arena green roof.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=photo of sedums on Target Center Arena green roof|<font size=3>Photo of sedums on the Target Center Arena green roof in Minneapolis, MN. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.</font size>]]
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Sedums and other succulent plants are often used on green roofs because they are tolerant of the dry conditions found on most roofs. For example, Durhman et al (2006) found some Sedum species could survive and maintain active photosynthetic metabolism even after 4 months without water. A few of the hardiest sedum species for Minnesota are listed below, but these are only a very small portion of the huge palette of Sedums available on the market. Longer lists of succulents available for green roofs, are available, for example, in
 +
 
 +
*Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. ''Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States''. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047. ([http://www.slideshare.net/Farrah85p/r2e367zzz View a slideshow] of this document)
 +
*Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. ''Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide''. Timber Press.
 +
 
 +
Dvorak and Volder (2010) summarized North American green roof vegetation studies, including studies on growth of succulent plants on Midwestern green roofs. Other studies of succulents on Midwestern extensive green roofs that are not included in the Dvorak and Volder (2010) review include
  
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Sedums and other succulent plants are often used on green roofs because they are very tolerant of the dry conditions found on most roofs. Durhman et al (2006) found some Sedum species could survive and maintain active photosynthetic metabolism even after 4 months without water! A few of the hardiest ones for Minnesota are listed in Table 1, but these are only a very small portion of the huge palette of Sedums available on the market. Longer lists of succulents available for green roofs, are available, for example, in:
+
*Butler, C., and C.M. Orians. 2011. ''Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof''. Ecological Engineering. 37(11). 1796–1803.
 +
*Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. 2012. ''Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years''. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104:310-319.
 +
*Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2011. ''Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants''. Urban Ecosystems. 14(4):783-794.
  
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*Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. [http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/PDF/08%20GetterRoweExtensionBulletin.pdf Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States]. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047. Downloaded May 1, 2013 from
 
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*Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide. Timber Press.
 
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*Catalog from Emory Knoll, a green roof plants nursery owned by the authors of the 2006 book about green roof plants by Snodgrass and Snodgrass, catalog can be downloaded from www.greenroofplants.com
 
  
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Many research studies have studied growth of succulent plants on Midwestern green roofs. Dvorak and Volder (2010) summarized North American green roof vegetation studies published through March 2010. Other studies of succulents on Midwestern extensive green roofs that are not included in the Dvorak and Volder (2010) review include:
 
  
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*Butler, C., & Orians, C. M. (2011). ''Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof''. Ecological Engineering,37(11). 1796–1803.
 
−
*Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. ''Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years''. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104. (2012): 310-319.
 
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*Whittinghill, L.J.; D.B. Rowe, 2011. ''Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants''. Urban Ecosystems. 14(4):783-794.
 
  
 
{{:Non-native succulent species appropriate for extensive green roofs in Minnesota}}
 
{{:Non-native succulent species appropriate for extensive green roofs in Minnesota}}
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[[File:Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof.jpg|300px|right|thumb|alt=photo of Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof|<font size=3>Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.</font size>]]
 
[[File:Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof.jpg|300px|right|thumb|alt=photo of Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof|<font size=3>Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.</font size>]]
  
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Many species found in Minnesota’s bedrock bluff prairies have also been found to grow well on Minnesota’s green roofs. Bedrock bluff prairies are prairies with very thin soil layers over bedrock, often found along river bluffs, so plants growing in bedrock bluff prairies are adapted to growing conditions very similar to those found on many green roofs: thin growing medium and high exposure to wind, sun, and drought. Use of native prairie species on green roofs is controversial, because most prairie species survive droughts by sending roots very deep into the soil to access water from deep down. The shallow growing medium of green roofs does not allow for such deep root growth. However, anecdotal observations in Minnesota, Michigan, Chicago IL and Lincoln NE, suggest that deep rooted native prairie species grow their roots horizontally on green roofs (Kestrel Design Group 2013, Sutton 2011, Grese 2008).
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Many species found in Minnesota’s bedrock bluff prairies have also been found to grow well on Minnesota’s green roofs. Bedrock bluff prairies have thin soil layers over bedrock and are often found along river bluffs. Plants growing in bedrock bluff prairies are adapted to growing conditions very similar to those found on many green roofs, including thin growing medium and high exposure to wind, sun and drought. Use of native prairie species on green roofs is controversial because most prairie species survive droughts by sending roots very deep into the soil to access water. The shallow growing medium of green roofs does not allow for such deep root growth. However, anecdotal observations in Minnesota, Michigan, Chicago IL and Lincoln NE, suggest that deep rooted native prairie species grow their roots horizontally on green roofs (Kestrel Design Group (2013), Sutton (2011), Grese (2008)).
 +
 
