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| | *Toxins - Hydrocarbon = 100 percent | | *Toxins - Hydrocarbon = 100 percent |
| | <p>Pollution removal addresses only the impact on surface water, as there could be some transfer of pollution to the soil layer and [[Glossary#G|groundwater]].</p> | | <p>Pollution removal addresses only the impact on surface water, as there could be some transfer of pollution to the soil layer and [[Glossary#G|groundwater]].</p> |
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| − | ==Suitability==
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| − | ===General===
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| − | <p>Stormwater [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practices capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. Design variants include; the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] basin, the infiltration trench, the dry well and the underground [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] system. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows.</p>
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| − | <p>[[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] practices are applicable to sites with naturally permeable soils and a suitable distance to the seasonally high [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] table, bedrock or other impermeable layer. They may be used in residential and other urban settings where elevated [[Glossary#R|runoff]] volumes, pollutant loads, and [[Glossary#R|runoff]] temperatures are a concern. In applications where the stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]] has a particularly high pollutant load or where the soils have very high [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] rates, a significant amount of [[Glossary#P|pre-treatment]] should be provided to protect the [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] quality. Sources that include potential stormwater should not be introduced to [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] systems. Sources that include potential stormwater [[Glossary#H|hotsposts]] (PSH) should not be introduced to [[Glossary#I|Infiltration]] areas.</p>
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| − | ===Function Within Stormwater Treatment Train===
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| − | <p>Infiltration practices may be located at the end of the treatment train or they can be designed as off-line configurations where the [[Glossary#W|water quality volume]] is diverted to the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice. In any case, the practice may be applied as part of a stormwater management system to achieve one or more of the following objectives:</p>
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| − | *Reduce stormwater pollutants
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| − | *Increase [[Glossary#G|groundwater]] [[Glossary#R|recharge]]
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| − | *Decrease [[Glossary#R|runoff]] peak flow rates
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| − | *Decrease the volume of stormwater [[Glossary#R|runoff]]
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| − | *Preserve base flow in streams
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| − | *Reduce [[Glossary#T|thermal impacts]] of [[Glossary#R|runoff]].
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| − | ===MPCA Permit Applicability===
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| − | <p>One of the goals of this Manual is to facilitate understanding of and compliance with the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA General Stormwater Permit for Construction Activity (MN R100001)], commonly called the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html Construction General Permit (CGP)], which includes design and performance standards for permanent stormwater management systems. These standards must be applied in all projects in which at least one acre of new impervious area is being created, and [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit] stipulates certain standards for various categories of stormwater management practices.</p>
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| − | <p>For regulatory purposes, infiltration practices fall under the “Infiltration / Filtration” category described in Part III.C.2 of [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit]. If used in combination with other practices, credit for combined stormwater treatment can be given as described in Part III.C.4. Due to the statewide prevalence of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit], design guidance in this section is presented with the assumption that [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html the permit] does apply. Also, although it is expected that in many cases [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] will be used in combination with other practices, standards are described for the case in which it is a stand alone practice.</p>
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| − | <p>The following terms are thus used in the text to distinguish various levels of stormwater pond design guidance:</p>
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| − | <p>'''REQUIRED:''' Indicates design standards stipulated by the MPCA Permit (or other consistently applicable regulations).</p>
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| − | <p>'''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED:''' Indicates design guidance that is extremely beneficial or necessary for proper functioning of the [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] practice, but is not specifically required by the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit].</p>
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| − | <p>'''RECOMMENDED:''' Indicates design guidance that is helpful for infiltration performance but not critical to the design.</p>
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| − | <p>Of course, there are situations, particularly retrofit projects, in which an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility is constructed without being subject to the conditions of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit]. While compliance with the permit is not required in these cases, the standards it establishes can provide valuable design guidance to the user. It is also important to note that additional and potentially more stringent design requirements may apply for a particular [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility, depending on where it is situated both jurisdictionally and within the surrounding landscape.</p>
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| − | {{alert|There is some concern that underground infiltration systems and dry wells meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definition of a Class V injection well. Class V injection wells are defined as any bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or dug hole that is deeper than its widest surface dimension, or an improved sinkhole, or a subsurface fluid distribution system (from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1001KJM.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2000+Thru+2005&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C00thru05%5CTxt%5C00000016%5CP1001KJM.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL When Are Storm Water Discharges Regulated as Class V Wells, June 2003]. Please consult MPCA with questions on the applicability of Class V injection well rules.|alert-caution}}
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| − | <p>Of course, there are situations, particularly retrofit projects, in which an [[Glossary#I|infiltration]] facility is constructed without being subject to the conditions of the [http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/stormwater/construction-stormwater/index.html MPCA permit]. While compliance with the permit is not required in these cases, the standards it establishes can provide valuable design guidance to the user. It is also important to note that additional and potentially more stringent design requirements may apply for a particular infiltration facility, depending on where it is situated both jurisdictionally and within the surrounding landscape.</p>
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This site is currently undergoing revision. For more information, open this link.
