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{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors.  It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}
 
{{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors.  It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}}
  
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===Other water supply wells (e.g. private, transient)===
 +
Adequate separation must be maintained between all water supply wells and infiltration systems. Unlike municipal public supply wells, modeling and other technical analysis is rarely done to determine appropriate separation distances for these wells. We recommend one of the following three approaches to determining a separation distance between an infiltration system and a water supply well.
 +
*Follow Minnesota Department of Health guidelines, which specify a minimum 100 foot horizontal separation between any infiltration BMP and a sensitive water supply well, and a 50 foot minimum horizontal separation between any infiltration BMP and all other water supply wells. Sensitive water supply wells may be identified using existing reliable groundwater maps (e.g. MDH vulnerability maps, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) [https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/waters/groundwater_section/mapping/index.html County Atlases]), or by applying [https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/waters/groundwater_section/mapping/groundwater-atlas-user-guide.pdf MDNR groundwater sensitivity criteria (see page 8)]
 +
*Applying the guidance found at [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Screening_assessment_for_contamination_at_potential_stormwater_infiltration_sites#Determining_if_adequate_separation_can_be_achieved_between_a_potential_contamination_source_and_the_BMP this page], determine an appropriate separation distance based on a mounding analysis. We recommend adding an additional safety factor if runoff delivered to the infiltration practice is located in a stormwater hotspot or has the potential to contain mobile organic chemicals or pathogens.
 +
*Calculate a time of travel. This can be done if there are sufficient data to apply Darcy's equation V= KI/n, where V is the groundwater velocity, K is the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, I is the horizontal hydraulic gradient, and n is the effective porosity.
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[[Coir and applications of coir in stormwater management]]
 
[[Coir and applications of coir in stormwater management]]
  
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===Effects of coir on soil physical and hydraulic properties===
 
===Effects of coir on soil physical and hydraulic properties===
Coir has several properties that may improve soil physical and hydraulic properties (Cresswell; Noguera et al., 2003; Abad et al., 2005; Small et al., 2018; Lodolini et al., 2018).
+
Coir has several properties that may improve soil physical and hydraulic properties (Cresswell; Noguera et al., 2003; Abad et al., 2005; Small et al., 2018; Lodolini et al., 2018; Arachchi and Somasiri, 1997).
 
*Coir dust remains relatively hydrophylic (water attracting) even when it is air dry
 
*Coir dust remains relatively hydrophylic (water attracting) even when it is air dry
 
*Coir dust does not collapse when wet or shrink excessively as it dries
 
*Coir dust does not collapse when wet or shrink excessively as it dries
Line 78: Line 85:
  
 
===Effects of coir on soil fertility, plant growth, and microbial function===
 
===Effects of coir on soil fertility, plant growth, and microbial function===
Several studies show that addition of coir to soil improves plant growth, with coir outperforming peat in several studies. In the absence of compost amendment, nitrogen and phosphorus may need to be added depending on plant requirements. Calcium and magnesium additions may also be needed. Concentrations of other nutrients and micronutrients are generally acceptable for most plant species (Cresswell; Asiah et al., 2004; Noguera et al., 2003; Abad et al., 2002; Meerow, 1997; Lodolini et al., 2017; Hongpakdee and Ruamrungsri, 2015; Small et al., 2015; Scagel, 2003). Noguera et al. (2003) showed that, based on generally recommended plant specifications, 0.25-0.5 mm diameter coir particles appear most suited for plant growth, with some addition of larger particles recommended. Abad et al. (2005) similarly recommended a mix of particle sizes.
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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; border:3px; border-style:solid; border-color:#FF0000; margin-left: 10px; width:500px;"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;"| '''Advantages of coir over peat (Source:Ministry of MSME, Government of India. 2016)'''
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|-
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| Requires lesser amount of lime due to high pH
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|-
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| Quick and easy rewetting after drying, while peat becomes hydrophobic on drying
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|-
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| Requires short time for irrigation to replace loss of water and drainage from pot, saving fertilizer due to non leaching of nutrients
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|-
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| Higher capillary wetting property
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|-
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| Able to provide aeration in base of mix
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|-
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| Very resilient and exceptional physical stability when wet or dried
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|}
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Pure coir is not suitable for plant growth. It has a high C:N ratio (>100) and a high lignin content, resulting in slow decomposition and immobilization of plant nutrients. In addition, polyphenols and phenolics acids in the coir can be phytotoxic and inhibit plant growth (Ministry of MSME, Government of India, 2016).
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 +
When composted and added as an amendment to a growing media, coir improves plant growth, with coir outperforming peat in several studies. In the absence of composting, nitrogen and phosphorus additions will likely be necessary, depending on plant requirements. Calcium and magnesium additions may also be needed. Concentrations of other nutrients and micronutrients are generally acceptable for most plant species (Cresswell; Asiah et al., 2004; Noguera et al., 2003; Abad et al., 2002; Meerow, 1997; Lodolini et al., 2017; Hongpakdee and Ruamrungsri, 2015; Small et al., 2015; Scagel, 2003; Arachchi and Somasiri, 1997). Noguera et al. (2003) showed that, based on generally recommended plant specifications, 0.25-0.5 mm diameter coir particles appear most suited for plant growth, with some addition of larger particles recommended. Abad et al. (2005) similarly recommended a mix of particle sizes.
  
