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{{alert|Bioretention practices can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Because they utilize vegetation, bioretention practices provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, carbon sequestration, improved biological habitat, and aesthetic value.|alert-success}}
This page provides guidance for operation and maintenance (O&M) of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices. This includes biofiltration, bioinfiltration, infiltration trenches, infiltration basins, including above- and below-ground infiltration practices.
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[[File:Technical information page image.png|100px|right|alt=image]]
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[[File:Pdf image.png|100px|thumb|alt=pdf image|<font size=3>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_Minnesota_Stormwater_Manual.pdf Download pdf]</font size>]]
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[[file:Infiltration trench Lino Lakes.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes|<font size=3>Photo of an infiltration trench with native vegetation in Lino Lakes</font size>]]
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This page provides guidance for operation and maintenance (O&M) of <span title="Bioretention is a terrestrial-based (up-land as opposed to wetland) water quality and water quantity control process. Bioretention employs a simplistic, site-integrated design that provides opportunity for runoff infiltration, filtration, storage, and water uptake by vegetation. Bioretention areas are suitable stormwater treatment practices for all land uses, as long as the contributing drainage area is appropriate for the size of the facility. Common bioretention opportunities include landscaping islands, cul-de-sacs, parking lot margins, commercial setbacks, open space, rooftop drainage and street-scapes (i.e., between the curb and sidewalk). Bioretention, when designed with an underdrain and liner, is also a good design option for treating Potential stormwater hotspots. Bioretention is extremely versatile because of its ability to be incorporated into landscaped areas. The versatility of the practice also allows for bioretention areas to be frequently employed as stormwater retrofits."> '''bioretention'''</span> and other stormwater infiltration practices, including above- and below-ground infiltration practices. This includes <span title="A bioretention practice having an underdrain. All water entering the practice is filtered through engineered media and filtered water is returned to the storm sewer system."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Bioretention '''biofiltration''']</span>, bioinfiltration, infiltration trenches, and <span title="Infiltration basins, infiltration trenches, dry wells, and underground infiltration systems capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Infiltration '''infiltration basins''']</span>.
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Supplemental information can be found on the page called [[Operation and maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices - supplemental information]]. Supplemental information includes the following.
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Erosion_protection_and_sediment_monitoring.2C_removal.2C_and_disposal_.E2.80.93_protecting_your_investment Erosion protection and sediment monitoring, removal, and disposal]
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Seeding.2C_planting.2C_and_landscaping_maintenance_.E2.80.93_keeping_it_looking_good Seeding, planting, and landscaping maintenance]
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Snow_storage Snow storage]
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Sustainable_service_life_for_infiltration_and_bioretention_BMPs Sustainable service life for infiltration and bioretention BMPs]
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Maintenance_agreements Maintenance agreements]
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#References References]
  
 
==Overview of typical O&M issues==
 
==Overview of typical O&M issues==
Bioretention practices and other stormwater infiltration practices like rain gardens and infiltration trenches are vegetated landscape practices that capture, filter, and infiltrate stormwater runoff. In addition, these practices can provide ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and storage, carbon sequestration, reduction in heat island effect, climate adaptation, and habitat for bees, butterflies, and other insects and small animals that pollinate. Bioretention and other infiltration practices may be subject to higher public visibility, greater trash loads, pedestrian traffic, vandalism, and vehicular loads, particularly in urban areas.  
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Bioretention practices and other stormwater infiltration practices (e.g. rain gardens, infiltration trenches) are vegetated landscape practices that capture, filter, and infiltrate stormwater runoff. In addition, these practices can provide <span title="Benefits derived from ecosystems and ecosystem functions. Examples of benefits include clean water, nutrient cycling, pollination, and detoxification of wastes."> '''ecosystem services'''</span> such as nutrient cycling and storage, <span title="The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide.> '''carbon sequestration'''</span>, reduction in <span title="an urban area having higher average temperature than its rural surroundings owing to the greater absorption, retention, and generation of heat by its buildings, pavements, and human activities."> '''heat island'''</span> effect, <span title="Adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts."> '''climate adaptation'''</span>, and habitat for bees, butterflies, and other insects and small animals, including [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pollinator_friendly_Best_Management_Practices_for_stormwater_management pollinators]. Bioretention and other infiltration practices may be subject to high public visibility, greater trash loads, pedestrian traffic, vandalism, and vehicular loads, particularly in urban areas.  
  