The anticipated construction period for this page is January through March, 2013
Infiltration Overview
Natural or constructed depressions located in permeable soils that capture, store and infiltrate the volume of stormwater runoff associated with a particular design event.
Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes
Photo of a Infiltration trench in Stillwater
Infiltration trench articles
Design Criteria:
- Contributing drainage area
- Underlying soil types
- Depth to the water table, bedrock or other impeding layer
- Proximity to buildings, drinking water supplies, Karst features, etc.
- Source of stormwater runoff
Benefits
- Reduces volume of stormwater runoff
- Increases ground water recharge
- Improves surface water quality
- Provides thermal benefits (e.g. to cold water fisheries)
- Mimics pre-development hydrology
Limitations
- Unusual construction considerations
- Potential for ground water contamination
- Tendency to lose effectiveness over time due to clogging – if not properly constructed or maintained
- Not recommended for areas with steep slopes
- May require landscaping: consideration should be given to periods on inundation and drought
Description
In general terms, infiltration systems can be described as natural or constructed depressions located in permeable soils that capture, store and infiltrate stormwater runoff within 48 hours. These depressions can be located at the surface of the ground (e.g. infiltration basin) or they can be designed as underground facilities (e.g. structural chamber or excavated pit filled with aggregate such as an infiltration trench). Typically, infiltration systems are designed with one or more pre-treatment facilities or they are designed as off-line facilities.
Dry wells and Trenches should be designed to handle the smaller, more frequent rainfall events. Stormwater associated with the larger rainfall events should bypass these practices by a separate pipe or an overflow device. Infiltration basins and underground infiltration systems should be designed to handle both the water quality volume and as the water quantity volume.
Infiltration systems can be designed to address a number of stormwater management issues including: water quality, stormwater runoff reduction, flow attenuation, thermal impacts to cold water fisheries, and groundwater recharge.
Maintenance Requirements
- Establishment of native vegetation may require weeding, watering, pumping, replacement of plants and tree/shrub trimming
- Inspection and removal of sediment accumulation
- Street sweeping of impervious areas adjacent to infiltration practices
- Avoid the application of fertilizer or herbicide in or near infiltration practices
SITE FACTORS
Schematic of Start of Storm Event - Initial runoff & storage
Schematic of Duration of Storm Event - Storage & filtration/infiltration
Schematic of inflitration trench following storm event - Remaining storage drawdown
- Max Drainage Areas: Dry Well/ Trench/ Basin = 1/ 5/ 50 Acres
- Max. Site Slope = 20 percent
- Min. Depth to Bedrock = 3 feet
- Min. Depth to Seasonally High Water Table = 3 feet
- NRCS Soil Type *C & D soils have limited infiltration ability but can be used to match predevelopment conditions = A,B,C*,& D
- Freeze/ Thaw Suitability = Poor - Good
- Potential Hotspot Runoff = NO
MANAGEMENT SUITABILITY
MECHANISMS
- Screening/ Filtration
- Temperature Control
- Transpiration *if vegetated
- Soil Adsorption
- Biological/ Micro. Uptake
POLLUTION REMOVAL*
- Total Suspended Solids (TSS) = 100 percent
- Nutrients - Total Phosphorus/ = 100 percent
- Total Nitrogen = 100 percent
- Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc = 100 percent
- Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E. Coli = 100 percent
- Toxins - Hydrocarbon = 100 percent
Pollution removal addresses only the impact on surface water, as there could be some transfer of pollution to the soil layer and groundwater.
