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Minnesota Stormwater Manual

References for green roofs
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References

  • ASTM, 2005. Method E2399-5, Standard Test Method for Maximum Media Density for Dead Load Analysis of Green Roof Systems. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Bengtsson, L., L. Grahn, and J. Olsson. 2005. Hydrological function of a thin extensive green roof in southern Sweden. Nordic Hydrol. 36 (3), 259–268.
  • Berghage, R., C. Miller, B. Bass, D. Moseley, and K. Weeks. 2010. Stormwater Runoff from a Large Commercial Roof in Chicago. Proceedings Cities Alive Conference. Vancouver, Canada. Nov 30-Dec 3.
  • Butler, C., and C.M. Orians. 2011. Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof. Ecological Engineering,37(11): 1796–1803.
  • Cantor, S. L. 2008. Green Roofs in Sustainable Landscape Design. W.W.Norton, NY.
  • Carpenter, D.D., Kaluvakolanu, P. 2011. Effect of roof surface type on stormwater run-off from full-scale roofs in a temperate climate. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 137:161-169.
  • Carroll, K. 2013. Personal Communication.
  • Carter, T., Rasmussen, T. 2006. Hydrological behavior of vegetated roofs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42, 1261-1274
  • Compton, J. S., and T. H. Whitlow. 2006. A Zero Discharge Green Roof System and Species Selection to Optimize Evapotranspiration and Water Retention. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston, MA, May 11-12, 2006.
  • Durhman, A.K. D. B. Rowe, and C. L. Rugh. 2007. Effect of Substrate Depth on Initial Growth, Coverage, and Survival of 25 Succulent Green Roof Plant Taxa. HORTSCIENCE 42(3):588–595. 2007.
  • Durhman, A.K., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2006. Effect of watering regimen on chlorophyll fluorescence and growth of selected green roof plant taxa. HortScience 41:1623–1628.
  • Dvorak, B, and K. Carroll. 2008. Chicago City Hall Green Roof: Its Evolving Form and Care. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD.
  • Dvorak, B., and A. Volder. 2010. Green Roof Vegetation for North American Ecoregions: A Literature Review. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 197-213.
  • Fassman, E. and Simcock, R. 2012. ”Moisture Measurements as Performance Criteria for Extensive Living Roof Substrates.” J. Environ. Eng., 138(8), 841–851. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000532
  • Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V. (FLL) Richlinien für die Planung, Ausführung and Plege von Dachbegrünung (Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-Roof Sites: developed by the German Research Society for Landscape Development and Landscape Design)
  • Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047.
  • Green Roofs for Healthy Cities and The Cardinal Group. 2006. Green Roof Design 101: Introductory Course. Second Edition Participant’s Manual.
  • Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. No publication year given. Green Roof Infrastructure: Design and Installation 201.
  • Grese, R. 2008. Personal Communication.
  • Hawke, R. 2013. Personal communication.
  • Kestrel Design Group. 2013. Personal Communication.
  • Lundholm J, J.S. MacIvor, Z. MacDougall, and M. Ranalli. 2010. Plant Species and Functional Group Combinations Affect Green Roof Ecosystem Functions. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9677. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009677
  • Magnuson Klemenic Associates. 2007. Technical Memorandum: Stormwater Control Potential for Seattle Green Roof Retrofits. Seattle Public Utilities Green Roof Retrofit Study.
  • Mandel, L., 2013, EAT UP; The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
  • Miller, C. 2003. Moisture management in green roofs. In: Proc. of 1st North American

Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, The Cardinal Group, Toronto, Chicago, IL, 29–30 May 2003. p. 177–182

  • Monterusso, M.A., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2005. Establishment and persistence of Sedum spp. and native taxa for green roof applications. HortScience 40:391–396.
  • Moran, A., B. Hunt, and J. Smith. 2005. Hydrologic and water quality performance from green roofs in Goldsboro and Raleigh, North Carolina, p. 512-525. In Proc. of 3rd North American Green Roof Conference: Greening rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Washington, DC. 4-6 May 2005. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
  • National Institute of Building Sciences. Whole Building Design Guide.
  • Rezaei, F., A.R. Jarrett, R.D. Berghage, and D.J. Beattie. 2005. Evapotranspiration Rates from Extensive Green Roof Plant Species. ASAE Meeting Presentatin Paper Number 052150. Written for presentation at the 2005 ASAE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASAE, Tampa Convention Center. Tampa, FL 17-20 July 2005.