 +
Some studies have found that many native species do not survive on green roofs without irrigation (Monterusso et. al. (2005)). However, in some projects, certain native species thrive on green roofs without irrigation or with minimal irrigation. Since irrigation is needed during the plant establishment period anyway, many green roofs include an automatic irrigation system to provide water in times of drought.
 +
 
 +
Native species have been planted on at least five extensive green roofs in the Twin Cities area built between 2005 and 2009. The following table lists some of the native species that have performed well on green roofs in Minnesota (Kestrel Design Group observations). Because all of these except for one are irrigated regularly, the ability of most of these species to survive without irrigation on extensive green roofs in Minnesota is not known. Species that have been found to survive with little or no irrigation in Minnesota or elsewhere in the Midwest are noted.
 +
 
 +
 
  
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Some studies have found that many native species do not survive on green roofs without irrigation (e.g. Monterusso et al 2005). However, in some projects, even some native species thrive on green roofs without irrigation, or with very minimal irrigation. Since irrigation is needed during the plant establishment period anyway, many green roofs include an automatic irrigation system and can be easily irrigated if needed in times of drought. See task 5 for advantages and disadvantages of irrigating a green roof.
 
  
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Native species have been planted on at least five extensive green roofs in the Twin Cities area, planted between 2005 and 2009. The following table lists some of the native species that have performed well on green roofs in Minnesota (Kestrel Design Group observations). Because all of these except for one are irrigated regularly, the ability of most of these species to survive without irrigation on extensive green roofs in Minnesota is not known. Species that have been found to survive with little or no irrigation in Minnesota or elsewhere in the Midwest are noted.
 
  
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{{:Native Species that have been grown successfully on extensive green roofs in Minnesota}}
 
  
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Many of the species listed the above table, as well as many additional native species not listed, are also thriving on other Midwestern extensive green roofs, including, for example, Chicago City Hall (Dvorak and Carroll 2008, Carroll 2013), Chicago Botanic Gardens trial green roofs (Hawke 2013), and several other green roofs in Chicago, Toronto, and Lincoln NE. The Chicago City Hall green roof, installed in 2001 had 200 species as of 2012, most of which are natives. Its plants are grown in varying depths of soil (some extensive and some intensive), and regularly irrigated (Dvorak and Carroll, 2008). The Chicago Botanic Garden has 2 trial green roofs, installed in 2009, one of which is planted with natives. It includes planting depths of 4 inches, 6 inches and 8 inches of growing medium. Aiming to minimize green roof maintenance, they have watered the green roofs only during extreme drought (beyond establishment): once in 2011, and once in 2012 (Sutton et al 2012).
 
  
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Dvorak and Volder (2010) summarized North American green roof vegetation studies published through March 2010, including those with native species.
 
  
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Other publications of Midwestern green roofs planted with native species (not listed in Dvorak and Volder’s 2010 literature review) include:
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{{:Native Species that have been grown successfully on extensive green roofs in Minnesota}}
  
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*Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. [http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/PDF/08%20GetterRoweExtensionBulletin.pdf Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States]. Michigan State University Extension Extension Bulletin E-3047.
+
Many of the species listed in the above table, as well as many additional native species not listed, are also thriving on other Midwestern extensive green roofs, including, for example, Chicago City Hall (Dvorak and Carroll 2008, Carroll 2013), Chicago Botanic Gardens trial green roofs (Hawke 2013), and several other green roofs in Chicago, Toronto, and Lincoln NE. The Chicago City Hall green roof, installed in 2001, had 200 species as of 2012, most of which are natives. Its plants are grown in varying depths of soil (some extensive and some intensive), and regularly irrigated (Dvorak and Carroll, 2008). The Chicago Botanic Garden has 2 trial green roofs, installed in 2009, one of which is planted with natives. It includes planting depths of 4 inches, 6 inches and 8 inches of growing medium. Aiming to minimize green roof maintenance, the roofs have been watered only during extreme drought (beyond establishment), including once in 2011 and once in 2012 (Sutton et al 2012).  
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*Sutton, R.K.; J.A. Harrington; L. Skabelund; P. MacDonagh; R. R. Coffman; and G. Koch. 2012. ''Prairie-Based Green Roofs: Literature, Templates, and Analogs''. Journal of Green Building 7(1):143-172.
 
−
*Sutton, R.; B. Rowe;G. Acomb; J. Lambrinos; P. MacDonagh; R. Hawke. 2012. ''New Plant Performance for 21st Century Green Roof Ecosystems''. Cities Alive Conference, Chicago IL.
 
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*Torrance, S.; B. Bass, S. MacIvor and T. McGlade in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division. No publication year given. [http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/pdf/biodiversegreenroofs_2013.pdf City of Toronto Guidelines for Biodiverse Green Roofs].  
 
