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Minnesota Stormwater Manual

Event mean concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus in stormwater runoff
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Summary information - phosphorus concentrations in stormwater runoff
Land use
Recommended total phosphorus event mean concentration (mg/L)
Commercial
0.200
Industrial
0.235
Residential
0.325
Freeways/transportation
0.280
Mixed
0.290
Open space
0.190
Conventional roof
0.030

This page provides information on event mean concentrations for total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus in urban stormwater runoff. For a discussion of phosphorus in stormwater runoff, including information on sources, fate, and water quality impacts, see this page. For a discussion of event mean concentrations, see Stormwater pollutant concentrations and event mean concentrations.

Objective

Event mean concentrations (emcs) are used in models for predicting water quality impacts from stormwater runoff and stormwater treatment practices. Pollutant loads, which are typically used to assess water quality impacts, including establishing total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), are a function of pollutant concentration and volume of runoff. It is therefore important to accurately determine appropriate event mean concentrations when assessing water quality impacts from stormwater runoff.

This page provides summary information that can be used for selecting or calculating appropriate emcs for total and dissolved phosphorus.

Information: Many factors affect phosphorus concentrations in stormwater. If you are unfamiliar with the concept of event mean concentrations, we recommend you first read Stormwater pollutant concentrations and event mean concentrations

Methodology

We conducted a review of literature to develop the emcs shown on this page. Nearly all studies provided summary information; we therefore did not analyze raw data with the exception of data from Capitol Region Watershed District (see discussion below) and the National Stormwater Quality Database. We compiled the summary information into a spreadsheet and conducted simple statistical analysis of the information. Data from the following studies were compiled into the spreadsheet.

In addition to the above sources, we compiled water quality monitoring data from 10 storm sewer outfalls in the Capitol Region Watershed in Minnesota. The data period for each outlet varied but generally spanned the period from about 2005 to 2019. The following information was compiled for each monitoring location.

  • Date
  • Total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, and orthophosphate as P, all in mg/L.
  • Sample type, which included runoff samples during precipitation events, snowmelt samples, and baseflow samples for those locations where groundwater contributed to flow.

We also downloaded the 2015 National Stormwater Quality Database. The dataset includes information from across the U.S. We selected only data from Region 1, which includes Minnesota, for analysis. Only data on total phosphorus was available. Four land uses included commercial, industrial, residential, and open space, with the number of samples for each land use varying.

For both of these data sets, we conducted simple statistical analyses.

Recommended event mean concentrations (emc) for total phosphorus, by land use

Pollutant loads in stormwater runoff equal the pollutant concentration times the runoff volume. Thus, when calculating pollutant loading, it is necessary to consider not only the event mean concentration but factors affecting the volume of runoff. For most models and calculations, this requires adjusting curve numbers or runoff coefficients to account for differences in directly connected impervious surface between different land uses. There may be other adjustments to volume, such as accounting for interception by trees. See the discussion Accounting for differences in pollutant loading.

Emcs for total phosphorus vary by land use. This section provides recommended emcs for different land uses. A discussion of factors affecting emcs and potential adjustments to emcs are provided in separate sections below.

Residential land use

Information: The recommended event mean concentration for total phosphorus in residential areas is 0.325 mg/L
image of residential land use
Example of residential land use

Studies from the literature frequently provide concentrations for residential land use or occasionally for different types of residential land use, typically low-, medium-, or high-density residential. Most studies do not define criteria for dividing residential land use into these subcategories. Various definitions can be found in the literature, including the following.

  • Residential: "Residential land use means any real property or portion thereof which is used for housing human beings. This term includes property used for schools, day care centers, nursing homes, or other residential-style facilities or recreational areas." (Law Insider accessed December 31, 2019).
  • High-density residential: More than 10 units per acre; can include multiple-occupant dwellings
  • Medium-density residential: 1-10 dwellings per acre; can include multiple-occupant dwellings
  • Low-density residential: one dwelling per 1-5 acres; can include multiple-occupant dwellings

Note that residential land uses can include other land uses, such as commercial and industrial. Many studies therefore classify land uses as mixed or urban, even though a specific land use may dominate a particular area.

