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===Potential contaminants in wood chips=== | ===Potential contaminants in wood chips=== | ||
− | Leachate from fresh wood chips is acidic, produces chemical oxygen demand, and releases nutrients. Negative aquatic response to leachate has been observed near wood chipping facilities and may be due to COD, phenols, organic compounds, or resin acids such as isopimaric acid (IA) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) ([https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chantal_Beauchamp/publication/6708367_Toxicity_of_Phenolic_Compounds_Extracted_from_Bark_Residues_of_Different_Ages/links/59025ae7aca2725bd722318f/Toxicity-of-Phenolic-Compounds-Extracted-from-Bark-Residues-of-Different-Ages Machrafi et al.], 2007; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578576_Toxicity_and_Chemistry_of_Aspen_Wood_Leachate_to_Aquatic_Life_Field_Study Taylor and Carmichael], 2003; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293807631_Investigating_Potential_Toxicity_of_Leachate_from_Wood_Chip_Piles_Generated_by_Roadside_Biomass_Operations Rex et al.], 2016). Toxic effects associated with high oxygen demand from wood stockpiles have been observed in nearby receiving waters ([https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.518.9373&rep=rep1&type=pdf#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20woodwaste%20leachate%20was,pile%20developed%2C%20especially%20after%20closure. Tao et al.], 2005; [https://na-st01.ext.exlibrisgroup.com/01RUT_INST/upload/1618853810791_Kannepalli-etal-accepted.pdf?Expires=1618853930&Signature=QkjYPIA-QlAbkx3opD71~l6TFlrN~hOEWXVZrVL5B3vRqO0NYjfa8Ufcybi1dyxjd3D951iPFWQ55h7PHGHwZz6HRgGLyf9YLL7jo9umYS5q-vpPslHOH4eAi-eEIZ6UPfN4WrA2BErHQffA~xPXKemU-DxVvzQtzDnHWeywgt7NQ5idoiVdfxFrUnY4Zrs9NxlVpDTxvVnhqF8ZKTxd5i24oRZLJuEXVivEUN88EHncCxLO9nDhkJ-ooTJMWPuobSIQxWrnfJE8Mgywso4GV7zfL-90FE~v5c0Puta4Pg191xo3-AEOvUqikUt~r2UAFN16UJ-Ye9MD5qLgIAwuJA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJ72OZCZ36VGVASIA Kannepalli et al.], 2016). Studies indicate leaching of nutrients and organic compounds that contribute to oxygen demand decrease with time. | + | Leachate from fresh wood chips is acidic, produces chemical oxygen demand, and releases nutrients. Negative aquatic response to leachate has been observed near wood chipping facilities and may be due to COD, phenols, organic compounds, or resin acids such as isopimaric acid (IA) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) ([https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chantal_Beauchamp/publication/6708367_Toxicity_of_Phenolic_Compounds_Extracted_from_Bark_Residues_of_Different_Ages/links/59025ae7aca2725bd722318f/Toxicity-of-Phenolic-Compounds-Extracted-from-Bark-Residues-of-Different-Ages Machrafi et al.], 2007; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578576_Toxicity_and_Chemistry_of_Aspen_Wood_Leachate_to_Aquatic_Life_Field_Study Taylor and Carmichael], 2003; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293807631_Investigating_Potential_Toxicity_of_Leachate_from_Wood_Chip_Piles_Generated_by_Roadside_Biomass_Operations Rex et al.], 2016). Toxic effects associated with high oxygen demand from wood stockpiles have been observed in nearby receiving waters ([https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.518.9373&rep=rep1&type=pdf#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20woodwaste%20leachate%20was,pile%20developed%2C%20especially%20after%20closure. Tao et al.], 2005; [https://na-st01.ext.exlibrisgroup.com/01RUT_INST/upload/1618853810791_Kannepalli-etal-accepted.pdf?Expires=1618853930&Signature=QkjYPIA-QlAbkx3opD71~l6TFlrN~hOEWXVZrVL5B3vRqO0NYjfa8Ufcybi1dyxjd3D951iPFWQ55h7PHGHwZz6HRgGLyf9YLL7jo9umYS5q-vpPslHOH4eAi-eEIZ6UPfN4WrA2BErHQffA~xPXKemU-DxVvzQtzDnHWeywgt7NQ5idoiVdfxFrUnY4Zrs9NxlVpDTxvVnhqF8ZKTxd5i24oRZLJuEXVivEUN88EHncCxLO9nDhkJ-ooTJMWPuobSIQxWrnfJE8Mgywso4GV7zfL-90FE~v5c0Puta4Pg191xo3-AEOvUqikUt~r2UAFN16UJ-Ye9MD5qLgIAwuJA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJ72OZCZ36VGVASIA Kannepalli et al.], 2016). Studies indicate leaching of nutrients and organic compounds that contribute to oxygen demand decrease with time ([https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chantal_Beauchamp/publication/6708367_Toxicity_of_Phenolic_Compounds_Extracted_from_Bark_Residues_of_Different_Ages/links/59025ae7aca2725bd722318f/Toxicity-of-Phenolic-Compounds-Extracted-from-Bark-Residues-of-Different-Ages Machrafi et al.], 2007). |