  • Rowe, B.D. 2011. Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environmental Pollution 159: 2100-2110.
  • Rowe, D.B., C.L. Rugh, N. VanWoert, M.A. Monterusso, and D.K. Russell. 2003. Green roof slope, substrate depth, and begetation influence runoff, p. 354-362 In Proc. Of 1st North American Green Roof Conferences: Greening rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Chicago. 29-30 May 2003. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
  • Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. 2012. Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104: 310-319.
  • Rowe, D.B., C.L. Rugh, and A.K. Durhman. 2006. Assessment of substrate depth and composition on green roof plant performance. Proc. of 4th North American Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston, Mass., 10–12 May 2006. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.*Simmons, M.T., B. Gardiner, S. Windhager, and J. Tinsley. 2008. Green roofs are not created equal: the hydrologic and thermal performance of six different extensive green roofs and reflective and non-reflective roofs in a sub-tropical climate. Urban Ecosyst. 11, 339–348.*Sinclair, T.R.; N.M. Holbrook, and M.A. Zwieniecki. 2005. Daily Transpiration Rates of Woody Species on Drying Soil. In Tree Physiology 25: 1469-1472. Victoria Canada.
  • Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide. Timber Press. Portland, OR.
  • Sutton, R.K.; J.A. Harrington; L. Skabelund; P. MacDonagh; R. R. Coffman; and G. Koch. 2012. Prairie-Based Green Roofs: Literature, Templates, and Analogs. Journal of Green Building 7(1):143-172.
  • Sutton, R.; B. Rowe;G. Acomb; J. Lambrinos; P. MacDonagh; R. Hawke. 2012. New Plant Performance for 21st Century Green Roof Ecosystems. Cities Alive Conference, Chicago IL.
  • Sutton, R. 2011. Personal Communication.
  • Taylor, B. L. and Gangnes, D. 2007. Technical Memorandum: Stormwater Control Potential for Seattle Green Roof Retrofits Seattle Public Utilities Green Roof Retrofit Study.
  • Teemusk, A., and U. Mander. 2007. “Rainwater runoff quantity and quality performance from a greenroof: The effects of short-term events.” Ecol. Eng., 30(3), 271–277.
  • Torrance, S.; B. Bass, S. MacIvor and T. McGlade in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division. No publication year given. City of Toronto Guidelines for Biodiverse Green Roofs.
  • Ulrich, R.S. 2002. Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals. Paper for Conference, Plants for People, International Exhibition Floriade.
  • Van Seters, T., L. Rocha, and G. MacMillan, G. Evaluation of the runoff quantity and quality performance of an extensive green roof in Toronto, Ontario. Proceedings of the Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Minneapolis, 2007.
  • VanWoert, N.D., D.B. Rowe, J.A. Andresen, C.L. Rugh, and L. Xiao. 2005. Watering regime and

green roof substrate design affect Sedum plant growth. HortScience 40:659–664.

  • Villarreal, E. L. and L. Bengtsson (2005). Response of a sedum green-roof to individual rain events. Ecological Engineering 25(1): 1-7.
  • Voyde, E., E. Fassman, R. Simcock, and J. Wells. 2010. ”Quantifying Evapotranspiration Rates for New Zealand Green Roofs.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 15, SPECIAL ISSUE: Low Impact Development, Sustainability Science, and Hydrological Cycle, 395–403.
  • Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.
  • Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.
  • Whittinghill, L.J.; D.B. Rowe, 2011. Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants. Urban Ecosystems 14(4):783-794.




  • Bengtsson, L., L. Grahn, and J. Olsson. 2005. Hydrological function of a thin extensive green roof in southern Sweden. Nordic Hydrol. 36 (3), 259–268.



  • Berghage, R., C. Miller, B. Bass, D. Moseley, and K. Weeks. 2010. Stormwater Runoff from a Large Commercial Roof in Chicago. Proceedings Cities Alive Conference. Vancouver, Canada. Nov 30-Dec 3.
  • Butler, C., and C.M. Orians. 2011. Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof. Ecological Engineering,37(11): 1796–1803.
  • Cantor, S. L. 2008. Green Roofs in Sustainable Landscape Design. W.W.Norton, NY.
  • Carpenter, D.D., Kaluvakolanu, P. 2011. Effect of roof surface type on stormwater run-off from full-scale roofs in a temperate climate. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 137:161-169.


