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+ | <table class="infobox" style="border:3px; border-style:solid; border-color:#FF0000; text-align: left; width: 300px; font-size: 100%"> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th><center><font size=3>'''Contributors and Acknowledgements'''</font size></center></th> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | *Anthony Aufdenkampe, Ph.D., LimnoTech | ||
+ | *Dendy Lofton, Ph.D, LimnoTech | ||
+ | *Ben Crary, EIT, LimnoTech | ||
+ | *Hans Holmberg, P.E., LimnoTech | ||
+ | *Jeremy Walgrave, P.E., LimnoTech | ||
+ | *John Gulliver, Ph.D., P.E., University of Minnesota | ||
+ | *Ben Janke, Ph.D, University of Minnesota | ||
+ | *David Fairbairn, Ph.D., Minnesota Pollution Control Agency | ||
+ | *Jacques Finlay, Ph.D. University of Minnesota | ||
+ | *Bruce Wilson, Ph.D., P.E., University of Minnesota | ||
+ | *Kerry Holmberg, University of Minnesota | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
− | + | <noinclude>[[File:General information page image.png|left|100px|alt=image]] | |
+ | [[File:Technical information page image.png|100px|left|alt=image]]</noinclude> | ||
− | + | This page provides a brief summary of findings from a study to | |
*estimate the extent and occurrence of constructed stormwater ponds that do not effectively retain phosphorus, | *estimate the extent and occurrence of constructed stormwater ponds that do not effectively retain phosphorus, | ||
*identify conditions likely to contribute to phosphorus export from constructed stormwater ponds, | *identify conditions likely to contribute to phosphorus export from constructed stormwater ponds, | ||
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To download the final report, click on this link: [[File:P in ponds final report.docx]] | To download the final report, click on this link: [[File:P in ponds final report.docx]] | ||
− | + | This page includes links to other research being done or recently completed on this topic. | |
− | |||
− | This page | ||
==Occurrence of constructed stormwater ponds that do not effectively retain phosphorus== | ==Occurrence of constructed stormwater ponds that do not effectively retain phosphorus== | ||
Literature reviewed for this task included the following. | Literature reviewed for this task included the following. | ||
− | *[ | + | *[https://rpbcwd.org/explore/library?sort=title&dir=asc&ccm_paging_p=19&ccm_order_by=fv.fvTitle&ccm_order_by_direction=asc Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District’s (RPBCWD) 2014 Stormwater Pond Project] |
− | *[ | + | *[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2015/01/LSRCA-Stormwater-Maintenance-and-Anoxic-Conditions-2011.pdf Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority (LSRCA)] |
− | *[https:// | + | *[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10533-017-0293-1 Song, et al.] (2017) |
*[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0114-3 Song, et al.] (2015) | *[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0114-3 Song, et al.] (2015) | ||
*[http://www.wwwalker.net/pdf/dbasins.pdf Walker] (1987) | *[http://www.wwwalker.net/pdf/dbasins.pdf Walker] (1987) | ||
*[http://www.bmpdatabase.org/ International Stormwater Database] | *[http://www.bmpdatabase.org/ International Stormwater Database] | ||
− | In addition, University of Minnesota researchers, Jacques Finlay and | + | In addition, University of Minnesota researchers, Jacques Finlay and Ben Janke, contributed data and expertise to this effort. |
− | [[File:Ontario 1.png|300px|thumb|alt=image of P export in Ontario ponds|<font size=3>Comparison of pond | + | [[File:Ontario 1.png|300px|thumb|alt=image of P export in Ontario ponds|<font size=3>Comparison of pond TSS removal compared to designed removal efficiency. TSS is used as a surrogate for TP removal. (Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority)</font size>]] |
General conclusions included the following. | General conclusions included the following. | ||
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*Mixing and resuspension. Phosphorus released through dissolution can be brought to the upper water column through mixing. It may then be exported from the pond. | *Mixing and resuspension. Phosphorus released through dissolution can be brought to the upper water column through mixing. It may then be exported from the pond. | ||
− | Although phosphorus dynamics in ponds are complicated and highly variable, ponds susceptible to phosphorus export are those receiving high inputs, particularly of organic material, and that undergo stratification, which allows anoxic conditions to occur within the pond. The issue of stratification may be exasperated by chemostratification resulting from road deicers accumulating in ponds ([http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/updates-newsletters/updates-april-2018 Taguchi et al., 2018]; [http://www.mnltap.umn.edu/publications/exchange/2019/June/roadsalt/index.html McDivitt, 2019) | + | Although phosphorus dynamics in ponds are complicated and highly variable, ponds susceptible to phosphorus export are those receiving high inputs, particularly of organic material, and that undergo stratification, which allows anoxic conditions to occur within the pond. The issue of stratification may be exasperated by chemostratification resulting from road deicers accumulating in ponds ([http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/updates-newsletters/updates-april-2018 Taguchi et al., 2018]; [http://www.mnltap.umn.edu/publications/exchange/2019/June/roadsalt/index.html McDivitt, 2019]) |
