Using the treatment train approach to BMP selection

The basic premise for selection of a Best Management Practice (BMP) or group of BMPs is to follow the treatment train approach. Under the treatment train approach, stormwater management begins with simple methods that minimize the amount of runoff that occurs from a site and methods that prevent pollution from accumulating on the land surface and becoming available for wash-off. Even though we know that we will never be able to fully accomplish either of these goals, we can make substantial progress using the Better Site Design, Low Impact Development (LID), pollution prevention, volume minimization, and temporary construction erosion and sediment control techniques.

After all of the efforts possible are made to minimize runoff and surface wash-off, we must recognize that some potential for runoff will occur. The next major BMP then becomes collection and treatment of runoff locally and regionally, either as stand-alone practices or in treatment train combinations. Some of the available BMPs are best used to reduce runoff volume, while others focus on water quality improvement. Some BMPs will be easy to implement, while others involve serious engineering and sophisticated design. Other BMPs used in a treatment train include bioretention devices, filtration practices such as swales, infiltration practices such as infiltration trenches and infiltration basins, stormwater ponds and stormwater wetlands.

Proper Treatment Accounting

The treatment train approach to stormwater management includes a sequence of BMPs that treat stormwater, starting with pollution prevention and continuing through source control, on site water treatment, and regional water treatment before stormwater is discharged to a receiving water.

When evaluating the benefits of various BMPs, it is essential to account for the amount of water that will enter the system versus the amount that will be by-passed or diverted. Water that does not fall within the design parameters of a BMP will be sent either to another down-gradient BMP or simply routed to a receiving water untreated (not recommended). Although some BMPs, such as ponds and wetlands, will minimally treat excess water because it is routed through the BMP, other such as filtration and infiltration systems, cannot operate properly if excess water flows into them. This is an important distinction that must be evaluated for each BMP installation.

The design recommendations and expected BMP performance contained within this Manual assume that only the amount of water contained within the design will actually be treated. It is not acceptable to assume that all water falling in any event and within the area draining to a BMP will, in fact, be treated by that BMP. An analysis of every BMP installation should include an identification of where by-passed water will flow and how it could be treated.

Pollutant Removal Mechanisms

The key to proper selection of a single or series of BMPs is to match the pollutant to be controlled against the pollutant removal mechanism of a specific BMP. For example, it is not appropriate to use a stormwater pond when temperature control is necessary; however it is very appropriate to use a pond for purposes of rate control. The definition of pollutant being utilized by the Minnesota Stormwater Manual includes both the traditional pollutants (nutrients, solids, etc.) plus the negative effects caused by thermal increases and excessive rate/speed of stormwater flows. Stormwater planners and designers will first need to understand the pollutant(s) of concern that may be generated at their sites. At the early stages of design, stormwater managers should be contacting local water management agencies (watershed districts, watershed management organizations, soil and water conservation districts, counties and/or cities) to learn which pollutants are necessary to control prior to discharge of new stormwater runoff to local waterbodies.

Pollutant removal mechanisms vary with each BMP. The key mechanisms for each group of structural BMPs can be used by stormwater managers as a preliminary screening tool.

Water Quality Pollutant Removal Mechanisms

• Screening/Filtration: The capture of solid pollutants through screens and/or filters which use a media such as sand. Effective for removal of suspended solids.
• Infiltration/Groundwater Recharge: A technique to discharge stormwater runoff to groundwater. Effective when runoff volume controls are required and surface water temperatures must be controlled.
• Settling: Deposition of solids in a water column, usually in a pond, wetland or hydrodynamic device. Typically a minimum of 12 hours of detention is needed to effectively settle solids in stormwater ponds and stormwater wetlands.
• Biological Uptake: Vegetative and microbial uptake of nutrients. Usually accomplished in biofiltration devices and stormwater wetlands.
• Temperature Control: Techniques to reduce the heating effects when runoff flows across hot pavements. Most effective technique is for groundwater to cool treated runoff.
• Soil Adsorption: The physical attachment of a particle, usually nutrients and heavy metals, to the soil.

