Design criteria for dry swale (grass swale)
This page is in development
This page provides a discussion of design elements and design steps for dry swales, which are often called grass swales. The following discussion includes dry swales used as filtration or infiltration practices, with the distinction being the presence of an underdrain for filtration practices.
Contents
Terminology
The following terminology is used throughout this design page.
HIGHLY RECOMMENDED - Indicates design guidance that is extremely beneficial or necessary for proper functioning of the practice, but not specifically required by the MPCA CGP.
RECOMMENDED - Indicates design guidance that is helpful for practice performance but not critical to the design.
Details and CADD images
Use this link to access .pdf diagrams of CADD drawings. To see all filtration CADD images in a combined pdf, click here.
- Links to .dwg files for swales
- Swale layout: File:Swale Layout2 (1).pdf
- Typical dry swale profile section with check dams and draintile: File:MIDS Dry Swale Sections-SHEET 1.pdf
- Typical grass channel cross-section without soil amendment: File:MIDS Dry Swale Sections-SHEET 2.pdf
Major design elements - Physical feasibility initial check
Before deciding to use a dry swale practice for stormwater management, it is helpful to consider several items that bear on the feasibility of using such a device at a given location. This section describes considerations in making an initial judgment as to whether or not a dry swale is the appropriate BMP for the site.
Infiltration constraints
The following links provide additional information on specific constraints to infiltration. The Construction Stormwater General Permit prohibits infiltration under certain conditions, which are summarized and discussed in detail at this link.
- Karst
- Shallow soils and shallow depth to bedrock
- Shallow groundwater
- Soils with low infiltration capacity
- Separation distances
- Potential stormwater hotspots
- Wellhead protection
- Contaminated soils and groundwater
- Procedures for investigating sites with potential constraints
Contributing drainage area
The RECOMMENDED maximum drainage area is typically 5 acres, although in practicality it is difficult to control the contributing drainage area to a swale.
Site topography and slopes
Unless slope stability calculations demonstrate otherwise (see [1], [2], [3]), it is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that swales be located a minimum horizontal distance of 200 feet from down-gradient slopes greater than 20 percent, and that slopes in contributing drainage areas be limited to 15 percent
Site location/minimum setback
If the swale is constructed as an infiltration practice, the following table summarizes horizontal and vertical setback distances for required and recommended minimum distances from an infiltration practice to an above-ground or underground structure. It will be necessary to consult local ordinances for further guidance on siting infiltration practices.
.
Required and recommended minimum vertical and horizontal separation distances. This represents the minimum distance from the infiltration practice to the structure of concern. If the structure is above-ground, the distance is measured from the edge of the BMP to the structure. If the structure is underground, the vertical separation distance represents the distance from the point of infiltration through the bottom of the system to the structure, while the horizontal separation (often called setback) distance is the shortest distance from the edge of the system to the structure.
Link to this table
| Structure | Distance (feet) | Requirement or recommendation | Note(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vertical | Saturated soil | 3 | Requirement1 | |
| Bedrock | 3 | Requirement1 | ||
| Horizontal | Public supply well | 100 for sensitive wells; 50 for others3 | Requirement | |
| Building/structure/property line2 | 10 | Recommended | ||
| Surface water | none unless local requirements exist | If nearby stream is impaired for chloride, see [4] | ||
| Septic system | 35 | Recommended | ||
| Contaminated soil/groundwater | No specific distance. Infiltration must not mobilize contaminants. | |||
| Slope | 200 | Recommended | from toe of slope >= 20% | |
| Karst | 1000 up-gradient 100 down-gradient | Requirement1 | active karst | |
1 Required under the Construction Stormwater General Permit
2 Minimum with slopes directed away from the building
3If treating an average of 10,000 gallons per day; otherwise separation distance is 300 feet
Depth to groundwater and bedrock
A separation distance of at least 3 feet is REQUIRED under the MPCA CGP between the bottom elevation of infiltration swales and the elevation of the seasonally high water table. Shallow bedrock areas should be avoided for dry swales with a minimum separation distance of 3 feet.
A field soil properties investigation is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED.
Karst topography
It is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that infiltration practices not be used in active karst formations without adequate geotechnical testing.