Because of the variable and arbitrary manner in which residential land use is classified, we provide a single recommended value for event mean concentration in residential land uses. We provide information below for adjusting this recommended value depending on local conditions. We used the following references for generating a recommended value for residential land use.

  • Baldys et al., (1998). 77 data points from Dallas-Fort Worth area. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.33 mg/L
  • Yand and Toor, (2018). 35 data points from Florida. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.29 mg/L
  • Waschbusch et al. (1999). 25 data points from Madison Wisconsin. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.17 mg/L
  • National Urban Runoff Program (1983). Summary of data from 28 studies in the U.S. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.38 mg/L
  • Olson et al., (2017). Data from 254 samples in Colorado. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.45 mg/L
  • Capital Region Watershed District. Outfall data from 9 catchments in St. Paul, Minnesota. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.325 mg/L
  • National Stormwater Quality database. Data from 249 locations in Region 1 (including Minnesota). Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.27 mg/L

We chose these studies because they contained large amounts of data and they were located in humid and sub-humid areas of the U.S. The median of the above 7 values is 0.325 mg/L.

Commercial land use emcs

Information: The recommended event mean concentration for total phosphorus in commercial areas is 0.200 mg/L
image of commercial land use
Example of commercial land use

"Commercial land use is the use of land for commercial purposes including building offices, shops, resorts and restaurants as opposed to construction of a residential house" (Reference, accessed December 24, 2019). Commercial areas considered in this analysis do not include areas used for commercial crop production.

We used the following studies in our analysis.

  • Baldys et al., (1998). 42 data points from Dallas-Fort Worth area. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.14 mg/L
  • National Urban Runoff Program (1983). Summary of data from 28 studies in the U.S. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.20 mg/L
  • Olson et al., (2017). Data from 254 samples in Colorado. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.22 mg/L
  • National Stormwater Quality database. Data from 165 locations in Region 1 (including Minnesota). Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.11 mg/L
  • van Guerard and Weiss (1995). Data from 7 samples in Colorado Springs. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.12 mg/L
  • Wang et al. (2013). Data from 20 samples in Chongqing, China. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.12 mg/L

The median concentration from these studies is 0.17 mg/L. This value appears to be relatively low compared to other studies for which ranges were reported.

  • Harper (1998) reported median concentrations of 0.15-0.43 mg/L in Florida
  • Brezonik and Stadelmann (2001) reported concentrations of 0.22-0.77 mg/L in Minnesota

We recommend a value of 0.200 mg/L for stormwater runoff from commercial areas.

Industrial land use emcs

Information: The recommended event mean concentration for total phosphorus in industrial areas is 0.235 mg/L
imageindustrial area
Example of an industrial area

Industrial land use includes "land used for commercial establishments, manufacturing plants, public utilities, mining, distribution of goods or services, administration of business activities, research and development facilities, warehousing, shipping, transporting, remanufacturing, stockpiling of raw materials, storage, repair and maintenance of commercial machinery or equipment, and waste management" (Law Insider; accessed December 31, 2019).

We used the following studies in our analysis.

  • Baldys et al., (1998). 63 data points from Dallas-Fort Worth area. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.21 mg/L
  • Olson et al., (2017). Data from 254 samples in Colorado. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.25 mg/L
  • National Stormwater Quality database. Data from 84 locations in Region 1 (including Minnesota). Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.235 mg/L
  • Rhee et al. (2012), data from 24 locations Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi provinces, South Korea. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.11 mg/L
  • Capital Region Watershed District, St. Paul, Minnesota, Hidden Falls outlet (which drains an industrial area). Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.29 mg/L

The median TP concentration from these studies is 0.235 mg/L.

Open space

Information: The recommended event mean concentration for total phosphorus in open space, urban parks, and urban recreations areas is 0.190 mg/L
image of undeveloped land
Example of open space land use

Open space consists of land that is undeveloped. Typically it will not contain buildings or other built structures. Many open spaces are accessible to the public. Open space generally consists of green space (land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation). Abandoned parcels lacking structures may be considered open space, but it is generally more accurate to include these areas in the land use that existed prior to the parcel being vacant, or including it in adjacent land use categories. The following references were used to generate a recommended TP emc for open space.