 
==Standards, classification, testing, and distributors==
 
==Standards, classification, testing, and distributors==
  
===Coir standards===
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===Coir standards and specifications===
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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; border:3px; border-style:solid; border-color:#FF0000; margin-left: 10px; width:400px;"
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|-
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| '''Recommended values for coir used in a growth media (Source: see reference list in this section)'''
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|-
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| pH
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| 5.2 - 6.8
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|-
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| Electrical conductivity (ms/cm)
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| 0.50 – 1.20 (lower part of range typically preferred)
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|-
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| Cation exchange capacity (meq/100g)
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| 20 - 40
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|-
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| Nitrogen (%)
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| 0.10
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|-
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| Phosphorus (%)
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| 0.01
 +
|-
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| Potassium (%)
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| 0.50
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|-
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| Copper (% minimum)
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| 1.5
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|-
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| C:N ratio (minimum)
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| 110
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|-
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| Lignin (%)
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| 30 - 35
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|-
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| Total organic matter (% minimum)
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| 75
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|-
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| Moisture (%)
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| 15 - 20
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|-
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| Ash content (%)
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| 1.0 - 1.5
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|-
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| Impurities
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| <3%
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|-
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| Fiber content
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| <2%
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|-
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| Expansion
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| > 12 l/kg
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|-
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| Water holding capacity
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| 3-4 l/kg
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|}
 +
 
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Recommended specifications for coir when used in a growing media include the following.
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*Moisture content less than 20%
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*Compression ratio 5:1
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*pH 5.4-6.0
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*Electrical conductivity less than 0.65 millimhos/cm (this ensures K, Na, Cl, Ca, and Mg contents are within acceptable limits)
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*Not be more than two years old and should not be decomposed
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*Golden brown in color
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*Free from other contamination, sand and other foreign materials
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*Free from weeds and seeds
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Coir should be composted or incorporated into media containing a nutrient (N and P) source, such as compost. Alternatively, liming or addition of microorganisms may enhance decomposition of coir, which subsequently aids in release of nutrients from the coir. The Ministry of MSME, Government of India (2016) provide a discussion of different composting materials and methods, including specifications.
 +
 
 +
References containing specifications. Note that most of these references include information on the packaged material (e.g. bags, blocks, briquettes), such as weight and size.
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*[http://www.coirexports-india.com/products/Product-Specification Coir Exports]
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*[http://coirpith.co.in/Coirpithproduct.html Coir pith]
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*[http://www.rudraexport.com/cocopeat.html Rudra]
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*[https://www.reiziger.com/reiziger-coco-coir-pith/specifications/ Reiziger]
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*[https://www.coco-peat.com/info/cocopeat-specifications Williams Enterprises]
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*[http://coirboard.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Coir-Pith.pdf Ministry of MSME, Government of India]
  
 
===Distributors===
 
===Distributors===
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Distributors of coir for use in bioretention media (e.g. horticultural use) can readily be found on the internet and we do not make specific recommendations. When purchasing coir, the following questions should be asked.
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*Were the husks loosened using fresh water or salt water?
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*If salt water was used, has the coir been desalinized (e.g. residual salt washed out)?
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*How was the coir dried (air or mechanical drying)?
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*If the material was compacted (e.g. bricks), does it meet specifications (see above)?
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*How long has the coir been left to mature (>6 months preferred)?
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*Does the coir meet specifications described above?
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*Has the coir been treated to prevent infestation?
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*Has the material been sieved to achieve desired particle size distribution?
  
