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==B== | ==B== | ||
− | + | '''Baffle weir''' | |
:A structure used in measuring the rate of flow fitted with a grating or plate across a channel or pipe which makes the flow more uniform in different parts of the cross section of the stream. | :A structure used in measuring the rate of flow fitted with a grating or plate across a channel or pipe which makes the flow more uniform in different parts of the cross section of the stream. | ||
− | + | '''Bankfull''' | |
− | + | :Flow in a stream or river where the water level is to the top of its bank. This is considered to be the channel forming flow and has a recurrence interval of around 2.5–years. | |
− | + | '''Bank stabilization''' | |
− | + | :activities undertaken to shore up or ensure the integrity of a stream or river bank and protect it from erosion and slumping. | |
− | + | '''Base flow''' | |
− | + | : the flow coming from ground water inputs to a stream or river system | |
− | + | '''Basin''' | |
− | + | : a depression in the surface of the land that holds water | |
− | + | '''Bed load''' | |
− | + | : the sand, gravel or rocks which are transported along the stream bottom by traction, rolling, sliding or saltation | |
− | + | '''Best Management Practice (BMP)''' | |
− | + | : one of many different structural or non–structural methods used to treat runoff, including such diverse measures as ponding, street sweeping, filtration through a rain garden and infiltration to a gravel trench. | |
− | + | '''Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS)''' | |
− | + | : a multipurpose environmental analysis system developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water quality modeling purposes. | |
− | + | '''[[Better site design|Better site design]] (BSD)''' | |
− | + | :the application of non–structural practices at residential and commercial sites to reduce impervious cover, conserve natural areas, and use pervious areas to more effectively treat stormwater runoff. | |
− | + | '''Biofiltration''' | |
+ | : a bioretention practice in which an underdrain is used. Typically, most of the water entering the biofiltration practice enters the underdrain and is returned to the stormwater system, but some water infiltrates (unless the BMP has an impermeable liner) or evapotranspires. The underdrain may be at or elevated above the bottom of the practice (i.e. at the media-soil interface). See [[Bioretention terminology]]. | ||
+ | '''Bioinfiltration''' | ||
+ | : a bioretention practice in which no underdrain is used. All water entering the bioinfiltration practice infiltrates or evapotranspires. See [[Bioretention terminology]]. | ||
+ | '''Biological additives''' | ||
+ | : products which are formulated with specialized bacteria, enzymes, or other living components that can be added to boost pollution treatment efficiencies, eg. chitosan | ||
+ | '''Biological oxygen demand(BOD)''' | ||
+ | : a measure of the amount of oxygen required to biologically degrade organic matter in the water. | ||
+ | '''[[Bioretention|Bioretention]]''' | ||
+ | :A soil and plant–based stormwater management best management practice (BMP) used to filter runoff | ||
+ | '''Bog''' | ||
+ | : A poorly drained, surface water fed, acidic area rich in accumulated plant material | ||
+ | '''Bounce''' | ||
+ | : water level fluctuations due to topography, soils, and runoff inputs during and after precipitation events. | ||
+ | '''Brownfield''' | ||
+ | : A brownfield is a property where redevelopment or reuse may be complicated by the presence (or likely presence) of contamination. Brownfields may include vacant parcels, depending on their prior use. A wide variety of contaminants may be found at a Brownfield site depending on the previous use. | ||
+ | '''Buffers''' | ||
+ | : a vegetative setback between development and streams, lakes, and wetlands whose aim is to physically protect and separate the resource from future disturbance or encroachment. | ||
==C== | ==C== | ||
− | *calcareous fen | + | *calcareous fen : a peat–accumulating wetland dominated by distinct ground–water inflows which is circum–neutral to alkaline and has high concentrations of calcium and low dissolved oxygen. The rarest wetland plant community in Minnesota. For more information see [https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/water/wetlands/calcareous_fen_fact_sheet.pdf list of MN calcareous fens] |
− | *catch basin | + | *catch basin : an inlet to the storm drain system that typically includes a grate or curb inlet. |
*catch basin insert devices that attach to the entrance of a catch basin or mount inside the catch basin. They are designed to improve stormwater quality by either preventing debris and pollutants from entering the basin, or by retaining or treating the water in the basin. | *catch basin insert devices that attach to the entrance of a catch basin or mount inside the catch basin. They are designed to improve stormwater quality by either preventing debris and pollutants from entering the basin, or by retaining or treating the water in the basin. | ||