Water Quantity Control Mechanisms

• Volume Control: Methods to limit the net increase in stormwater runoff volume caused by the creation of new impervious surfaces. Most common techniques include limitation of new surface areas, infiltration, and re-use by vegetation.
• Rate Control: Detention of stormwater runoff to slow the discharge of runoff to surface waters to rates comparable with pre-development conditions. Effective for peak rate control, but can significantly increase the time period of the peak flows.
• Velocity Control: Similar to rate control; intentional restriction of stormwater runoff such that velocity of discharged runoff through downstream channels does not cause channel erosion.
• Evapotranspiration: Specific volume control technique that utilizes evaporation from water surfaces and/or transpiration by vegetation.

BMP Organization

The following BMPs that are recommended for Minnesota. Note that the order of the BMP presentation follows the treatment train sequence.

Non-Structural or Planning Level BMPs

The first level of BMP application occurs at the planning stage and is intended to minimize the impact of development. These practices are intended to prevent pollution and minimize the increase in stormwater volume and are considered prior to initiation of construction or land altering activity.

Pollution Prevention Practices

Specific recommended practices include such things as:

• Housekeeping including landscaping, street sweeping, pavement maintenance, catch basin maintenance, yard waste reduction and litter control
• Atmospheric controls including wind erosion and dust, as well as regulatory emission regulations
• Chemical control of hazardous waste and salt, fertilizer/pesticides, spills (including prevention), swimming pool drainage
• Animal waste management
• Streambank stabilization
• Public works activities including chemical and sanitary wastes, and sewer maintenance.

Fact sheets exist for residential, municipal and industrial/commercial pollution practice categories (Water Quality Focus).

Better Site Design

Better site design includes a series of techniques that reduce impervious cover, conserve natural areas, and use pervious areas to more effectively treat stormwater runoff (Center for Watershed Protection, 1998a) and promote the treatment train approach to runoff management. The goal of better site design is to reduce runoff volume and mitigate site impacts when decisions are being made about proposed layout of a development site.

Runoff Volume Minimization

Typical runoff volume reduction techniques include:

• Compost amended soils
• Green roofs/rooftop gardens
• Pervious pavement/lattice blocks
• Rainwater harvesting (barrels/cisterns, evaporative and irrigation systems)

Temporary Construction Sediment Control

Temporary construction and sediment control practices are described in terms of perimeter, slope, drainageway and “other” criteria, and include:

• Vegetated buffers
• Silt fence
• Access/egress and drainage inlet protection
• Soil and slope stabilization
• Exposed soil covers and reinforcement

Structural BMPs

These BMPs have design guidance describing the engineering details for the BMP category. This design guidance is used, for example, to determine storage volume and physical configuration that best meet the objectives of the BMP application. Also note that some of these BMPs, such as filtration, can be either a primary treatment technique or used for pre-treatment into another BMP.

Bioretention

Bioretention BMPs include vegetated systems that provide a combination of filtration and infiltration into a bio-system consisting of plants and soil, including:

• Rain gardens
• Depressed parking lot/traffic islands
• Road medians
• Tree pits/stormwater planters

Filtration

Filtration BMPs include:

• Media (sand) filters (surface, underground, perimeter/Delaware filter)
• Surface (vegetative) flow (grass channels, dry or wet swales, filter strips)
• Combination media/vegetative filters

Infiltration

Infiltration BMPs include:

• Trenches
• Basins
• Dry wells
• Underground systems

Stormwater Ponds

Stormwater pond design is based upon components needed to fulfill the desired function.

• Components include forebay/pre-treatment, various storage volumes, physical configuration
• Functions include water quality (including thermal impact) and flow control (rate and volume), which determine whether they are wet/dry or some combination

Constructed Wetlands

Selection criteria for stormwater wetlands are similar to stormwater ponds.

• Components include pre-treatment, various storage volumes (detention needed), biologic character
• Functions include primarily water quality and flow control, but could also include ecological factors

Supplemental Pre- and Post-Treatment BMPs

The final category of BMPs present those that are generally, but not always, included in the stormwater treatment train as a supplement to the primary treatment device. Although this is not generally recommended, there is the possibility that these devices could be the only BMP used. These are described in less detail than the previous sections. The designer will be guided through a process of determining the function a generic device serves within the treatment train and evaluating the proposed device against the needed function and manufacturer claims. Proprietary devices are generically described rather than listed as individual companies to avoid risking some omissions and claims of certification in the Manual.