  • Carroll, K. 2013. Personal Communication.
  • Carter, T., Rasmussen, T. 2006. Hydrological behavior of vegetated roofs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42, 1261-1274


  • Compton, J. S., and T. H. Whitlow. 2006. A Zero Discharge Green Roof System and Species Selection to Optimize Evapotranspiration and Water Retention. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston, MA, May 11-12, 2006.
  • Durhman, A.K. D. B. Rowe, and C. L. Rugh. 2007. Effect of Substrate Depth on Initial Growth, Coverage, and Survival of 25 Succulent Green Roof Plant Taxa. HORTSCIENCE 42(3):588–595. 2007.
  • Durhman, A.K., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2006. Effect of watering regimen on chlorophyll fluorescence and growth of selected green roof plant taxa. HortScience 41:1623–1628.
  • Dvorak, B, and K. Carroll. 2008. Chicago City Hall Green Roof: Its Evolving Form and Care. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD.
  • Dvorak, B., and A. Volder. 2010. Green Roof Vegetation for North American Ecoregions: A Literature Review. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 197-213.
  • Fassman, E. and Simcock, R. 2012. ”Moisture Measurements as Performance Criteria for Extensive Living Roof Substrates.” J. Environ. Eng., 138(8), 841–851. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000532
  • Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V. (FLL) Richlinien für die Planung, Ausführung and Plege von Dachbegrünung (Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-Roof Sites: developed by the German Research Society for Landscape Development and Landscape Design)
  • Getter, K.L.; Rowe, D.B. 2008. Selecting Plants for Extensive Green Roofs in the United States. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3047.
  • Green Roofs for Healthy Cities and The Cardinal Group. 2006. Green Roof Design 101: Introductory Course. Second Edition Participant’s Manual.
  • Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. No publication year given. Green Roof Infrastructure: Design and Installation 201.
  • Grese, R. 2008. Personal Communication.
  • Hawke, R. 2013. Personal communication.
  • Kestrel Design Group. 2013. Personal Communication.
  • Lundholm J, J.S. MacIvor, Z. MacDougall, and M. Ranalli. 2010. Plant Species and Functional Group Combinations Affect Green Roof Ecosystem Functions. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9677. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009677


  • Magnuson Klemenic Associates. 2007. Technical Memorandum: Stormwater Control Potential for Seattle Green Roof Retrofits. Seattle Public Utilities Green Roof Retrofit Study.


  • Mandel, L., 2013, EAT UP; The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture. New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.
  • Miller, C. 2003. Moisture management in green roofs. In: Proc. of 1st North American

Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, The Cardinal Group, Toronto, Chicago, IL, 29–30 May 2003. p. 177–182


  • Monterusso, M.A., D.B. Rowe, and C.L. Rugh. 2005. Establishment and persistence of Sedum spp. and native taxa for green roof applications. HortScience 40:391–396.
  • Moran, A., B. Hunt, and J. Smith. 2005. Hydrologic and water quality performance from green roofs in Goldsboro and Raleigh, North Carolina, p. 512-525. In Proc. of 3rd North American Green Roof Conference: Greening rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Washington, DC. 4-6 May 2005. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
  • National Institute of Building Sciences. Whole Building Design Guide.
  • Rezaei, F., A.R. Jarrett, R.D. Berghage, and D.J. Beattie. 2005. Evapotranspiration Rates from Extensive Green Roof Plant Species. ASAE Meeting Presentatin Paper Number 052150. Written for presentation at the 2005 ASAE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASAE, Tampa Convention Center. Tampa, FL 17-20 July 2005.



  • Rowe, B.D. 2011. Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environmental Pollution 159: 2100-2110.


  • Rowe, D.B., C.L. Rugh, N. VanWoert, M.A. Monterusso, and D.K. Russell. 2003. Green roof slope, substrate depth, and begetation influence runoff, p. 354-362 In Proc. Of 1st North American Green Roof Conferences: Greening rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Chicago. 29-30 May 2003. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
  • Rowe, D. Bradley, Kristin L. Getter, and Angela K. Durhman. 2012. Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years. Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier) 104: 310-319.
  • Rowe, D.B., C.L. Rugh, and A.K. Durhman. 2006. Assessment of substrate depth and composition on green roof plant performance. Proc. of 4th North American Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston, Mass., 10–12 May 2006. The Cardinal Group, Toronto.
  • Simmons, M.T., B. Gardiner, S. Windhager, and J. Tinsley. 2008. Green roofs are not created equal: the hydrologic and thermal performance of six different extensive green roofs and reflective and non-reflective roofs in a sub-tropical climate. Urban Ecosyst. 11, 339–348.
  • Sinclair, T.R.; N.M. Holbrook, and M.A. Zwieniecki. 2005. Daily Transpiration Rates of Woody Species on Drying Soil. In Tree Physiology 25: 1469-1472. Victoria Canada.
  • Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide. Timber Press. Portland, OR.
  • Sutton, R.K.; J.A. Harrington; L. Skabelund; P. MacDonagh; R. R. Coffman; and G. Koch. 2012. Prairie-Based Green Roofs: Literature, Templates, and Analogs. Journal of Green Building 7(1):143-172.
  • Sutton, R.; B. Rowe;G. Acomb; J. Lambrinos; P. MacDonagh; R. Hawke. 2012. New Plant Performance for 21st Century Green Roof Ecosystems. Cities Alive Conference, Chicago IL.
  • Sutton, R. 2011. Personal Communication.
  • Taylor, B. L. and Gangnes, D. 2007. Technical Memorandum: Stormwater Control Potential for Seattle Green Roof Retrofits Seattle Public Utilities Green Roof Retrofit Study.
  • Teemusk, A., and U. Mander. 2007. “Rainwater runoff quantity and quality performance from a greenroof: The effects of short-term events.” Ecol. Eng., 30(3), 271–277.
  • Torrance, S.; B. Bass, S. MacIvor and T. McGlade in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division. No publication year given. City of Toronto Guidelines for Biodiverse Green Roofs.
  • Ulrich, R.S. 2002. Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals. Paper for Conference, Plants for People, International Exhibition Floriade.
  • Van Seters, T., L. Rocha, and G. MacMillan, G. Evaluation of the runoff quantity and quality performance of an extensive green roof in Toronto, Ontario. Proceedings of the Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Minneapolis, 2007.
  • VanWoert, N.D., D.B. Rowe, J.A. Andresen, C.L. Rugh, and L. Xiao. 2005. Watering regime and