− | *cation exchange capacity | + | *cation exchange capacity : the degree to which a soil can adsorb and exchange cations. For more information, see [https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/AY/AY-238.html], [http://nmsp.cals.cornell.edu/publications/factsheets/factsheet22.pdf], [http://www.spectrumanalytic.com/support/library/ff/CEC_BpH_and_percent_sat.htm]. |
− | *channel protection | + | *channel protection : actions taken to prevent habitat degradation and erosion that may cause downstream enlargement and incision in urban streams due to increased frequency of bankfull and sub–bankfull stormwater flows. |
− | *check dam | + | *check dam : a structure, typically constructed of rock, sediment retention fiber rolls, gravel bags, sandbags, or other proprietary product, placed across a natural or man made channel or drainage ditch and design ed to reduce scour and channel erosion by reducing flow velocity and encouraging sedimentation. See [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/images/b/be/MIDS_Dry_Swale_Sections-SHEET_2.pdf swale cross-sections] with check dams. For more information, see Section 6.33 in [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Protecting_Water_Quality_in_Urban_Areas:_Best_Management_Practices_for_Dealing_with_Storm_Water_Runoff_from_Urban,_Suburban,_and_Developing_Areas_of_Minnesota Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual]. |
*chemical controls includes such activities as salt management, fertilizer/pesticide management, and spill prevention and containment | *chemical controls includes such activities as salt management, fertilizer/pesticide management, and spill prevention and containment | ||
− | *chemical oxygen demand | + | *chemical oxygen demand : The quantity of oxygen used in biological and non–biological oxidation of materials in water; a measure of water quality. |
− | *chemical treatment | + | *chemical treatment : removal of pollutant from the water column via chemical means, eg. Ferric chloride, alum, polyacrylamides |
− | *cistern | + | *cistern : a technique which captures and temporarily stores rooftop runoff at confined sites, gradually releasing it over pervious areas. |
− | *Class V injection well | + | *Class V injection well : any bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or dug hole that is deeper than its widest surface dimension, or an improved sinkhole, or a subsurface fluid distribution system (from [http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class5/index.cfm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency], June 2003). |
− | *cluster design | + | *cluster design : a reduction of average lot size within a residential development in exchange for greater conservation of natural areas. |
− | *coincident peaks | + | *coincident peaks : upstream peak discharge arriving at the same time a downstream structure releases its peak discharge thus increasing the total discharge well above what it was on the pre-development hydrograph. |
− | *cold climate sizing | + | *cold climate sizing : sizing of stormwater practices to accommodate snowmelt. This is larger than rainfall–based criteria sizing in Minnesota since snowfall represents more than 10% of the annual precipitation. |
− | *computable pollutant | + | *computable pollutant : a pollutant for which enough runoff concentration and BMP performance data is available to perform a site–based pollutant load calculation documenting no increase in loading. |
− | *conservation easement | + | *conservation easement : a restriction placed on a piece of property to protect the resources associated with the parcel. The easement is either voluntarily sold or donated by the landowner, and constitutes a legally binding agreement that prohibits certain types of development from taking place on the land. |
− | *construction sequencing | + | *construction sequencing : a specified work schedule that coordinates the timing of land–disturbing activities and the installation of erosion–protection and sedimentation–control measures |
− | *conveyance | + | *conveyance : a structure or feature used for transferring water from one location to another |
− | *covered karst | + | *covered karst : areas underlain with carbonate bedrock with more than 100 feet of sediment cover |
− | *curb and gutter system | + | *curb and gutter system : edging along the side of streets meant to quickly convey stormwater runoff from the street and adjacent areas into the stormwater system |
− | *curve number | + | *curve number : an index combining hydrologic soil group, land use factors, treatment, and hydrologic condition. Used in a method developed by the SCS to determine the approximate amount of runoff from a rainfall event in a particular area |
==D== | ==D== | ||
− | *dead storage | + | *dead storage : the permanent storage volume of a pond degrade downcutting where softer material is present in a stream channel. |