  
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Not all the species listed in the above table are native in all parts of Minnesota. To find out in which parts of Minnesota these species are native, see [http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/plants/mntaxa_maps.pdf Plant species range maps from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]. For additional information on the species listed in the table below, including wildlife and other benefits, see [http://www.wildflower.org/plants/].
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Not all the species listed in the above table are native in all parts of Minnesota. To find out in which parts of Minnesota these species are native, see [http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/plants/mntaxa_maps.pdf Plant species range maps from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]. For additional information on the species listed in the above table, including wildlife and other benefits, see [http://www.wildflower.org/plants/].
  
 
==Growing non-native perennials and grasses on green roofs==
 
==Growing non-native perennials and grasses on green roofs==
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While some drought tolerant non-native perennials would be expected to thrive on extensive green roofs, to our knowledge very little if any green roofs in Minnesota have attempted to grow perennials on extensive green roofs.
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While some drought tolerant non-native perennials would be expected to thrive on extensive green roofs, to our knowledge very few if any green roofs in Minnesota have attempted to grow non-native perennials on extensive green roofs.
  
 
==Growing edible plants on green roofs==
 
==Growing edible plants on green roofs==
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Many vegetables and herbs also thrive on green roofs, many in growing medium as little as four inches deep, such as, for example, herbs, tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce. Because they are annuals, vegetables require considerably more maintenance than other extensive green roof plants. If they are fertilized, they will likely increase nutrient content of runoff from the roof, so they may not be ideal for stormwater projects where leaching of nutrients is a concern. If all runoff from the green roof is harvested and re-used on the roof, fertilization will not affect down stream water bodies.
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[[File:St Paul Firestation Green Roof 3.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=image of St. Paul Minnesota Firestation green roof|<font size=3>Vegetables being grown on the St Paul Firestation green roof. Image Courtesy of Angie Durhman, AD Greenroofs</font size>]]
  
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Aside from growing food in a built in place green roof, food can also be grown in containers or hydroponically on a green roof, or on a green or living wall.
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Many vegetables and herbs also thrive on green roofs, many in growing medium as little as four inches deep, including herbs, tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce. Because they are annuals, vegetables require considerably more maintenance than other extensive green roof plants. If they are fertilized, they will likely increase nutrient content of runoff from the roof, so they may not be ideal for stormwater projects where leaching of nutrients is a concern. If all runoff from the green roof is harvested and re-used on the roof, fertilization will not affect down stream water bodies.
 +
 
 +
Aside from growing food in a built-in-place green roof, food can also be grown in containers or hydroponically on a green roof, or on a green or living wall.
  
 
The St Paul, MN, fire station is a premier local example of growing food on a green roof. Many other examples of growing food on residential and commercial green roofs can also be found in the US and Canada, including
 
The St Paul, MN, fire station is a premier local example of growing food on a green roof. Many other examples of growing food on residential and commercial green roofs can also be found in the US and Canada, including
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*Brooklyn Grange, a one acre (43,000 square foot) farm in Queens rooftop farming and intensive green roofing business located on two roofs in New York City, which grows over 40,000 lbs of organically-cultivated produce per year (http://www.brooklyngrangefarm.com/aboutthegrange/
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*[http://www.brooklyngrangefarm.com/aboutthegrange/ Brooklyn Grange], a one acre (43,000 square foot) farm in Queens, has rooftop farming and intensive green roofing business located on two roofs in New York City, which grows over 40,000 pounds of organically-cultivated produce per year
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*Eagle Street Rooftop Farm 6,000 square foot green roof organic vegetable farm located atop a warehouse rooftop owned by Broadway Stages in Greenpoint, Brooklyn (http://rooftopfarms.org/)
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*[http://rooftopfarms.org/ Eagle Street Rooftop Farm] 6,000 square foot green roof organic vegetable farm located atop a warehouse rooftop owned by Broadway Stages in Greenpoint, Brooklyn
  
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Several on-line references provide more detail about rooftop agriculture, including, for example, [http://archives.rooftopgardens.ca/files/howto_EN_FINAL_lowres.pdf Guide to Setting Up Your Own Edible Rooftop Garden], published by Alternatives and the Rooftop Garden Project (2008).
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Several on-line references provide more detail about rooftop agriculture, including, for example, [http://archives2019.rooftopgardens.alternatives.ca//sites/rooftopgardens.alternatives.ca/files/ready_to_grow.pdf.pdf Guide to Setting Up Your Own Edible Rooftop Garden], published by Alternatives and the Rooftop Garden Project (2008).
  