Wellhead protection areas
See stormwater and wellhead protection for guidance and recommendations for determining the appropriateness of infiltrating stormwater in a Drinking Water Supply Management Area (DWSMA). For more information on source water protection see Minnesota Department of Health.
Soils hydrologic soil group mapping (see Design infiltration rates)
See NRCS Web Soil Survey for hydrologic soil descriptions for the swale location. A and B soils are potentially suitable for an infiltration swale. The maximum allowed field-measured infiltration rate shall not exceed 8.3 inches per hour for an infiltration swale.
Major design elements - Practice and site considerations
Several considerations are made in this section for the conceptual design of dry swales. Further design guidance and specifications are made in the following sections.
Conveyance
It is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that the designer provides non-erosive flow velocities within the swale and at the outlet point to reduce downstream erosion. During the 10-year or 25-year storm (depending on local drainage criteria), discharge velocity should be kept below 4 feet per second for established grassed channels. Erosion control matting or rock should be specified if higher velocities are expected.
Pretreatment
If there is space for pretreatment prior to the swale it should be evaluated. Pretreatment should also be considered when runoff entering the swale has high concentrations of sediment. See the pretreatment section for more information.
If the dry swale is being used to meet the Construction Stormwater General Permit, pretreatment is required.
Grading
- Slope of swale: The longitudinal slope of a dry swale may vary from 0.5 and 2 percent and will affect the selection of swale type. It is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that the design engineer consider the expected watershed flow to be conveyed by the swale in making the preliminary determination of design type.
- Swale bottom: It is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that the swale bottom be no less than 3 feet wide and sized based on the relative stage-dependent flow driven cross-sectional area.
- Side slopes: It is RECOMMENDED that the maximum side slopes within a swale do not exceed 3H:1V and be designed based on the relative stage-dependent flow driven cross-sectional area.
- Swale depth: Swale depth will be estimated based on the relative stage-dependent flow driven cross-sectional area.
- Additional considerations: In watersheds with unstable soils or lack of vegetative cover (e.g., construction, farmland and highly impervious surfaces) or where some compaction occurred during construction, compaction should be alleviated or the hydrologic soil classification for the site should be downgraded for feasibility study purposes.
Filter media
Swales designed for filtration (i.e. swales that have an underdrain) typically have engineered media. The media is comprised of a combination of sand and organic material on top of a pea gravel bed that encases a perforated drain pipe. The media assists in the removal of fine particulate and dissolved pollutants, improving on the overall performance of swale systems. See design specifications for media.
Underdrains
Underdrains are used when drawdown requirements cannot be me (e.g. C and D soils) or when there are other constraints to infiltration (see constraints to infiltration). Underdrains are comprised of a perforated, PVC pipe laid within filter media to convey runoff to either a stable day-lit area, a second form of treatment, or the storm sewer. A solid-walled PVC section of piping should be connected to the perforated drain pipe with a “tee” junction piece and extended to the swale’s surface to serve as an inspection and cleanout access point. These observation/maintenance ports are spaced throughout the system. See specifications for underdrains.
Treatment
Stormwater treatment in dry swales varies by design, relying on several functions. Organic and mineral sediments suspended in stormwater flows are deposited onto the swale bottom, depending on their size and mass as well as water retention time in a process termed sedimentation. Though swales generally do not detain or retain water for extended periods, this function can be enhanced through the use of check dams or weirs that hold back flows for a design period. The second function in pollutant removal is sorption of particulate matter via the swale’s soils and vegetation as it passes through the system. For dry swales with or without filter media, a portion of the stormwater flows percolate through soil where fine particulate and dissolved pollutants are treated. In fully infiltrating soils, 100% of that portion of pollutant is removed from the surface conveyance to downstream waterbodies, though some shallow ground water connections to nearby water bodies or aquifers should be considered. For swales with filter media and underdrains, a significant portion of non-dissolved contaminants are removed before being conveyed via drain pipe to downstream stormwater treatment practices or a receiving body of water. The last form of treatment swales provide is plant uptake of pollutants.
In most cases, swales are not considered a volume reduction practice unless there is suitable in-situ soil for infiltration to occur, though some volume reduction can occur through evapotranspiration.
Vegetation
Vegetation plays a crucial role in dry swale treatment capacity, flow attenuation and stabilization of the swale itself (i.e., erosion control). It is HIGHLY RECEOMMENDED that preference is given to robust native, non-clump forming grasses as the predominant plant type within the swale flow area. Care must also be taken to consider species selection in light of sun exposure duration/timing as well as soil moisture, ponding depth and ponding duration.