− | *denitrification | + | *denitrification : a microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction. |
− | *densimetric stratification | + | *densimetric stratification : impairment of vertical mixing and oxygenation of bottom water layers |
*design storm streamflow from a storm event used as a standard for which performance of stormwater management practices are measured. | *design storm streamflow from a storm event used as a standard for which performance of stormwater management practices are measured. | ||
− | *detention time | + | *detention time : the theoretical calculated time that a small amount of water is held in a settling basin. |
− | *disconnection | + | *disconnection : technique to spread runoff generated from rooftops or impervious surfaces into adjacent pervious areas where it can be filtered and infiltrated. |
− | *drainageway | + | *drainageway : a course or channel along which water moves in draining an area |
− | *drawdown time | + | *drawdown time : the time from the high water level in a BMP to 1 to 2 inches above the bottom of the facility at the lowest part of the BMP |
*[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Stormwater_and_wellhead_protection Drinking water supply management area (DWSMA)] - the surface and subsurface area surrounding a public water supply well, including the wellhead protection area, that must be managed by the entity identified in a wellhead protection plan. This area is delineated using identifiable landmarks that reflect the scientifically calculated wellhead protection area boundaries as closely as possible. | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Stormwater_and_wellhead_protection Drinking water supply management area (DWSMA)] - the surface and subsurface area surrounding a public water supply well, including the wellhead protection area, that must be managed by the entity identified in a wellhead protection plan. This area is delineated using identifiable landmarks that reflect the scientifically calculated wellhead protection area boundaries as closely as possible. | ||
− | *dry pond | + | *dry pond : a water bearing stormwater management facility that controls peak runoff flows to receiving bodies such as rivers and streams which is typically free of water during dry periods, but filled during times of rainfall |
− | *dry well | + | *dry well : a deep covered hole acting as an underground storage facility for stormwater until it seeps into the surrounding soil. |
==E== | ==E== | ||
− | *elution | + | *elution : washing out of ions in solution from a snowpack |
*Emergency Response Area (ERA). The part of the wellhead protection area that is defined by a one-year time of travel within the aquifer that is used by the public water supply well ([https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=4720.5250 Minnesota Rules, part 4720.5250], subpart 3). It is used to set priorities for managing potential contamination sources within the DWSMA. | *Emergency Response Area (ERA). The part of the wellhead protection area that is defined by a one-year time of travel within the aquifer that is used by the public water supply well ([https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=4720.5250 Minnesota Rules, part 4720.5250], subpart 3). It is used to set priorities for managing potential contamination sources within the DWSMA. | ||
− | *erosion | + | *erosion : the wearing down or washing away of the soil and land surface by the action of water, wind or ice |
− | *erosion | + | *erosion : control any efforts to prevent the wearing or washing away of the soil or land surface |
− | *erosion control blanket | + | *erosion control blanket : a natural or geotextile mat placed in areas susceptible to erosion to hold the soil in place until it can be permanently stabilized through vegetation or armoring |
− | *eutrophic | + | *eutrophic : an environment which has an excessive concentration of nutrients |
− | *evaporation | + | *evaporation : the process of changing from a liquid state into a gas |
− | *evapotranspiration | + | *evapotranspiration : loss of water to the atmosphere as a result of the joint processes of evaporation and transpiration through vegetation |
− | *event–based load | + | *event–based load : quantity of pollutants, sediment, or nutrients carried by a water body for particular magnitude storm events |
− | *event mean concentration (EMC) | + | *event mean concentration (EMC) : the total constituent (pollutant) mass discharge divided by the total runoff volume |
− | *exfiltration | + | *exfiltration : uncontrolled outward leakage through cracks and interstices |
− | *extensive green roof | + | *extensive green roof : xeriscape type plantings in shallow, draughty growing medium typically on urban rooftops |
− | *extreme event | + | *extreme event : an 100–year, 24–hour rain event or an 100–year, 10–day snowmelt event or greater |