green roof substrate design affect Sedum plant growth. HortScience 40:659–664.

  • Villarreal, E. L. and L. Bengtsson (2005). Response of a sedum green-roof to individual rain events. Ecological Engineering 25(1): 1-7.
  • Voyde, E., E. Fassman, R. Simcock, and J. Wells. 2010. ”Quantifying Evapotranspiration Rates for New Zealand Green Roofs.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 15, SPECIAL ISSUE: Low Impact Development, Sustainability Science, and Hydrological Cycle, 395–403.
  • Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.
  • Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.
  • Whittinghill, L.J.; D.B. Rowe, 2011. Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants. Urban Ecosystems 14(4):783-794.



  • Snodgrass, E.C. and L.L. Snodgrass. 2006. Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide. Timber Press. Portland, OR.
  • Sutton, R.K.; J.A. Harrington; L. Skabelund; P. MacDonagh; R. R. Coffman; and G. Koch. 2012. Prairie-Based Green Roofs: Literature, Templates, and Analogs. Journal of Green Building 7(1):143-172.
  • Sutton, R.; B. Rowe;G. Acomb; J. Lambrinos; P. MacDonagh; R. Hawke. 2012. New Plant Performance for 21st Century Green Roof Ecosystems. Cities Alive Conference, Chicago IL.
  • Sutton, R. 2011. Personal Communication.
  • Taylor, B. L. and Gangnes, D. 2007. Technical Memorandum: Stormwater Control Potential for Seattle Green Roof Retrofits Seattle Public Utilities Green Roof Retrofit Study.
  • Teemusk, A., and U. Mander. 2007. “Rainwater runoff quantity and quality performance from a greenroof: The effects of short-term events.” Ecol. Eng., 30(3), 271–277.
  • Torrance, S.; B. Bass, S. MacIvor and T. McGlade in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division. No publication year given. City of Toronto Guidelines for Biodiverse Green Roofs.
  • Ulrich, R.S. 2002. Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals. Paper for Conference, Plants for People, International Exhibition Floriade.


  • Van Seters, T., L. Rocha, and G. MacMillan, G. Evaluation of the runoff quantity and quality performance of an extensive green roof in Toronto, Ontario. Proceedings of the Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Minneapolis, 2007.


  • VanWoert, N.D., D.B. Rowe, J.A. Andresen, C.L. Rugh, and L. Xiao. 2005. Watering regime and

green roof substrate design affect Sedum plant growth. HortScience 40:659–664.

  • Villarreal, E. L. and L. Bengtsson (2005). Response of a sedum green-roof to individual rain events. Ecological Engineering 25(1): 1-7.
  • Voyde, E., E. Fassman, R. Simcock, and J. Wells. 2010. ”Quantifying Evapotranspiration Rates for New Zealand Green Roofs.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 15, SPECIAL ISSUE: Low Impact Development, Sustainability Science, and Hydrological Cycle, 395–403.
  • Whittinghill, L.J. and D.B. Rowe. 2012. The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27(4):314-322.
  • Whittinghill, L.J., D.B. Rowe, and B.M. Cregg. 2013. Evaluation of vegetable production on extensive green roofs. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37(4):465-484.
  • Whittinghill, L.J.; D.B. Rowe, 2011. Salt tolerance of common green roof and green wall plants. Urban Ecosystems 14(4):783-794.
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