Landscaping
Swales can be effectively integrated into the site planning process and aesthetically designed as attractive green spaces planted with native vegetation. Because vegetation is fundamental to the performance and function of the swale, aesthetically chosen vegetation may only be possible on the surface of the swales.
Snow considerations
Considering management of snow, the following are recommended
- Plan a plow path during design phase and tell snowplow operators where to push the snow. Plan trees around (not in) plow path, with a 16 foot minimum between trees.
- Plan for snow storage (both temporary during construction and permanent). Don’t plow into dry swales routinely. Dry swales should be a last resort for snow storage (i.e. only for very large snow events as “emergency overflow”.
- Snow storage could be, for example, a designed pretreatment area.
For more information and example photos, see the section on snow and ice management.
Safety
Swales do not pose any major safety hazards. Potential hazards could occur from the steep side slope and checks of the swales if they are close to pedestrian traffic or roadways with no shoulders.
Materials specification
Erosion control
The use of temporary erosion control materials is REQUIRED in the design and construction of all swale types to allow for the establishment of firmly-rooted, dense vegetative cover. The dry swale bottom and side slopes up to the 10-yr event should use robust erosion control matting that can resists the expected shear stresses associated with channelized flows. The matting should have a minimum life expectancy of three years. Upper banks of the swale slope should be protected by either similar matting or a straw/coconut blend erosion control blanket. See MNDOT specifications for guidance on selection of erosion control products.
Filter media
Filter media used in dry swale designs should follow guidance on material specifications within the Bioretention section of the MN Stormwater Manual.
Underdrains
The following are RECOMMENDED for filtration practices with underdrains.
- The minimum underdrain pipe diameter is 4 inches.
- Install 2 or more underdrains for each practice system in case one clogs. At a minimum provide one underdrain for every 1,000 square feet of surface area.
- Include at least 2 observation /cleanouts for each underdrain, one at the upstream end and one at the downstream end. Cleanouts should be at least 4 inch diameter vertical non-perforated schedule 40 PVC pipe, and extend 6-12 inches above the surface. Cap cleanouts with a watertight removable cap.
- Construct underdrains with Schedule 40 or SDR 35 smooth wall PVC pipe.
- Install underdrains with a minimum slope of 0.5 percent, particularly in HSG D soils (Note: to utilize Manning’s equation the slope must be greater than 0).
- Include a utility trace wire for all buried piping.
- For underdrains that daylight on grade, include a marking stake and animal guard.
- For each underdrain have an accessible knife gate valve on its outlet to allow the option of operating the system as either bioinfiltration, biofiltration system or both. The valve should enable the ability to make adjustments to the discharge flow so the sum of the infiltration rate plus the underdrain discharge rate equal a 48 hour draw-down time.
- Pipe perforations should be 3/8 inches and prevent migration of filter media and aggregate into the pipe. Use solid sections of non-perforated PVC piping and watertight joints wherever the underdrain system passes below berms, down steep slopes, makes a connection to a drainage structure, or daylights on grade.
- Spacing of collection laterals should be less than 25 feet.
- Underdrain pipes should have a minimum of 3 inches of washed #57 stone above and on each side of the pipe (stone is not required below the pipe). Above the stone, two inches of choking stone is needed to protect the underdrain from blockage.
- Avoid filter fabric.
- Pipe socks may be needed for underdrains embedded in sand. If pipe socks are used, use circular knit fabric.
- The procedure to size underdrains is typically determined by the project engineer. An example for sizing underdrains is found in Section 5.7 of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Stormwater BMP Manual.
Plants
Refer to the vegetation section of the manual for selection of Minnesota native plants to be used in swales. Care must be taken to specify plants for their position in the system (swale bottom, side slopes and buffer). Preference towards robust non-clump forming grasses or sedges should be given to the swale bottom that can withstand flow forces as well as provide adequate filtration functions. It is also important to understand draw-down time not only within the channel itself, but in either in-situ soils or the filter media as plants have variable tolerance to the depth and duration of inundation as well as soil moisture period. Lastly, care should be taken to understand sun exposure requirements of various plants to ensure a robust, dense establishment of vegetative cover.