These practices require dedicated and regular maintenance to ensure proper and long-lasting operation and ecosystem benefits. Estimated bioretention lifespans range from 10 to 40 years (Drescher, 2012). The most frequently cited O&M concerns for infiltration practices include:
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These practices require dedicated and regular maintenance to ensure proper and long-lasting operation and ecosystem benefits. Estimated bioretention <span title="The expected length of time over which a best management practice (bmp) can be expected to perform its intended function(s) before needing to be rebuilt or replaced. Maintenance is likely required during the lifespan period."> '''lifespans'''</span> range from 10 to 40 years ([https://owl.cwp.org/mdocs-posts/trees-in-bioretention/ Drescher, 2012]). The most frequently cited O&M concerns for infiltration practices include the following.
*Permanent standing water or flooding due to clogging caused by organic matter, fine silts, hydrocarbons, and algal matter. Clogging can occur at the surface, or in the inlet, outlet, or underdrain pipes.  
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*Permanent standing water or flooding due to clogging caused by <span title="Carbon-based compounds, originally derived from living organisms"> '''organic matter'''</span>, fine silts, <span title="A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas."> '''hydrocarbons'''</span>, and algal matter. Clogging can occur at the surface, or in the inlet, outlet, or <span title="An underground drain or trench with openings through which the water may percolate from the soil or ground above"> '''underdrain'''</span> pipes.  
*Runoff bypasses the practice due to incorrect grading and slopes, or because the inlet is blocked.
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*Runoff <span title="Stormwater runoff in excess of the design flow, which is diverted around a stormwater structure"> '''bypasses'''</span> the practice due to incorrect grading and slopes, or because the inlet is blocked.
 
*Accumulation of trash and debris within the infiltration practice.
 
*Accumulation of trash and debris within the infiltration practice.
 
*Insufficient/inadequate vegetation or overcrowded vegetation .
 
*Insufficient/inadequate vegetation or overcrowded vegetation .
*Inadequate pollutant removal due to improper soil media selection.  
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*Inadequate pollutant removal due to improper soil <span title="Engineered media is a mixture of sand, fines (silt, clay), and organic matter utilized in stormwater practices, most frequently in bioretention practices. The media is typically designed to have a rapid infiltration rate, attenuate pollutants, and allow for plant growth."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Design_criteria_for_bioretention#Materials_specifications_-_filter_media '''media''']</span> selection.  
  
 
The sections below describe best practices to prevent or minimize these common problems.
 
The sections below describe best practices to prevent or minimize these common problems.
  
 
==Design Phase O&M Considerations==
 
==Design Phase O&M Considerations==
Designers should design bioretention and infiltration practices in ways that prevent or minimize O&M issues. Examples include:
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[[file:Filter strip before rain garden 1.jpg|thumb|300|alt=photo of filter strip for bioretention system|<font size=3>Example of a filter strip serving as pretreatment for a bioretention practice.</font size>]]
*Limiting the contributing drainage area and sizing the practice in accordance to its contributing drainage area to prevent flooding issues.
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*Providing pretreatment and trash racks to prevent clogging or trash accumulation.
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Designers should design bioretention and infiltration practices in ways that prevent or minimize O&M issues. Examples include the following.
*Providing a vegetation design plan, emphasizing:
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*Limiting the contributing drainage area and sizing the practice in accordance to its <span title="The total drainage area, including pervious and impervious surfaces, contributing to a BMP"> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contributing_drainage_area_to_stormwater_BMPs contributing drainage area]'''</span> to prevent flooding issues.
**native plantings (see Plants for Stormwater Design) to enhance pollinator and wildlife habitat, improve infiltration and evapotranspiration, reduce urban heat island effect, provide optimized carbon sequestration, and provide climate adaptation. Native plantings typically require less maintenance and replacement than non-native plantings because they are adapted to the local climate.
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*Providing <span title="Pretreatment reduces maintenance and prolongs the lifespan of structural stormwater BMPs by removing trash, debris, organic materials, coarse sediments, and associated pollutants prior to entering structural stormwater BMPs. Implementing pretreatment devices also improves aesthetics by capturing debris in focused or hidden areas. Pretreatment practices include settling devices, screens, and pretreatment vegetated filter strips."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pretreatment '''pretreatment''']</span> and <span title="A sturdy cage-like stormwater filtration structure that keeps large debris and trash out of stormwater systems and waterways."> '''trash racks'''</span> to prevent clogging or trash accumulation.
**site-specific plantings that take into account sun exposure, shade, proximity to traffic corners (visibility issues), interior vs exterior plantings, salt-tolerant plants, etc. The selection of plantings suitable to their immediate surroundings will minimize long-term care and replacement frequency.  
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*Providing a vegetation design plan, emphasizing
*Specifying the optimized soil media composition and depth to effectively trap or sequester nutrients (phosphorus in particular), and that can also support the desired vegetation.
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**native plantings (see [https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/plants-stormwater-design Plants for Stormwater Design]) to enhance pollinator and wildlife habitat, improve infiltration and evapotranspiration, reduce urban heat island effect, provide optimized carbon sequestration, and provide climate adaptation. Native plantings typically require less maintenance and replacement than non-native plantings because they are adapted to the local climate;
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**site-specific plantings that take into account sun exposure, shade, proximity to traffic corners (visibility issues), interior vs exterior plantings, [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Minnesota_plant_lists#Salt_tolerance salt-tolerant plants], etc. The selection of plantings suitable to their immediate surroundings will minimize long-term care and replacement frequency.
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*Specifying the optimized soil media composition and depth to effectively trap or sequester nutrients ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Phosphorus phosphorus] in particular), and that can also support the desired vegetation.
 