  • National Urban Runoff Program, which consists of a nationwide study. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.121 mg/L
  • The National Stormwater Quality Database (Region 1, which includes Minnesota). Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.19 for 6 sites
  • Olson et al., (2017). Data from 254 samples in Colorado. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.22 mg/L

Parks and recreation areas are generally included in open space.

Transportation corridors, highways, and freeways emcs

Information: The recommended event mean concentration for total phosphorus in transportation areas is 0.280 mg/L
imagetransportation area
Example of transportation land use

This land use includes major transportation corridors where the land use is exclusively transportation. These areas are typically highly impervious and may include only small vegetated areas consisting of swales or medians, and relatively small right-of-way areas. This land use does not include arterial streets in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The following references were used to generate a recommended value a TP emc for open space.

  • Olson et al., (2017). Data from 254 samples in Colorado. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.28 mg/L
  • Baldys et al., (1998). 28 data points from Dallas-Fort Worth area. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.21 mg/L
  • Wei et al. (2013). 12 data points from Handan, China. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.625 mg/L
  • Roseen et al. (2009). Data from 15 events in New Hampshire. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.125 mg/L
  • Schiff and Tiefenthaler. Data from 31 events in California. Median concentration of total phosphorus = 0.41 mg/L

The median value from these studies is 0.28 mg/L.

Conventional roof emcs

Information: The recommended event mean concentration for total phosphorus in runoff from conventional (non-green) roofs is 0.030 mg/L

If roof comprise a considerable portion of an area, it may be beneficial to include the contribution from roofs separate from other land uses. Note that the emcs for the above land uses generally consider the contribution from roofs.

Phosphorus concentrations from tradition (non-green) roofs is similar to concentrations in precipitation. Although concentrations vary, they are generally low and within the range of 0.01-0.05 mg/L (MPCA literature review). A value of 0.03 mg/L is therefore considered appropriate.

Mixed land use emcs

In many cases, a specific land use will include multiple land uses. For these situations we recommend using the recommended value for mixed land uses (0.290 mg/L), adjusting this emc based on local data, or calculating the emc. An emc can be calculated if the total area of interest (Atotal), the area of each land use in the area of interest, and the emc for each land use in the area of interest are known.

Site emc = Σ1n ((AArea 1 * emcArea 1)/ (Atotal) + ... ((AArea n * emcArea n) / (Atotal)

where A = area in acres.

Example calculation

  • 10 acres of residential; emc = 0.325 mg/L
  • 10 acres of commercial; emc = 0.200 mg/L
  • 10 acres of industrial; emc = 0.235 mg/L
  • 1 acre of transportation; emc = 0.280 mg/L

Overall emc = ((0.325 * 10)/31) + ((10 * 0.200)/31) + ((10 * 0.235)/31) + ((1 * 0.280)/31) = 0.254 mg/L

Agricultural land use emcs

We did not conduct a rigorous literature review of emcs for agricultural land uses. We briefly reviewed several papers and compiled the data into ranges. The following papers were reviewed.

Note that there is considerable variability in land uses described as agricultural (e.g. row crop, pasture, small grain, etc.) and in the practices employed within these land uses, particularly with the management of fertilizers.

To see the results of this literature review, see the table Event mean concentrations for total phosphorus.