==List of ponds with phosphorus data== | ==List of ponds with phosphorus data== | ||
− | + | A list of over 500 stormwater ponds in the upper Midwest was compiled in order to identify characteristics that may be indicative of phosphorus release in this general region. This list includes approximately 400 ponds in Minnesota and 98 that are located in Ontario, Canada. The dataset was narrowed to 240 ponds that had at least one surface TP measurement. | |
The following information was targeted for inclusion in the dataset, although much of this information was not available for many of the ponds. | The following information was targeted for inclusion in the dataset, although much of this information was not available for many of the ponds. | ||
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==High level assessment of phosphorus release== | ==High level assessment of phosphorus release== | ||
− | + | Analysis of the data attempted to identify patterns or trends that would help understand why some ponds are more susceptible to releasing phosphorus. The analysis is in the technical report: [[File:P in ponds final report.docx]]. | |
Overall, the assessment revealed that the data are not sufficiently detailed to tell the story of internal phosphorus cycling. Linear correlations suggest that ponds built more recently perform more effectively, but positive correlations between estimated P removal efficiency and surface TDP highlight that there is more to be learned about the internal mechanisms beyond estimated efficiency. | Overall, the assessment revealed that the data are not sufficiently detailed to tell the story of internal phosphorus cycling. Linear correlations suggest that ponds built more recently perform more effectively, but positive correlations between estimated P removal efficiency and surface TDP highlight that there is more to be learned about the internal mechanisms beyond estimated efficiency. | ||
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==On-going or recent studies - Minnesota== | ==On-going or recent studies - Minnesota== | ||
There are several on-going or recent studies examining phosphorus dynamics in and release from constructed stormwater ponds. Below is a review of some of that work, including links to reports and presentations. | There are several on-going or recent studies examining phosphorus dynamics in and release from constructed stormwater ponds. Below is a review of some of that work, including links to reports and presentations. | ||
− | *[https:// | + | *[https://wrc.umn.edu/characterization-phosphorus-release-ponds Characterization of Phosphorus Release from Ponds]. This is a study of the P dynamics of stormwater ponds to understand the factors that control retention and release of P. Because ponds rely on sedimentation for P removal, they are most effective when a high percentage of P is bound to suspended solids and less effective when input P is in the soluble form. More generally, the study will represent the first stage in research to understand the functioning of stormwater ponds with respect to P removal. This information is crucial for the development of guidelines for the management of ponds for improved P retention. |
**Project Staff: John Gulliver, Jacques Finlay, Ben Janke, Tyler Olsen, and Vinicius Taguchi | **Project Staff: John Gulliver, Jacques Finlay, Ben Janke, Tyler Olsen, and Vinicius Taguchi | ||
− | **[https:// | + | **[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nlseFITNj0LUQXL6XHoiaXkH8RdO5uaM/view Final report] |
− | **[https:// | + | **[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IaNdzGfppjpwmF7Em4Z3RWYx4eX1h9Hk/view Executive summary] |
− | **[https:// | + | **[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aXYbKACwWmfqH5WUjNfdaDmo7WTgMzgd/view Technical summary] |
− | *[https:// | + | *[https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/218852/pr597.pdf Detecting phosphorus release from stormwater ponds to guide management and design]. There is growing concern that aging stormwater retention ponds may become net sources of phosphorus (P) to receiving waters. Release of P previously deposited in sediments (i.e. internal loading) is a major contributor to eutrophication in lakes. Stormwater ponds often have high external P loading, and other characteristics that may increase the likelihood of internal loading as ponds age. However, stormwater ponds have received comparatively little research attention, even though they are widely used with the intended goal of permanent immobilization of phosphorus. The ability of these systems to retain phosphorus over their lifespan is essentially unknown. The proposed research will build understanding necessary to assess the capacity of stormwater ponds to retain or release phosphorus in Minnesota’s stormwater pond infrastructure. The projects aim to develop methods for rapid and efficient identification of pond phosphorus release, to guide management of existing ponds, and to reveal factors that underlie poor performance for P removal. The results of this project will be used to inform and improve pond maintenance, pond design and decision making around construction of new ponds, and to ultimately improve the water quality of our lakes, rivers and wetlands. |