 
Other recent publications on rooftop agriculture include
 
Other recent publications on rooftop agriculture include
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*Mandel, L., 2013, EAT UP; The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
+
*Mandel, L. 2013. ''EAT UP: The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture''. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
−
*Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.  
+
*Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. ''The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture''. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.  
−
*Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.  
+
*Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. ''Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs''. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.  
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*Additionally, Green Roofs for Healthy Cities offers a half day course on Rooftop Agriculture: [(http://www.greenroofs.org/index.php/education/halfdaycourses). Introduction to Rooftop Urban Agriculture]
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*Additionally, [https://greenroofs.org/ Green Roofs for Healthy Cities] offers a half day course on Rooftop Agriculture: Introduction to Rooftop Urban Agriculture.
 +
 
 +
<noinclude>==References==
 +
*Butler, C., & Orians, C. M. 2011. ''Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof''. Ecological Engineering,37(11): 1796–1803.
 +
*Durhman, A.K. D. B. Rowe, and C. L. Rugh. 2007. ''Effect of Substrate Depth on Initial Growth, Coverage, and Survival of 25 Succulent Green Roof Plant Taxa''. HORTSCIENCE 42(3):588–595. 2007.
 +
*Durhman, A.K., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2006. ''Effect of watering regimen on chlorophyll fluorescence and growth of selected green roof plant taxa''. HortScience 41:1623–1628.
 +
*Dvorak, B, and K. Carroll. 2008. ''Chicago City Hall Green Roof: Its Evolving Form and Care''. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD.
 +
*Dvorak, B., and A. Volder. 2010. ''Green Roof Vegetation for North American Ecoregions: A Literature Review''. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 197-213.
 +
*Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. ''Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States''. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047.
 +
*Mandel, L.. 2013. ''EAT UP: The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture''. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
 +
*Monterusso, M.A., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2005. ''Establishment and persistence of Sedum spp. and native taxa for green roof applications''. HortScience 40:391–396.
 +
*Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. 2012. ''Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years''. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104: 310-319.
 +
*Rowe, D.B., C.L. Rugh, and A.K. Durhman. 2006. ''Assessment of substrate depth and composition on green roof plant performance''. Proc. of 4th North American Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston, Mass., 10–12 May 2006. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
 +
*Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. ''Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide''. Timber Press.
 +
*Sutton, R.K.; J.A. Harrington; L. Skabelund; P. MacDonagh; R. R. Coffman; and G. Koch. 2012. ''Prairie-Based Green Roofs: Literature, Templates, and Analogs''. Journal of Green Building 7(1):143-172.
 +
*Sutton, R.; B. Rowe;G. Acomb; J. Lambrinos; P. MacDonagh; R. Hawke. 2012. ''New Plant Performance for 21st Century Green Roof Ecosystems''. Cities Alive Conference, Chicago IL.
 +
*Torrance, S.; B. Bass, S. MacIvor and T. McGlade in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division. No publication year given. [http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/pdf/biodiversegreenroofs_2013.pdf City of Toronto Guidelines for Biodiverse Green Roofs].
 +
*VanWoert, N.D., D.B. Rowe, J.A. Andresen, C.L. Rugh, and L. Xiao. 2005. ''Watering regime and green roof substrate design affect Sedum plant growth''. HortScience 40:659–664.
 +
*Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. ''The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture''. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.
 +
*Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. ''Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs''. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.
 +
*Whittinghill, L.J.; D.B. Rowe, 2011. ''Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants''. Urban Ecosystems 14(4):783-794.</noinclude>
 +
 
 +
<noinclude>==Related pages==
 +
*[[Green roofs]]
 +
*[[Overview for green roofs]]
 +
*[[Types of green roofs]]
 +
*[[Design criteria for green roofs]]
 +
*[[Construction specifications for green roofs]]
 +
<!--*[[Construction observations for green roofs]]-->
 +
*[[Assessing the performance of green roofs]]
 +
*[[Operation and maintenance of green roofs]]
 +
<!--*[[Calculating credits for green roofs]]-->
 +
*[[Cost-benefit considerations for green roofs]]
 +
*[[Plant lists for green roofs]]
 +
<!--*[[Additional considerations for green roofs]]-->
 +
*[[Case studies for green roofs]]
 +
*[[Links for green roofs]]
 +
*[[References for green roofs]]
 +
*[[Supporting material for green roofs]]
 +
*[[Green roofs terminology and glossary]]
 +
*[[Green roof fact sheet]]
 +
*[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using green roofs as a BMP in the MIDS calculator]]</noinclude>
 +
 
  
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==References==
+
<noinclude>[[Category:Level 2 - Technical and specific topic information/vegetation]]
−
*Butler, C., & Orians, C. M. 2011. Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof. Ecological Engineering,37(11): 1796–1803.
+
[[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Green roof]]</noinclude>
−
*Carroll, K. 2013. Personal Communication.
 