Summary table for event mean concentrations by land use

Event mean concentrations for total phosphorus.
 Link to this table

Land cover/land use Range (mg/L) Recommended value (mg/L) Notes
Commercial 0.20 - 0.34 0.200 If applicable to models being used, adjust curve numbers/runoff coefficients when calculating loads
Industrial 0.23 - 0.55 0.235
  • If applicable to models being used, adjust curve numbers/runoff coefficients when calculating loads
  • Adjust upward if specific phosphorus sources exist
Residential 0.26 - 0.38 0.325 Concentrations vary widely depending on local conditions
High-density/Multi-family residential 0.28 - 0.40 Calculate1
  • Insufficient information to recommend a specific emc
  • Concentrations vary widely depending on local conditions
Medium density residential 0.18 - 0.40 Calculate1
  • Insufficient information to recommend a specific emc
  • Concentrations vary widely depending on local conditions
Low density residential 0.24 - 0.40 Calculate1
  • Insufficient information to recommend a specific emc
  • Concentrations vary widely depending on local conditions
Freeways/transportation 0.25 - 0.45 0.280
  • Concentrations vary widely depending on inputs
  • Adjust upward for areas receiving large inputs of road salt or sediment or having very heavy traffic loads
  • Adjust downward for low traffic areas or areas with reduced inputs (e.g. little road salt application, limited truck traffic)
Mixed 0.16 - 0.84 0.290
  • Residential land use was the primary land use in most studies that cited values for mixed land use
  • If the study area can be delineated into specific land uses and impervious area for each land use is know, we recommend calculating the emc
Parks and recreation Use value for open space or calculate
  • emc will be a function of vegetative cover
  • Adjust upward if street tree canopy cover is high or pervious areas are primarily grass on compacted soils
Open space 0.12 - 0.31 0.190
Conventional roof 0.01 - 0.20 0.030
Institutional 0.14 - 0.422 See note
  • Use low values in range (0.200 mg/L or less) for facilities such as campuses, where there is considerable pervious area
  • Use high values in range (0.30 mg/L or greater) for areas with considerable impervious surface, such as sports facilities or facilities with large parking areas
Forest/shrub/grassland 0.03 - 0.45 0.090 Concentrations are likely to vary with season in areas with fall leaf drop
Open water and wetlands see Notes (next column)
  • If data exist, use the phosphorus concentration for the water body of interest
  • If data for a specific lake do not exist, use data from similar lakes in the area
  • emcs for wetlands will typically be higher than for lakes in an area. Consider using a value equal to 2 times the value for lakes in an area.
Cropland (row crops) 0.126-1.348 2 Median from our review = 0.533
Pasture 0.35-0.45 2

1The link takes you to information on calculating event mean concentrations for areas with multiple land uses.
2Our literature review was not extensive enough to warrant a specific recommend emc for this land use


Event mean concentrations for dissolved phosphorus

There are insufficient data to support recommended event mean concentrations (emcs) of dissolved phosphorus for different land uses. The following table provides a summary of data we felt is appropriate for selecting an emc for dissolved phosphorus.

Summary of dissolved phosphorus event mean concentrations from various studies. There is inadequate information to provide recommended emcs for different land uses.
Link to this table

Study Land cover/land use Range (mg/L) Mean Median Number of samples
Dallas-Fort Worth1 Commercial 0.01-0.47 0.09 0.06 42
Dallas-Fort Worth Industrial 0.03-0.45 0.14 0.09 63
Dallas-Fort Worth Residential 0.04-0.84 0.25 0.21 77
Forth Worth2 Transportation 0.11 28
Twin Cities3 Mixed 0.01-1.4 0.2 0.15 147
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.52 0.61 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.4 0.14 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.14 0.04 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.05 0.03 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.04 0.02 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.03 0.02 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.04 0.02 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 1.54 0.81 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.12 0.08 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.11 0.07 25
Madison4 Medium density residential 0.11 0.07 25
US EPA Nurp Study5 Residential 0.143
US EPA Nurp Study5 Mixed 0.056
US EPA Nurp Study5 Commercial 0.08
US EPA Nurp Study5 Open 0.026
New York6 Residential 0.20 738
New York6 Commercial 0.18 323
New York6 Industrial 0.16 325
New York6 Open 0.16 44
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 0.888 0.073 0.052 89
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 0.565 0.108 0.087 120
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 0.506 0.074 0.059 112
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 0.361 0.073 0.053 121
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.005 -- 0.182 0.019 0.012 195
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 0.758 0.102 0.072 69
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 1.10 0.072 0.053 115
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 0.60 0.099 0.057 113
Capitol Region Watershed District7 Mixed 0.020 - 0.499 0.071 0.046 138

