Fact sheet for filtration

Filtration practices are structural stormwater controls that capture, temporarily store, and route stormwater runoff through a filter bed to improve water quality.

Photo of a swale at Lino Lakes city hall

Photo of a Swale city of Woodbury MN

Design criteria

• Ensure adequate space for Filtration system
• Some installations require 2 to 6 feet of head
• Removal potential of the key pollutant
• Parent material and potential for ground water contamination

Benefits

• Good for highly impervious areas with low sediment/high pollutant load (e.g. urban land use and retrofit scenarios)
• High pollutant removal rates
• May be used in a variety of soil types
• Good for the treatment of hotspots because it can be isolated from groundwater by using a liner if contamination concerns exist Limitations:
• Higher maintenance requirements
• Some installations (media filters) have higher construction costs
• Potential to cause odor problems
• Minimal treatment of soluble nutrients
• Potential for nitrification in media filters where anaerobic conditions exist

Description

Filtration systems vary in their operation and applicability, but all can be described as structural BMPs that function mainly to enhance water quality by passing stormwater through a media. The media can be made of sand, peat, grass, soil, compost or vegetation and should be assigned on a case-by-case basis. Filters can be off-line systems or designed as pre-treatment before discharging to other stormwater features.

The two main categories of filtration systems include: media filters, and vegetated filters. media filters can be located on the surface, underground, along the perimeter or an area, or in what is called a pocket design. Vegetated channels may be grass channels, dry or wet swales, submerged gravel wetlands, or filter strips.

Drawing of the start of Storm Event - Initial runoff & storage

Drawing of the Duration of Storm Event - Storage & filtration/infiltration

Drawing of the Following Storm Event - Remaining storage drawdown

Management suitability

• Water Quality (V_wq) = High
• Channel Protection (V_cp) = Med.
• Overbank Flood Protection (V_p10) = Low
• Extreme Flood Protection (V_p100) = Low
• Recharge Volume (V_re) = Med./ Low

Mechanisms

• Infiltration with appropriate soil & site conditions
• Screening/ Filtration
• Evaporation
• Transpiration if vegetated
• Soil Adsorption
• Biological/ Micro. Uptake

Pollutant removal

• 70 to 85 percent Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
• 0 to 50 percent/35 percent Nutrients - Total Phosphorus /Total Nitrogen
• 45 to 85 percent Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc
• 35 percent Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E. Coli
• 80 percent Toxins - Hydrocarbon

Site factors

• 5 acre maximum Drainage Area
• 20 percent maximum Site Slope
• 3 feet minimum Depth to Bedrock
• 3 feet minimum Depth to Seasonally High Water Table
• A,B,C,D - NRCS Soil Type
• Poor to Good Freeze/ Thaw Suitability
• Suitable with impermeable liner - Potential Hotspot Runoff