−
*Durhman, A.K. D. B. Rowe, and C. L. Rugh. 2007. Effect of Substrate Depth on Initial Growth, Coverage, and Survival of 25 Succulent Green Roof Plant Taxa. HORTSCIENCE 42(3):588–595. 2007.
 
−
*Durhman, A.K., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2006. Effect of watering regimen on chlorophyll fluorescence and growth of selected green roof plant taxa. HortScience 41:1623–1628.
 
−
*Dvorak, B, and K. Carroll. 2008. Chicago City Hall Green Roof: Its Evolving Form and Care. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD.
 
−
*Dvorak, B., and A. Volder. 2010. Green Roof Vegetation for North American Ecoregions: A Literature Review. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 197-213.
 
−
*Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047. Downloaded May 1, 2013 from http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/PDF/08%20GetterRoweExtensionBulletin.pdf
 
−
*Grese, R. 2008. Personal Communication.
 
−
*Hawke, R. 2013. Personal communication.
 
−
*Kestrel Design Group. 2013. Personal Communication.
 
−
*Mandel, L., 2013, EAT UP; The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
 
−
*Monterusso, M.A., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2005. Establishment and persistence of Sedum spp. and native taxa for green roof applications. HortScience 40:391–396.
 
−
*Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. 2012. Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104: 310-319.
 
−
*Rowe, D.B., C.L. Rugh, and A.K. Durhman. 2006. Assessment of substrate depth and composition on green roof plant performance. Proc. of 4th North American Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston, Mass., 10–12 May 2006. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
 
−
*Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide. Timber Press.
 
−
*Sutton, R.K.; J.A. Harrington; L. Skabelund; P. MacDonagh; R. R. Coffman; and G. Koch. 2012. Prairie-Based Green Roofs: Literature, Templates, and Analogs. Journal of Green Building 7(1):143-172.
 
−
*Sutton, R.; B. Rowe;G. Acomb; J. Lambrinos; P. MacDonagh; R. Hawke. 2012. New Plant Performance for 21st Century Green Roof Ecosystems. Cities Alive Conference, Chicago IL.
 
−
*Sutton, R. 2011. Personal Communication.
 
−
*Torrance, S.; B. Bass, S. MacIvor and T. McGlade in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division. No publication year given. City of Toronto Guidelines for Biodiverse Green Roofs. Downloaded May 1, 2013 from http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/pdf/biodiversegreenroofs_2013.pdf
 
−
*VanWoert, N.D., D.B. Rowe, J.A. Andresen, C.L. Rugh, and L. Xiao. 2005. Watering regime and green roof substrate design affect Sedum plant growth. HortScience 40:659–664.
 
−
*Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.
 
−
*Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.
 
−
*Whittinghill, L.J.; D.B. Rowe, 2011. Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants. Urban Ecosystems 14(4):783-794.
 

Latest revision as of 20:26, 2 February 2023

Green Infrastructure: Green roofs consist of a series of layers that create an environment suitable for plant growth without damaging the underlying roof system. Green roofs create green space for public benefit, energy efficiency, and stormwater retention/ detention.

Given adequate growing medium depth and irrigation, just about any plants, even trees, can be grown on green roofs. The plant list discussions below pertain to extensive green roofs.

While most of the first extensive green roofs in the US were planted with non-native succulent species, mostly Sedum species, the plant palette for green roofs in the United States, and in Minnesota, is rapidly expanding to include many herbaceous plants and grasses.

Species included on the plant lists below may not be appropriate for all projects. Suitability can vary with climate, microclimate, project goals, and maintenance budget. Many of these green roof species have not yet been tested in all of Minnesota. While a considerable number of green roofs have been installed in the Twin Cities area, few green roofs have been installed to date in more northern parts of Minnesota that have a harsh climate that will be challenging for green roof vegetation. The section on design criteria for green roofs provides guidance on factors that affect green roof plant selection.

Growing sedums and other succulent plants on green roofs

photo of sedums on Target Center Arena green roof
Photo of sedums on the Target Center Arena green roof in Minneapolis, MN. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.

Sedums and other succulent plants are often used on green roofs because they are tolerant of the dry conditions found on most roofs. For example, Durhman et al (2006) found some Sedum species could survive and maintain active photosynthetic metabolism even after 4 months without water. A few of the hardiest sedum species for Minnesota are listed below, but these are only a very small portion of the huge palette of Sedums available on the market. Longer lists of succulents available for green roofs, are available, for example, in

  • Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047. (View a slideshow of this document)
  • Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide. Timber Press.