1Urban Stormwater Quality, Event-Mean Concentrations, and Estimates of Stormwater Pollutant Loads, Dallas-Fort Worth Area, Texas. 1992–93 Stanley Baldys III, T.H. Raines, B.L. Mansfield, and J.T. Sandlin U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98–4158.
2Computed and Estimated Pollutant Loads, West Fork Trinity River, Fort Worth, Texas, 1997. United States Geological survey. Water Resources Investigations Report 01–4253
3Brezonik and stadelman. 2002. Analysis and predictive models of stormwater runoff volumes, loads, and pollutant concentrations from watersheds in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA. Water Research Volume 36, Issue 7, Pages 1743-1757
457.Waschbusch, R.J., W.R. Selbig, and R.T. Bannerman. 1999. Sources of phosphorus and street dirt from Two Urban Residential Basins in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95. USGS Water-Resources Investigation Report 99-4021
5U.S. EPA. Results of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. 1983. Volume I: Final Report. PB84-185552
6New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. August 2003. Stormwater Management Design Manual. Chapter 5 - Acceptable Stormwater Management Practices.
7Outfall monitoring data for Villa Park, Trout Brook East, Trout Brook West, Trout Brook Outlet, St. Anthony, Phalen Creek, Como 3, Como 7, and East Kittsendale


Factors affecting phosphorus emcs in stormwater runoff

Several factors affect concentrations of total phosphorus in stormwater runoff. The following bullet list summarizes some of the most important factors affecting total phosphorus concentrations in stormwater runoff.

  • Emcs increase with tree canopy coverage over impermeable surfaces. Janke et al. (2017) observed a strong correlation between total phosphorus and street canopy cover. The observed relationship was linear, with concentrations ranging from about 0.2 mg/L to 0.45 mg/L at 40% street canopy coverage. Waschbusch et al. (1999) observed a similar relationship in two Madison, Wisconsin neighborhoods, with total phosphorus ranging from about 0.1 mg/L with 5 percent street canopy coverage to 0.40 mg/L with 40 percent street canopy coverage.
  • Emcs are greatest during fall leaf drop and elevated during spring flower drop. Selbig (2016) measured monthly concentrations of total phosphorus in a residential area of Madison, Wisconsin having 17 percent street tree canopy coverage. Mean concentrations in spring were 0.67-0.74 mg/L, decreasing to 0.41-0.45 in summer, and rapidly increasing following Fall leaf drop, when concentrations increased to more than 2.5 mg/L. Janke et al. (2017) observed similar patterns in Minnesota. TP concentrations in spring (flowering) and fall (leaf drop) were correlated with street canopy coverage, while summer concentrations were not correlated with street canopy coverage.
  • Emcs increase as the length of time between runoff events increases. Typically, street solids tend to build up over time and reach a maximum value within one or two weeks after the previous rainfall event. Yang and Toor (2018) observed higher fractions of particulate phosphorus compred to dissolved phosphorus in runoff as the period between runoff events increased. Schiff et al. (2011) observed similar patterns in California, where dry periods can be lengthy.
  • Emcs may be greater during the initial period of a runoff event. This effect is often called "first flush".
    • First flush is more pronounced in smaller watersheds.
    • First flush is more pronounced when the length of time between runoff events increases.
    • First flush is less pronounced when there is greater directly connected impervious surface, since runoff can reach a specific discharge point from greater distances.
    • First flush is more pronounced with higher rainfall intensities in the early part of a runoff event.
    • First flush is more pronounced when the majority of phosphorus is associated with particulate material.
  • Characteristics of permeable surfaces likely affect emcs. There are limited studies of runoff from pervious surfaces, but the following are likely.
    • Emcs increase in areas with extensive lawns, particularly on compacted surfaces and where lawns are directly adjacent to impervious surfaces.
    • Because of the statewide fertilizer ban, inputs from fertilizers should be minimal except in areas where exemptions exist (e.g. newly established lawns).
    • Areas with organized leaf management and ordinances banning placement of leaves in streets should have lower emcs.
    • Areas with extensive yard irrigation will likely have elevated emcs.
  • The following operations can lead to elevated emcs.
    • Emcs will be elevated in areas with heavy application of de-icers. There is wide variability in the phosphorus content in different de-icers. A study for the Minnesota Department of Transportation found a median total phosphorus concentration of 4.9 mg/kg (ppm) in sodium chloride deicers. A study in Mizzoula Montana showed that phosphorus from deicers accounted for less than 1 percent of annual phosphorus loading. Elevated phosphorus concentrations will be most prevalent in winter and early spring runoff events, with smaller contributions from residual deicer through spring and summer.
    • Emcs will be elevated in areas with cleaning and washing operations
    • Emcs increase in areas with heavy vehicle traffic
    • Emcs may be elevated if specific industries such as food processing plants, meat packing plants and lockers, metal finishing facilities, and industries that generate or handle animal waste (including human sources) are present