 
===Test methods===
 
===Test methods===
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Packaged coir is typically tested and meets specifications as described above. Standardized testing does not appear to exist for coir, but several methods for testing different characteristics appear to be appropriate.
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 +
The following references provide information on testing of coir.
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*The [http://coirboard.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Coir-Pith.pdf Ministry of MSME, Government of India] (2016) provide a discussion of test methods for pH, moisture content, ash content, organic matter and organic carbon content, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, phosphorus content, C:N ratio, and potassium content.
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*[https://www.coco-peat.com/info/testing-methods Williams Enterprises] provides test methods for electrical conductivity, pH, moisture content, fiber content, impurities (sand), expansion or breakout volume, and water retention
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*[http://www.evergreencoirs.com/testing.html Evergreen Coirs] provides test methods for electrical conductivity, pH, impurities (sand), expansion volume, moisture, and weed content
  
 
==Effects of aging==
 
==Effects of aging==
 +
Coir has a high C:N ratio, ranging from 75 to 186, with a median of 115 (Abad et al., 2002; Abad et al., 2005; Shrestha et al., 2019; Meerow, 1997; Arenas et al., 2002). It also contains a high lignin content and therefore decomposes relatively slowly unless nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, are added to the media (Amlan and Devi, 2001). Composting is recommended to increase nutrient availability, which in turn may increase the rate of decomposition. Similarly, liming or addition of specific microorganisms can enhance decomposition (Prabhu and Thomas, 2002). Even when decomposition is facilitated, the life expectancy of coir exceeds two years (Newman 2007).
 +
 +
Prabhu and Thomas (2002) provide an extensive discussion of coir decomposition.
  
 
==Storage, handling, and field application==
 
==Storage, handling, and field application==
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*Store in a cool dry place
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*Keep away from weedkillers and other garden chemicals
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*If material is containerized, reseal after use
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*Recommended application rates are 10-15 tons per hectare.
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There are few handling concerns. Dust may be an eye irritant. Examples of material and safety data sheets can be found at the following links.
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*[https://www.burpee.com/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-BURPEE-Library/default/v1576217273669/Images/Content/PDF/MSDS/Burpee_ecofriendly_natural&organicGardenCoir.pdf Organic garden coir]
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*[http://www.synturf.org/images/pso110-m.pdf Coconut fiber]
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*[https://www.amleo.com/images/art/PGH750-MSDS.pdf Fiber dust]
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*[http://www.globalhort.com/pdf/MSDS/growingMedium/Coco%20Products%20-%20Coco%20Agro.PDF Coco coir]
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*[http://www.ecofusion.net/datasheets/SDS%20-%20Coco%20Peat.pdf Coco peat]
  