− | Wood chips from recycled wood may contain creosote and CCA (chromated copper arsenate). Wood chips from recycled wood is often colored with dyes. Dyes are typically organic- or iron-based and have not been found to be toxic. However, if colored wood chips are used, the wood source should be determined | + | Wood chips from recycled wood may contain creosote and CCA (chromated copper arsenate). Wood chips from recycled wood is often colored with dyes. Dyes are typically organic- or iron-based and have not been found to be toxic. However, if colored wood chips are used, the wood source should be determined [https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/colored-bark-mulch University of Massachusetts, Amherst]. |
==Effects of wood chips on physical and chemical properties of soil and bioretention media== | ==Effects of wood chips on physical and chemical properties of soil and bioretention media== |
This page provides information on wood chips. While providing extensive information on wood chips, there is a section focused specifically on stormwater applications for wood chips.
Wood chips are small- to medium-sized pieces of wood formed by cutting or chipping larger pieces of wood such as trees, branches, logging residues, stumps, roots, and wood waste. They include bark, wood, and often leaves. Wood chips are rich in lignin, suberin, tannins. Common mulch sources include cedar, cypress, straw/hay, pine, and spruce.
In stormwater applications, wood chips are used as a mulch to provide one or more beneficial functions. Potential benefits of wood chips include but are not limited to the following. They
Physical and chemical properties of wood chips vary depending on the source, method of production, and age. Because of this variability, this page focuses on generic properties of wood chips used as mulch, except where otherwise stated.
This section includes a discussion of chemical and physical properties of wood chips, and potential contaminants in wood chips,
Chemical and physical properties of wood chips
Leachate from fresh wood chips is acidic, produces chemical oxygen demand, and releases nutrients. Negative aquatic response to leachate has been observed near wood chipping facilities and may be due to COD, phenols, organic compounds, or resin acids such as isopimaric acid (IA) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) (Machrafi et al., 2007; Taylor and Carmichael, 2003; Rex et al., 2016). Toxic effects associated with high oxygen demand from wood stockpiles have been observed in nearby receiving waters (Tao et al., 2005; Kannepalli et al., 2016). Studies indicate leaching of nutrients and organic compounds that contribute to oxygen demand decrease with time (Machrafi et al., 2007).
Wood chips from recycled wood may contain creosote and CCA (chromated copper arsenate). Wood chips from recycled wood is often colored with dyes. Dyes are typically organic- or iron-based and have not been found to be toxic. However, if colored wood chips are used, the wood source should be determined University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
In this section we provide information on effects of wood chips on pollutant attenuation and on physical properties of soil and engineered media.
Recommended values for wood chips used in a growth media (Source: see reference list in this section) | |
pH | |
Electrical conductivity (ms/cm) | |
Cation exchange capacity (meq/100g) | |
Nitrogen (%) | |
Phosphorus (%) | |
Potassium (%) | |
Copper (% minimum) | |
C:N ratio (minimum) | |
Lignin (%) | |
Total organic matter (% minimum) | |
Moisture (%) | |
Ash content (%) | |
Impurities | |
Fiber content | |
Expansion | l/kg |
Water holding capacity | l/kg |
Prabhu and Thomas (2002) provide an extensive discussion of wood chips decomposition.
Keep wood mulch away from the trunks of trees to prevent rot. If you are concerned about termites, use cedar mulch or keep other wood mulches at least 6 inches (15 cm.) from the foundation. Let your mulch age if you aren’t sure of your source. This allows time for any sprays that were used on the tree or diseases it may have had to break down.[5]
Read more at Gardening Know How: Types Of Bark Mulch: Tips For Using Wood Mulch In Gardens https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/mulch/bark-mulch-in-gardens.htm