Dvorak and Volder (2010) summarized North American green roof vegetation studies, including studies on growth of succulent plants on Midwestern green roofs. Other studies of succulents on Midwestern extensive green roofs that are not included in the Dvorak and Volder (2010) review include

  • Butler, C., and C.M. Orians. 2011. Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof. Ecological Engineering. 37(11). 1796–1803.
  • Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. 2012. Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104:310-319.
  • Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2011. Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants. Urban Ecosystems. 14(4):783-794.



Non-native succulent species appropriate for extensive green roofs in Minnesota. Note: Many species of sedums grow well on green roofs in Minnesota. The list below shows some of the most common species. Many other Sedum species can also perform well.
Link to this table

Scientific name Common name Plant height (inches) Approximate bloom time Flower color Sun exposure Winter interest
Allium schoenoprasum Chives 10 Spring White Full sun to partial shade Dormant
Sedum album Stonecrop 6 Summer White Full sun Red
Sedum hybridum 'Immergrünchen' Stonecrop 6 Summer Yellow Full sun Orange/bronze
Sedum kamtschaticum var. floriferum'Weihenstephaner Gold' Russian Stonecrop 5 Summer Yellow Full sun Red
Sedum kamtschaticum Russian Stonecrop 6 Summer Yellow Full sun Red
Sedum reflexum 'Blue Spruce' Stonecrop 8 Summer Yellow Full sun Blue-green
Sedum rupestre 'Angelina' Golden Stonecrop 5 Summer Yellow Full sun Coral/orange-red
Sedum sexangulare Stonecrop 4 Summer Yellow Full sun to shade Red
Sedum spurium 'Dragon's Blood' Two Row Stonecrop 4 Summer Red Sun Red


Growing native species on green roofs

photo of non-native succulent plant species appropritae for extensive roofs in Minnesota
Similarities between bedrock bluff prairies and green roof habitats. Image courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.
photo of Native Plants on Minneapolis City Hall Green Roof, Minneapolis, MN
Native plants on Minneapolis City Hall green roof, Minneapolis, MN. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc
photo of Native Plants on Target Center Arena Green Roof, Minneapolis, MN
Native Plants on Target Center Arena Green Roof, Minneapolis, MN. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.
photo of Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof
Native Plants on Phillips Eco-Enterprise Green Roof. Image Courtesy of The Kestrel Design Group, Inc.

Many species found in Minnesota’s bedrock bluff prairies have also been found to grow well on Minnesota’s green roofs. Bedrock bluff prairies have thin soil layers over bedrock and are often found along river bluffs. Plants growing in bedrock bluff prairies are adapted to growing conditions very similar to those found on many green roofs, including thin growing medium and high exposure to wind, sun and drought. Use of native prairie species on green roofs is controversial because most prairie species survive droughts by sending roots very deep into the soil to access water. The shallow growing medium of green roofs does not allow for such deep root growth. However, anecdotal observations in Minnesota, Michigan, Chicago IL and Lincoln NE, suggest that deep rooted native prairie species grow their roots horizontally on green roofs (Kestrel Design Group (2013), Sutton (2011), Grese (2008)).

Some studies have found that many native species do not survive on green roofs without irrigation (Monterusso et. al. (2005)). However, in some projects, certain native species thrive on green roofs without irrigation or with minimal irrigation. Since irrigation is needed during the plant establishment period anyway, many green roofs include an automatic irrigation system to provide water in times of drought.

Native species have been planted on at least five extensive green roofs in the Twin Cities area built between 2005 and 2009. The following table lists some of the native species that have performed well on green roofs in Minnesota (Kestrel Design Group observations). Because all of these except for one are irrigated regularly, the ability of most of these species to survive without irrigation on extensive green roofs in Minnesota is not known. Species that have been found to survive with little or no irrigation in Minnesota or elsewhere in the Midwest are noted.





Native species that have been grown successfully on extensive green roofs in Minnesota
Link to this table