 
==Sustainability==
 
==Sustainability==
 +
Coir dust is a sustainable alternative to peat. Historically, very little coir has been utilized and has therefore been disposed as a waste. Prabhu and Thomas (2002), for example, estimated that in India alone, 1.5 million tonnes of coir pith could be obtained annually but only 500,000 were produced at the time of their study. More recently coir production in India has been estimated at about 1 million tonnes annually (Ministry of MSME, Government of India, 2016). Studies are underway to expand existing markets and develop technologies for manufacturing coir dust from coir fiber (Praveenkumar and Agamoorthi 2017; Varma, 2018).
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
*Abad, M., P. Noguera, R. Puchades, A. Maquieira, V. Noguera. 2002. ''Physico-chemical and chemical properties of some coconut coir dusts for use as a peat substitute for containerized ornamental plants''. Bioresource Technology. 82:241-245.
 +
*Abad, M., F. Fornes, C. Carrion, V. Noguera, P. Noguera, A. Maquieira, R. Puchades. 2005. ''Physical Properties of Various Coconut Coir Dusts Compared to Peat''. Hort Sci. 40:7:2138-2144.
 +
*Alam, F. An Overview of Coconut or Coir Fiber. Accessed from https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2014/01/properties-of-coconutcoir-fiber.html on 2/13/20.
 +
*Amlan, D., and L.S. Devi. 2001. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5518/efa1beb82f187062460c74f3951dfc5a17d7.pdf Effect of Organic and Inorganic Amendments on CO2 Evolution and Rate of Decomposition of Coir Dust]. Journal of Tropical Agriculture. 39:184-185.
 +
*Anand, H.S., D. L. Suseela, and H.R. Nagaraju. 2002. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Chemical-and-biochemical-characterization-of-coir-Devi/f334def6bc1336c56200926fa0f2978bd083f07d Chemical and bio-chemical characterization of coir dust composts as influenced by pretreatment and enrichment]. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August, 2002, Thailand. Symposium 58, Paper 278. 6 p.
 +
*Arachchi, L.P.V., and L.L.W. Somasiri. 1997. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/USE-OF-COIR-DUST-ON-THE-PRODUCTIVITY-OF-COCONUT-ON-Arachchi-Somasiri/5ffef20b58ccdfda4a8c3273bf4e5f5c62b91fc7 Use of Coir Dust on the Productivity of Coconut on Sandy Soils]. Cocos. 12:54-71.
 +
*Arenas, M., C.S. Vavrina, J.A. Cornell, E.A. Hanlon, G.J. Hochmuth. 2002. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Coir-as-an-Alternative-to-Peat-in-Media-for-Tomato-Arenas-Vavrina/19380f37eb86e5e1957f1cc20e2d0270d7adca77 Coir as an Alternative to Peat in Media for Tomato Transplant Production]. Hort Sci. 37:2:309-312.
 +
*Asiah A., Mohd. Razi, I., Mohd, Khanif Y., Marziah M. & Shaharuddin M. 2004. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d8e6/64d378b1d38262f852bb7bc1b3fee2ec9729.pdf Physical and Chemical Properties of Coconut Coir Dust and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and the Growth of Hybrid Heat Tolerant Cauliflower Plant]. PertanikaJ. Trop. Agric. Sci. 27(2): 121 -133.
 +
*Cresswell, G. [http://www.cocopeat.com.au/technical/productAnalysis/pdf/Cresswelldoc.pdf Coir Dust a Proven Alternative to Peat]. p 1-5. In: Proceedings of the Australian Potting Mix Manufacturers Conference, Sydney.
 +
*Evans, M.R., S. Konduru, R.H. Stamps. 1996. Source Variation in Physical and Chemical Properties of Coconut Coir Dust. Hort Sci. 31:6:965-967.
 +
*Herrera Environmental Consultants. 2015. ''Analysis of Bioretention Soil Media for Improved Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Copper Retention – Final Report''. 340 p.
 +
*Hongpakdee, P., and S. Ruamrungsri. 2015. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273521809_Water_Use_Efficiency_Nutrient_Leaching_and_Growth_in_Potted_Marigolds_Affected_by_Coconut_Coir_Dust_Amended_in_Substrate_Media Water Use Efficiency, Nutrient Leaching, and Growth in Potted Marigolds Affected by Coconut Coir Dust Amended in Substrate Media]. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 56:1:27-35
 +
*Kumar, P., S. Chand, and V.C. Srivastava. 2010. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238136474_Phosphate_Removal_from_Aqueous_Solution_Using_Coir-Pith_Activated_Carbon Phosphate Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Coir-pith Activated Carbon]. Separation Science and Technology. 45:1-8.
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*Lodolini, E.M., F. Pica, F. Massetani, and D. Neri. 2017. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312384600_Physical_Chemical_and_Biological_Properties_of_some_Alternative_Growing_Substrates Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Some Alternative Growing Substances]. International Journal of Soil Science. 12:1:32-38.