**Research team: John Gulliver, Jacques Finlay, Ben Janke, Poornima Natarajan, Shahram Missaghi | **Research team: John Gulliver, Jacques Finlay, Ben Janke, Poornima Natarajan, Shahram Missaghi | ||
**Project duration: January 1, 2019-June 30, 2020 | **Project duration: January 1, 2019-June 30, 2020 | ||
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*Use of alum in stormwater ponds | *Use of alum in stormwater ponds | ||
**[http://plciowa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Joe-Bischoff-Prairie-Lakes-Alum-in-Lakes.pdf THE USE OF ALUMINUM SULFATE (ALUM) IN LAKES AND PONDS] | **[http://plciowa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Joe-Bischoff-Prairie-Lakes-Alum-in-Lakes.pdf THE USE OF ALUMINUM SULFATE (ALUM) IN LAKES AND PONDS] | ||
− | **[ | + | **[https://www.sfwmd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/13-current%20research%20and%20trends%20in%20alum%20treatment%20of%20stormwater%20runoff.pdf CURRENT RESEARCH AND TRENDS IN ALUM TREATMENT OF STORMWATER RUNOFF] |
**[http://www.shinglecreek.org/uploads/5/7/7/6/57762663/presentation_-_why_is_phosphorus_---.pdf Why is Watershed Phosphorus Loading so Stubbornly Persistent?] | **[http://www.shinglecreek.org/uploads/5/7/7/6/57762663/presentation_-_why_is_phosphorus_---.pdf Why is Watershed Phosphorus Loading so Stubbornly Persistent?] | ||
**[https://www.savmn.com/301/Salo-PondSilver-Lake-Stormwater-Treatmen Salo Pond/Silver Lake Stormwater Treatment System] | **[https://www.savmn.com/301/Salo-PondSilver-Lake-Stormwater-Treatmen Salo Pond/Silver Lake Stormwater Treatment System] | ||
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*International BMP Database. | *International BMP Database. | ||
*Janke, B.D., J. C. Finlay, and S.E. Hobbie. 2017. [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/acs.est.7b02225 Trees and Streets as Drivers of Urban Stormwater Nutrient Pollution]. Environ. Sci. Technol.2017, 51, 9569−9579. | *Janke, B.D., J. C. Finlay, and S.E. Hobbie. 2017. [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/acs.est.7b02225 Trees and Streets as Drivers of Urban Stormwater Nutrient Pollution]. Environ. Sci. Technol.2017, 51, 9569−9579. | ||
− | *Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. 2011. [ | + | *Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. 2011. [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2015/01/LSRCA-Stormwater-Maintenance-and-Anoxic-Conditions-2011.pdf Stormwater Pond Maintenance and Anoxic Conditions Investigation- FINAL REPORT] |
− | *Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District. 2014. [ | + | *Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District. 2014. [https://www.rpbcwd.org/application/files/4616/2930/2389/2013_Stormwater_Pond_Project_Report_Final.pdf Stormwater Pond Project - 2013 Report]. |
*Song, K., Winters, C., Xenopoulos, M. A., Marsalek, J., & Frost, P. C. (2017). Phosphorus cycling in urban aquatic ecosystems: connecting biological processes and water chemistry to sediment P fractions in urban stormwater management ponds. Biogeochemistry, 132(1–2), 203–212. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0293-1] | *Song, K., Winters, C., Xenopoulos, M. A., Marsalek, J., & Frost, P. C. (2017). Phosphorus cycling in urban aquatic ecosystems: connecting biological processes and water chemistry to sediment P fractions in urban stormwater management ponds. Biogeochemistry, 132(1–2), 203–212. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0293-1] | ||
*Song, K., Xenopoulos, M. A., Marsalek, J., & Frost, P. C. (2015). The fingerprints of urban nutrients: dynamics of phosphorus speciation in water flowing through developed landscapes. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0114-3 ] | *Song, K., Xenopoulos, M. A., Marsalek, J., & Frost, P. C. (2015). The fingerprints of urban nutrients: dynamics of phosphorus speciation in water flowing through developed landscapes. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0114-3 ] | ||
*Walker, W. W. (1987). [http://www.wwwalker.net/pdf/dbasins.pdf Phosphorus removal by urban runoff detention basins]. Lake and Reservoir Management, 3(1), 314–326. | *Walker, W. W. (1987). [http://www.wwwalker.net/pdf/dbasins.pdf Phosphorus removal by urban runoff detention basins]. Lake and Reservoir Management, 3(1), 314–326. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Category:Level 2 - Pollutants/Phosphorus]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Wet pond]] |
|
This page provides a brief summary of findings from a study to
To download the final report, click on this link: File:P in ponds final report.docx
This page includes links to other research being done or recently completed on this topic.