Adjusting event mean concentrations

Several factors affect emcs, as discussed above. Emcs can and should be adjusted when supporting data exist. Local monitoring data should be used to support different emcs than those recommended on this page, but the following guidelines may be used to adjust emcs. Below is a discussion of these factors and the effect on emcs for total phosphorus.

Adjusting emcs for tree canopy coverage

Janke et al. (2017) established a linear relationship between total phosphorus in runoff (mg/L) versus street tree canopy coverage for canopy coverages up to about 45 percent. At zero canopy coverage, the phosphorus emc was 0.200 mg/L, with an increase of about 0.06 mg/L for each 10 percent increase in street tree canopy coverage.

We recommend adjusting the emc by 0.060 mg/L for each 10 percent increase or decrease in street canopy coverage for canopy coverages between 0 and 40 percent. There is limited data for calculating adjustments at canopy coverages greater than 40 percent. NOTE: The Janke et al. study was conducted in areas dominated by residential land use. The recommended TP concentration of 0.325 mg/L for residential areas, presented on this page, corresponds with a street tree canopy coverage of about 20-25 percent. This is slightly below the national urban tree cover of 27.1 percent (Deeproot (2010)).

Example calculation: Assuming an emc of 0.200 mg/L at zero percent canopy coverage, tree canopy coverage in two adjacent areas is 15 and 30 percent respectively. For the area with 15 percent canopy, the recommended emc is (0.200 + (0.060 * 15/10)) = 0.290 mg/L. For the area with 30 percent canopy coverage, the recommended emc is (0.200 + (0.060*30/10)) = 0.380 mg/L.

Adjusting emcs for season

Studies show that phosphorus concentrations are generally greatest during fall leaf drop. Concentrations may also be elevated during spring flowering and leafout. Data from Capitol Region Watershed District indicate that concentrations in winter may also be elevated. Despite these studies, there is insufficient data to establish specific relationships that allow for adjusting emcs basd on season.


Ratios of particulate to dissolved phosphorus

Accounting for differences in pollutant loading

Pollutant loads are a function of pollutant concentrations in runoff and the volume of runoff. Consequently, when calculating pollutant loads

While trees contribute phosphorus to stormwater, resulting in high phosphorus concentrations during certain times of the year, trees also reduce total runoff. This occurs through interception by tree canopies and by reduced runoff from permeable surfaces. Adjusting TP emcs to account for inputs from leaves without adjusting runoff volumes will lead to overestimates of annual phosphorus loading.

Janke et al. (2017) observed that neither street canopy nor total vegetation were significant factors in nutrient loading. The researchers provide a discussion of the effect of street density, tree canopy coverage, and nutrient loading. Despite a relatively low sample size, they observed that nutrient loading decreased with increasing tree canopy at lower street densities, but as street density increased the opposite pattern occurred. They observed a threshold for TP loading at a street density of about 10 km/km2 (about 8-10 percent of an area consisting of streets, depending on street width). Below this threshold, reductions in runoff volume offset increased TP inputs from trees. Sanders (1986) modeled impacts of trees on runoff in Dayton, Ohio, and estimated under current conditions that tree canopy reduced runoff by 7 percent annually. Modest increases in canopy cover could increase this to 12 percent. Wang et al. (2008) developed a model to predict impacts of tree canopy on urban runoff in Maryland. Increasing the leaf area index from 3 to 6 increased tree interception by 2.7 percent, decreased runoff from pervious areas by 4.3 mm, and decreased runoff from directly connected impervious areas by 20.1 mm. Xiao and McPherson (2002) estimated interception accounted for 1.6 percent of annual precipitation, with seasonal differences and significantly greater interception by mature trees. Hathaway (2019) observed interception rates of 28-43 percent for three species in Tennessee.