 +
*Meerow, A. 1997. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239530350_Coir_Dust_A_Viable_Alternative_to_Peat_Moss Coir Dust, A Viable Alternative to Peat Moss].
 +
*Ministry of MSME, Government of India. 2016. [http://coirboard.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Coir-Pith.pdf Coir Pith, Wealth from Waste, a reference]. India International Coir Fair, July 15-18, 2016. 110p.
 +
*Namasivayam C., D.Sangeetha. 2004. ''Equilibrium and kinetic studies of adsorption of phosphate onto ZnCl2 activated coir pith carbon''. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.  280:2:359-365
 +
*Newman, J. 2007. Core facts about coir. Nursey Management. https://www.nurserymag.com/article/core-facts-about-coir/ accessed 12/18/20.
 +
*Noguera, P., M. Abad, R. Puchades, A. Maquieira, and V. Noguera. 2003. ''Influence of Particle Size on Physical and Chemical Properties of Coconut Coir Dust as Container Medium''. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 34:3/4:593-605.
 +
*Prabhu, S.R., and G.V. Thomas. 2002. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272481596_Bioconversion_of_coir_pith_into_value_added_organic_resource_and_its_application_in_agri-horticulture_Current_status_prospects_and_perspective Biological conversion of coir pith into a value-added organic resource and its application in Agri-Horticulture: Current status, prospects and perspective]. Journal of Plantation Crops. 30:1:1-17.
 +
*Scagel, C.F. 2003. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43275179_Growth_and_Nutrient_Use_of_Ericaceous_Plants_Grown_in_Media_Amended_with_Sphagnum_Moss_Peat_or_Coir_Dust Growth and Nutrient Use of Ericaceous Plants Grown in Media Amedned with Sphagnum Moss Peat or Coir Dust]. Hort Sci. 38:1:46-54.
 +
*Shrestha, P., M. T. Salzl, I. J. Jimenez, N. Pradhan, M. Hay, H. R. Wallace, J. N. Abrahamson and G. E. Small. [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/8/1575 Efficacy of Spent Lime as a Soil Amendment for Nutrient Retention in Bioretention Green Stormwater Infrastructure]. Water 2019, 11(8), 1575
 +
*Small, Gaston E , Wihlm, Spencer E , Wallace, Hannah R , Abrahamson, Jenna N , Deile, Madison P , Mahre, Erin K , Fischer, John PH , Jimenez, Ivan J , Shrestha, Paliza , Salzl, Michael T. ''Final Report: Soil Amendments for Enhanced Phosphorus Retention: Implications forGreen Infrastructure Design''. Accessed at https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/10938/report/F on 2/13/20.
 +
*Varma, M.S. 2018. NCRMI’s pith technology to boost coir exports. Financial Express. Accessed at https://www.financialexpress.com/market/commodities/ncrmis-pith-technology-to-boost-coir-exports/1310190/ on 12/18/20.
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-->
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Revision as of 22:15, 2 April 2020

Warning: This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.

Other water supply wells (e.g. private, transient)

Adequate separation must be maintained between all water supply wells and infiltration systems. Unlike municipal public supply wells, modeling and other technical analysis is rarely done to determine appropriate separation distances for these wells. We recommend one of the following three approaches to determining a separation distance between an infiltration system and a water supply well.

  • Follow Minnesota Department of Health guidelines, which specify a minimum 100 foot horizontal separation between any infiltration BMP and a sensitive water supply well, and a 50 foot minimum horizontal separation between any infiltration BMP and all other water supply wells. Sensitive water supply wells may be identified using existing reliable groundwater maps (e.g. MDH vulnerability maps, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) County Atlases), or by applying MDNR groundwater sensitivity criteria (see page 8)
  • Applying the guidance found at this page, determine an appropriate separation distance based on a mounding analysis. We recommend adding an additional safety factor if runoff delivered to the infiltration practice is located in a stormwater hotspot or has the potential to contain mobile organic chemicals or pathogens.
  • Calculate a time of travel. This can be done if there are sufficient data to apply Darcy's equation V= KI/n, where V is the groundwater velocity, K is the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, I is the horizontal hydraulic gradient, and n is the effective porosity.