*[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Extreme_flood_control_criteria_%28Vp100%29 extreme flood] - control for the 100–year, 24–hour or larger events, to maintain the boundaries of the pre-development 100–year floodplain, reduce flooding risks to life, reduce property damage, and protect the physical integrity of the stormwater management practices. | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Extreme_flood_control_criteria_%28Vp100%29 extreme flood] - control for the 100–year, 24–hour or larger events, to maintain the boundaries of the pre-development 100–year floodplain, reduce flooding risks to life, reduce property damage, and protect the physical integrity of the stormwater management practices. | ||
==F== | ==F== | ||
− | *fen | + | *fen : a peat accumulating wetland that receives some drainage from surrounding mineral soils and usually supports marsh–like vegetation. Richer in nutrients and less acidic than bogs due to ground water inflows. |
*ferrocyanide an anti–caking additive to road salt; when converted to its free cyanide form (FCN) becomes extremely toxic to aquatic life | *ferrocyanide an anti–caking additive to road salt; when converted to its free cyanide form (FCN) becomes extremely toxic to aquatic life | ||
− | *field capacity | + | *field capacity : is the bulk water content retained in soil at −33 J/kg (or −0.33 bar) of hydraulic head or suction pressure. This is often assumed to be the soil water content at which excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has materially decreased. |
− | *filter bed | + | *filter bed : a sand or gravel bottomed treatment used to filter stormwater |
− | *filtration | + | *filtration : a series of processes that physically removes particles from water |
− | *first flush | + | *first flush : the majority of pollutants carried in urban runoff are carried in the first ½” of runoff from a site |
− | *floodplain | + | *floodplain : land adjacent to a waterbody which is inundated when the discharge exceeds the conveyance capacity of the normal channel. Often defined in a regulatory sense as the extent of the 100–year flood. |
*flow control controlling the rate and volume of water leaving a site | *flow control controlling the rate and volume of water leaving a site | ||
− | *forebay | + | *forebay : an extra storage space or small basin located near the inlet to settle out incoming sediments before water moves on into a pond or detention area |
− | *freeze–thaw cycle | + | *freeze–thaw cycle : the alternation between freezing and thawing in the snowpack. This cycle changes the composition and characteristics of the snowpack and can effect its pollutant carrying ability and the amount of runoff generated |
− | *frequency curve | + | *frequency curve : A derivative of the probability curve that expresses the relation between the frequency distribution plot, with the magnitude of the variables on one axis and the number of occurrences of each magnitude in a given period as the other |
− | *frost heave | + | *frost heave : a phenomenon in cold areas in which water that is trapped in soil or cracks in rocks alternately freezes and thaws. This causes the water to expand and contract which can cause significant movement and upheaval of the soil or rock |
− | *functional components approach | + | *functional components approach : an approach where basic BMP components are selected and pieced together to achieve a desired outcome |
==G== | ==G== |
Absorption
a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid or solid material.
Access and egress control
reinforced or rocked entrance and exit points to the site to deter tracking of sediment off the site onto adjacent streets
Active karst
a terrain having distinctive landforms and hydrology created primarily from the dissolution of soluble rocks within 50 feet of the land surface [Minn. R. 7090]
Adsorption
the adhesion of an extremely thin layer of molecules to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in contact
Aggrade
the build up of sediment or eroded material
Anaerobic
condition operating in a system where there is the absence of free oxygen available for biologic use.
Animal waste management
practices and procedures which prevent the movement of animal wastes or byproducts from feeding or holding areas into the wider environment.
Annual load
quantity of pollutants, sediment, or nutrients carried by a water body over the period of a year
Antecedent soil moisture
the water content held by a soil before a storm event. This has an effect on the amount of water that will runoff due to that event.
Applicable Wasteload Allocation (WLA)
a Wasteload Allocation assigned to the permittee and approved by the USEPA
Aquifer
a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.
Atmospheric controls
reducing or removing wind erosion, dust, or statutory emissions regulations
Baffle weir
Bankfull
Bank stabilization
Base flow
Basin
Bed load
Best Management Practice (BMP)
Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS)
Better site design (BSD)
Biofiltration
Bioinfiltration
Biological additives
Biological oxygen demand(BOD)
Bog
Bounce
Brownfield
Buffers