Scientific name Common name Plant height (feet) Approximate bloom time Flower color Sun exposure Found to require irrigation in some projects or studies Found to survive with little or no irrigation in some studies or projects
Allium cernuum Nodding Wild Onion 1 to 1.5 July-August Pink Full sun to part shade X3,4
Allium stellatum Prairie Wild Onion 1 to 2 July-August Pink Full sun to part shade
Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem 2 to 6 n/a n/a Full sun to part shade X1,2,*
Anemone patens Pasque flower 0.5 April-May Purple Full Sun to Part Shade
Antennaria neglecta Field pussytoes 0.5 April-June White Full Sun to Part Shade
Antennaria plantaginafolia Pussytoes 1 April-June White Full sun to part shade
Aquilegia canadensis Columbine 2 to 3 May-July Red/Yellow Full sun to part shade
Asclepias verticillata Milkweed 1 to 1.5 June-August White Full sun to part shade
Aster ericoides Heath aster 1 to 3 July-October White Full sun to part shade
Aster laevis Smooth aster 1 to 3 August-October Blue-violet Full sun to part shade X4
Aster lateriflorus Calico aster 2 August-October White Full sun to part shade
Aster macrophyllus Large-Leaved aster 1 to 2 August-October Lilac Full sun to part shade
Aster novae-angliae New England Aster 3 to 5 August-October Red-violet Full sun to part shade
Aster oolentangiensis Shyblue aster 3 August-October Blue Full sun to part shade
Aster sericeus Silky aster 1 September-October Purple Full sun to part shade
Bouteloua curtipendula Side-Oats Grama 1 to 3 n/a n/a Full sun X1,*
Bouteloua gracilis Blue Grama Harebell 0.5 to 1 n/a n/a Full sun X1,5,*
Campanula rotundifolia Harebell 1 to 1.5 June-September Blue Full sun to part shade
Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania sedge 0.5 n/a n/a Full sun to full shade
Carex vulpinoidea Brown Fox Sedge 1 to 3 n/a n/a Full sun to part shade
Chamaecrista fasciculata Partridge Pea 2 to 3 July-September Yellow Full sun to part shade
Coreopsis palmata Bird's Foot Coreopsis 2 June-August Yellow Full sun to part shade
Dalea purpurea Purple Prairie Clover 1 to 2 June-July Yellow Full sun X4 X1
Fragaria vesca Wild strawberry 0.5 May-June White Full sun to part shade
Fragaria virginiana Wild strawberry 0.5 White Full sun to part shade X4 X1,*
Geranium maculatum Wild geranium 1 April-June Pink Full sun to full shade
Geum triflorum Prairie smoke 0.5 April-June Red Full sun to part shade X1,*
Heuchera richardsonii Alumroot 1 May-June Greenish white Full sun to full shade
Koeleria pyramidata June grass 2 n/a n/a Full sun to part shade X4 X1,2,3
Liatris aspera Rough Blazing Star 1.5 to 4 August-September Rose, lavender Full sun to part shade X4
Liatris cylindracea Cylindric Blazing Star 1 July-October Purple Full sun to part shade
Penstemon grandiflorus Large-Flowered Beard Tongue 2 May-June Purple Full sun to part shade
Phlox divaricata Woodland Phlox 0.5 to 1.5 April-June Blue Part shade to full shade
Polemonium reptans jacob's Ladder 1 April-June Blue Full sun to full shade
Ruellia humilis Wild Petunia 1 June-August Purple Full sun
Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem 3 n/a n/a Full sun to part shade X4
Solidago nemoralis Gray Goldenrod 0.5 to 2 August-October Yellow Full sun
Solidago ptarmicoides Upland White Aster 1 July-August White Full sun
Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie Dropseed 2 to 4 n/a n/a Full sun to part shade X4 X1
Thalictrum dioicum Early Meadow-Rue 1 to 2 May Greenish yellow Full sun to part shade
Tradescantia bracteata Bracted Spiderwort 1 May-July Purple Full sun
Tradescantia occidentalis Western Spiderwort 2 May-July Blue Full sun
Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort 3 May-July Blue Full sun to part shade X3,4
Viola pedatifida Bearded Birdfoot Violet 0.5 April-June Purple Full sun to part shade

1Based on trial green roofs at Chicago Botanical Garden, Richard Hawke, Personal Communication
2Based on Kevin Carroll, personal communication, 2013.
3Based on research at Michigan State University, Rowe in Sutton et al 2012b
4Based on research at Michigan State University, Monterusso et al 2005. In this study, plants were irrigated the first growing season, and irrigation was then abruptly stopped July 10 of the second growing season, during an unusually warm and dry summer; plants were not irrigated at all during the third growing season.
5Based on observations at Phillips Eco-Enterprise green roof, The Kestrel Design Group personal communication, 2013.
*Goes dormant or turns brown with little or no irrigation in drought but rebounds when water is available again.


Many of the species listed in the above table, as well as many additional native species not listed, are also thriving on other Midwestern extensive green roofs, including, for example, Chicago City Hall (Dvorak and Carroll 2008, Carroll 2013), Chicago Botanic Gardens trial green roofs (Hawke 2013), and several other green roofs in Chicago, Toronto, and Lincoln NE. The Chicago City Hall green roof, installed in 2001, had 200 species as of 2012, most of which are natives. Its plants are grown in varying depths of soil (some extensive and some intensive), and regularly irrigated (Dvorak and Carroll, 2008). The Chicago Botanic Garden has 2 trial green roofs, installed in 2009, one of which is planted with natives. It includes planting depths of 4 inches, 6 inches and 8 inches of growing medium. Aiming to minimize green roof maintenance, the roofs have been watered only during extreme drought (beyond establishment), including once in 2011 and once in 2012 (Sutton et al 2012).