Currently there is insufficient information to develop specific relationships between reduced loads associated with tree canopy

if the model or calculator adjusts for volume decreases associated with canopy coverage and varying canopy coverages, no adjustment in volume is needed to calculate the phosphorus load. For example, the Minimal Impact Design Standards (MIDS) calculator automatically adjusts volumes for canopy coverage.

Unless specific local data exist, we do not recommend adjusting the default emc of 0.20 mg/L. However, reported loads from commercial areas often exceed loads from residential areas due to greater impervious and directly connected impervious surface.

  • Burton and Pitt (2002) reported export rates of 1.5 lb/ac/yr for commercial, 1.0 lb/ac/yr for high-density residential, 0.3 lb/ac/yr for medium density residential, and 0.03 lb/ac/yr for low density residential land use.
  • Loehr et al. (1989) reported exported TP exports of 0.1-7.6 kg/ha/yr compared to 0.77-2.2 kg/ha/yr for residential land use.
  • Baldys et al. (1998) reported TP export of 6.23 lbs/mi2/yr, compared to 4.96 lb/mi2/yr for residential land use in the Dallas-Fort Worth area

Adjustments may therefore be needed depending on the specific model being used. See the discussion on modeling adjustments below.

The above discussion primarily focuses on event mean concentrations for phosphorus. While estimating loads accurately requires

Some models may have curve number, runoff coefficient, or percent impervious as a model input. The MPCA Simple Estimator, for example, employs a default runoff coefficient of 0.8 for commercial areas, compared to 0.44 for residential areas. The tables below may be used to determine the proper curve number or runoff coefficient. Percent impervious can be converted to a curve number using the following formula.

\( Curve number = (Impervious * 98) + ((1 - impervious) * (open space curve number in good condition for the specific soil)) \)

where impervious is given as a fraction (not a percent).

For example, if an area on B soils is 50 percent impervious, the curve number is given as (0.5 * 98) + ((1 - 0.50)(61)) = 79.5.

Curve numbers for urban and agricultural areas. Source: [USDA Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds - TR-55. USDA Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds - TR-55].
Link to this table

Cover type and hydrologic condition Soil Group A Soil Group B Soil Group C Soil Group D
Open space poor condition (<50% cover) 68 79 86 89
Open space average condition (50-75% cover) 49 69 79 84
Open space good condition (>75% cover) 39 61 74 80
Impervious surfaces 98 98 98 98
Commercial (85% impervious) 89 92 94 95
Industrial (72% impervious) 81 88 91 93
Residential (65% impervious) 77 85 90 92
Residential (30% impervious) 57 72 81 86
Residential (12% impervious) 46 65 77 82
Pervious, no vegetation (newly graded) 77 86 91 94
Fallow with residue cover 74-76 83-85 88-90 90-93
Row crop, no residue 67-72 78-81 85-88 89-91
Row crop with residue 64-71 75-80 82-87 85-90
Pasture, good condition 39 61 74 80
Pasture, poor condition 68 79 86 89
Meadow 30 58 71 78
Woods, good condition 32 58 72 79
Woods, poor condition 57 73 82 86


Runoff coefficients for different soil groups and slopes. Coefficients are for recurrence intervals less than 25 years. Source: Hydrologic Analysis and Design (4th Edition) (McCuen, 2017).
Link to this table

Land use Soil Group A Soil Group B Soil Group C Soil Group D
0-2% 2-6% >6% 0-2% 2-6% >6% 0-2% 2-6% >6% 0-2% 2-6% >6%
Residential (65% impervious) 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.33 0.36 0.42
Residential (30% impervious) 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.28 0.32 0.39
Residential (12% impervious) 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.24 0.29 0.35
Commercial 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
Industrial 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.70
Streets 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.73 0.75 0.78
Parking 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87
Open space 0.05 0.10 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.16 0.21 0.28
Cultivated land 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.11 0.15 0.21 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.23 0.31
Pasture 0.12 0.20 0.30 0.18 0.28 0.37 0.24 0.34 0.44 0.30 0.40 0.50
Meadow 0.10 0.16 0.25 0.14 0.22 0.30 0.20 0.28 0.36 0.24 0.30 0.40
Forest 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.20


References

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