Literature reviewed for this task included the following.
In addition, University of Minnesota researchers, Jacques Finlay and Ben Janke, contributed data and expertise to this effort.
General conclusions included the following.
Overall the literature has not come to a conclusion on the extent of phosphorus release from stormwater ponds, but recent efforts have begun to shed light on the processes. RPBCWD revealed a large proportion of ponds have surface concentrations higher than estimated stormwater influent, and LSRCA identified that many are not operating as efficiently as designed. LSRCA speculated that anoxic conditions (which were documented in nearly half of their 98-pond survey) may be contributing to internal phosphorus loading. This speculation has been supported by recent literature highlighting the conditional influences on internal phosphorus dynamics.
This section provides a very brief summary of major biogeochemical and geochemical mechanisms driving phosphorus release from the sediments and retention by the sediments in constructed stormwater ponds. For a detailed discussion of these mechanisms, see the technical report: File:P in ponds final report.docx.
For over three decades, constructed stormwater ponds have been designed and maintained to maximize sedimentation and minimize scour during storm periods. The design of stormwater ponds for water quality has focused nearly entirely on the goal of maximizing sedimentation of phosphorus bound to particles and minimizing scouring of these particles by subsequent storms. Other physical, geochemical, and biological processes have not adequately been considered.
The figure on the right shows a conceptual model illustrating phosphorus reservoirs and fluxes in a typical stormwater pond. While each of the fluxes shown are potentially important, the following are likely to be of greatest importance for ponds that potentially release phosphorus.
Although phosphorus dynamics in ponds are complicated and highly variable, ponds susceptible to phosphorus export are those receiving high inputs, particularly of organic material, and that undergo stratification, which allows anoxic conditions to occur within the pond. The issue of stratification may be exasperated by chemostratification resulting from road deicers accumulating in ponds (Taguchi et al., 2018; McDivitt, 2019)
A list of over 500 stormwater ponds in the upper Midwest was compiled in order to identify characteristics that may be indicative of phosphorus release in this general region. This list includes approximately 400 ponds in Minnesota and 98 that are located in Ontario, Canada. The dataset was narrowed to 240 ponds that had at least one surface TP measurement.
The following information was targeted for inclusion in the dataset, although much of this information was not available for many of the ponds.
To access the file with the pond information: File:Pond data.xlsx. The technical report provides some analysis of the data: File:P in ponds final report.docx.
Analysis of the data attempted to identify patterns or trends that would help understand why some ponds are more susceptible to releasing phosphorus. The analysis is in the technical report: File:P in ponds final report.docx.
Overall, the assessment revealed that the data are not sufficiently detailed to tell the story of internal phosphorus cycling. Linear correlations suggest that ponds built more recently perform more effectively, but positive correlations between estimated P removal efficiency and surface TDP highlight that there is more to be learned about the internal mechanisms beyond estimated efficiency.
Although more rigorous research is needed to gain a fuller understanding of phosphorus dynamics in ponds, some general observations included the following.
There are several on-going or recent studies examining phosphorus dynamics in and release from constructed stormwater ponds. Below is a review of some of that work, including links to reports and presentations.
This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 19:09.