• Hydrodynamic
  • Proprietary sediment and oil/grease removal devices
  • Wet vaults
  • Sorbents
  • Skimmers
• Filtration
  • Catch basin inserts
  • Sorbents
  • Proprietary filtration devises
• Chemical/biological treatment
  • Chemical treatment (ferric chloride, alum, polyacrylamides). Note that these chemical treatments could be limited in the State of Minnesota because of the potential toxic effects associated with them; care will be taken to assess these impacts in the BMP discussion.
  • Biological additives (ex. chitosan)

This table shows a list of BMPs and associated pollutant removal mechanisms. Primary (removal) means the BMP was designed for this specific mechanism. Secondary (removal) means the BMP provides additional removal of pollutants for this mechanism even though the BMP was not designed for that purpose. An empty cell means the BMP provides limited or no removal for that mechanism.
Link to this table.

BMP group	Pollutant removal mechanisms
	Water quality
	Filtration	Infiltration	Settling	Biological uptake	Temperature control	Soil adsorption
Pollution prevention	Not applicable - pollutants not exposed to stormwater
Better Site Design/low impact development	primary	secondary	secondary	secondary	secondary	secondary
Runoff volume minimization		secondary			secondary
Temporary construction sediment control			primary
Bioretention	primary	secondary	secondary	secondary	secondary	secondary
Filtration	primary	secondary		secondary		secondary
Infiltration	secondary	primary		secondary	primary	secondary
Stormwater ponds		secondary	primary	secondary
Stormwater wetlands	secondary	secondary	primary	primary		secondary
Supplemental treatment	Each supplemental and proprietary device should be carefully studied to learn the primary and secondary removal functions

This table shows a list of BMPs and associated volume removal mechanisms. Primary (removal) means the BMP was designed for this specific mechanism. Secondary (removal) means the BMP provides some volume control for this mechanism even though the BMP was not designed for that purpose. An empty cell means the BMP provides limited or no removal for that mechanism.
Link to this table.

BMP group	Volume removal mechanisms
	Water quantity
	Volume control	Rate control	Velocity control	ETa
Pollution prevention	Not applicable
Better Site Design/low impact development	primary	secondary	secondary	secondary
Runoff volume minimization	primary	secondary
Temporary construction sediment control		primary	secondary
Bioretention	secondary	secondary		secondary
Filtration		secondary		secondary
Infiltration	secondary	secondary
Stormwater ponds		primary	primary	secondary
Stormwater wetlands		primary	primary	secondary

Contract work

1. Develop the concept of treatment trains along stormwater flow networks, including benefits of reducing runoff volume and pollutant loads by cumulative use of structural and nonstructural practices.
2. Include a general discussion of costs for construction and maintenance of sequential BMPs within a treatment train compared to BMPs operated separately (e.g. stormwater ponds versus pretreatment with swales prior to going to stormwater ponds).
3. Prepare a report that summarizes information for the four general categories of treatment: pollution prevention and source reduction, primary treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment.
   1. Include information for volume control, phosphorus (dissolved and particulate) and suspended sediments.
   2. Define the difference between and objectives for each of the categories, typical BMPs within each category and pollutants they treat, general effectiveness and reductions achieved within each category.
   3. Include a discussion of likely success for these treatment categories.
4. Prepare individual tables for phosphorus, total suspended sediment, and stormwater volume listing, at a minimum, all BMPs discussed in the Manual, and showing where they are found in the treatment train.
5. Provide examples discussing and illustrating the sequencing of BMPs in a treatment train. Examples shall be provided for the following six scenarios:
   1. A parking lot
   2. An ultra-urban setting
   3. A site with limited infiltration capacity
   4. A retrofit (e.g. Maplewood Mall)
   5. New development
   6. Stormwater ponds in series

For each scenario, describe simple treatment train options and likely range of performances. For example, a range of BMPs that could be considered for parking lots includes sweeping, sand filters around the down-gradient perimeter, swales, and tree trenches.

Each example should provide a step by step process for constructing a treatment train and placing BMPs within the treatment train. Each example will include sample calculations for volume, TSS and phosphorus credits. Each of the four treatment categories shall be included in at least one of the examples. Each of the following BMPs shall be included in at least one example:

• Bioretention
• Infiltration trench or infiltration basin
• Dry swale
• Wet pond
• Constructed wetland
• Permeable pavement
• Green roof
• Enhanced turf
• Iron-enhanced sand filter
• Proprietary devices
• Tree box or tree trench

6. Summarize five case studies where a stormwater treatment train has been implemented.