Not all the species listed in the above table are native in all parts of Minnesota. To find out in which parts of Minnesota these species are native, see Plant species range maps from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. For additional information on the species listed in the above table, including wildlife and other benefits, see [1].

Growing non-native perennials and grasses on green roofs

While some drought tolerant non-native perennials would be expected to thrive on extensive green roofs, to our knowledge very few if any green roofs in Minnesota have attempted to grow non-native perennials on extensive green roofs.

Growing edible plants on green roofs

image of St. Paul Minnesota Firestation green roof
Vegetables being grown on the St Paul Firestation green roof. Image Courtesy of Angie Durhman, AD Greenroofs

Many vegetables and herbs also thrive on green roofs, many in growing medium as little as four inches deep, including herbs, tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce. Because they are annuals, vegetables require considerably more maintenance than other extensive green roof plants. If they are fertilized, they will likely increase nutrient content of runoff from the roof, so they may not be ideal for stormwater projects where leaching of nutrients is a concern. If all runoff from the green roof is harvested and re-used on the roof, fertilization will not affect down stream water bodies.

Aside from growing food in a built-in-place green roof, food can also be grown in containers or hydroponically on a green roof, or on a green or living wall.

The St Paul, MN, fire station is a premier local example of growing food on a green roof. Many other examples of growing food on residential and commercial green roofs can also be found in the US and Canada, including

  • Brooklyn Grange, a one acre (43,000 square foot) farm in Queens, has rooftop farming and intensive green roofing business located on two roofs in New York City, which grows over 40,000 pounds of organically-cultivated produce per year
  • Eagle Street Rooftop Farm 6,000 square foot green roof organic vegetable farm located atop a warehouse rooftop owned by Broadway Stages in Greenpoint, Brooklyn

Several on-line references provide more detail about rooftop agriculture, including, for example, Guide to Setting Up Your Own Edible Rooftop Garden, published by Alternatives and the Rooftop Garden Project (2008).

Other recent publications on rooftop agriculture include

  • Mandel, L. 2013. EAT UP: The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
  • Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.
  • Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.
  • Additionally, Green Roofs for Healthy Cities offers a half day course on Rooftop Agriculture: Introduction to Rooftop Urban Agriculture.

References

  • Butler, C., & Orians, C. M. 2011. Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof. Ecological Engineering,37(11): 1796–1803.
  • Durhman, A.K. D. B. Rowe, and C. L. Rugh. 2007. Effect of Substrate Depth on Initial Growth, Coverage, and Survival of 25 Succulent Green Roof Plant Taxa. HORTSCIENCE 42(3):588–595. 2007.
  • Durhman, A.K., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2006. Effect of watering regimen on chlorophyll fluorescence and growth of selected green roof plant taxa. HortScience 41:1623–1628.
  • Dvorak, B, and K. Carroll. 2008. Chicago City Hall Green Roof: Its Evolving Form and Care. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD.
  • Dvorak, B., and A. Volder. 2010. Green Roof Vegetation for North American Ecoregions: A Literature Review. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 197-213.
  • Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047.
  • Mandel, L.. 2013. EAT UP: The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
  • Monterusso, M.A., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2005. Establishment and persistence of Sedum spp. and native taxa for green roof applications. HortScience 40:391–396.
  • Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. 2012. Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104: 310-319.
  • Rowe, D.B., C.L. Rugh, and A.K. Durhman. 2006. Assessment of substrate depth and composition on green roof plant performance. Proc. of 4th North American Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston, Mass., 10–12 May 2006. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
  • Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide. Timber Press.
  • Sutton, R.K.; J.A. Harrington; L. Skabelund; P. MacDonagh; R. R. Coffman; and G. Koch. 2012. Prairie-Based Green Roofs: Literature, Templates, and Analogs. Journal of Green Building 7(1):143-172.
  • Sutton, R.; B. Rowe;G. Acomb; J. Lambrinos; P. MacDonagh; R. Hawke. 2012. New Plant Performance for 21st Century Green Roof Ecosystems. Cities Alive Conference, Chicago IL.
  • Torrance, S.; B. Bass, S. MacIvor and T. McGlade in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division. No publication year given. City of Toronto Guidelines for Biodiverse Green Roofs.
  • VanWoert, N.D., D.B. Rowe, J.A. Andresen, C.L. Rugh, and L. Xiao. 2005. Watering regime and green roof substrate design affect Sedum plant growth. HortScience 40:659–664.
  • Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.
  • Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.
  • Whittinghill, L.J.; D.B. Rowe, 2011. Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants. Urban Ecosystems 14(4):783-794.

Related pages

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This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 20:26.