*Providing educational signage to increase public awareness.
 
*Providing educational signage to increase public awareness.
 
*Installing measures like low fencing to prevent damage from pedestrian foot traffic .  
 
*Installing measures like low fencing to prevent damage from pedestrian foot traffic .  
  
Designers should consult and include any local requirements regarding green infrastructure. O&M considerations often depend on whether the practice is located on public land, private land, or in the public right of way. For example, plantings in the public right of way that conflict with any traffic safety considerations could require increased O&M, such as pruning or complete removal.
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Designers should consult and include any local requirements regarding <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure is designed to mimic nature and capture rainwater where it falls. Green infrastructure reduces and treats stormwater at its source while while also providing multiple community benefits such as improvements in water quality, reduced flooding, habitat, carbon capture, etc."> '''green infrastructure'''</span>. O&M considerations often depend on whether the practice is located on public land, private land, or in the public right of way. For example, plantings in the public right of way that conflict with any traffic safety considerations could require increased O&M, such as pruning or complete removal.
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Designers should also recognize the need to perform frequent landscaping maintenance to remove trash, check for clogging, and maintain vigorous and healthy vegetation. Designers can incorporate design solutions to facilitate maintenance activities. Examples include
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*incorporating multiple and easy site access points;
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*installing <span title="A well used to observe changes in groundwater levels or groundwater quality over a period of time."> '''observation wells'''</span>; and
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*providing recommendations of vegetation appropriate to the location.
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The designer should also provide a site-specific O&M plan that includes
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*construction inspection schedule and checklists,
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*post-construction routine maintenance schedule and checklists, and
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*operating instructions for the practice (if applicable)
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[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices#Example_O.26M_Plans.2C_Checklists.2C_Reports.2C_and_Maintenance_Agreements Example O&M plans are provided below.]
  
Designers should also recognize the need to perform frequent landscaping maintenance to remove trash, check for clogging, and maintain vigorous and healthy vegetation. Designers can incorporate design solutions to facilitate maintenance activities. Examples include:  
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For more design information and criteria for individual infiltration practices, see the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Design_criteria_for_bioretention Design criteria for bioretention] or [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Design_criteria_for_infiltration Design criteria for infiltration practices] pages.
*Incorporating multiple and easy site access points
 
*Installing observation wells
 
*Providing recommendations of vegetation appropriate to the location
 
  
The designer should also provide a site-specific O&M plan that includes the following:
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==Construction Phase O&M Considerations==
*Construction inspection schedule and checklists
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[[File:Rake technique for bioretention.png|300px|thumb|alt=photo showing demonstration of the rake technique for bioretention|<font size=3>Demonstration of the rake technique with a bucket with teeth (top) and scoop technique using a bucket with a smooth blade (right). During the final pass of excavation, the rake technique should be used to break up the soil and promote exfiltration. Source: Dr. Robert Brown, ORISE Research Fellow, US EPA, Edison, NJ.</font size>]]
*Post-construction routine maintenance schedule and checklists
 
*Operating instructions for the practice (if applicable)
 
Example O&M plans are provided further down.
 
  
For more design information and criteria for individual infiltration practices, see the “design criteria for bioretention” or “design criteria for infiltration practices” pages.
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Proper construction methods and sequencing play a significant role in reducing O&M problems. Some key items during the construction phase include the following.
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#'''Before construction begins'''
Construction Phase O&M Considerations
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##Ensure that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to the beginning of construction. Also make sure that impervious areas in the contributing drainage area are clean.  If this is not possible, use barriers or diversions to direct stormwater flows from the contributing drainage area away from the practice. See [[Sediment control practices]] for more information.
Proper construction methods and sequencing play a significant role in reducing O&M problems. Some key items during the construction phase include:
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##Install any needed <span title="Practices designed to prevent or minimize erosion> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Erosion_prevention_practices '''erosion protection''']</span> and <span title="practices designed to prevent or minimize loss of eroded soil at a site"> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Sediment_control_practices '''sediment controls''']</span> in your construction site and prepare a [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Construction_stormwater_permit_overview_and_permit_application#Create_a_Stormwater_Pollution_Prevention_Plan_.28SWPPP.29 storm water pollution prevention plan] (SWPPP). See [[Erosion prevention practices]] and [[Sediment control practices]] for more information.
#Before construction begins:
 
##Ensure that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to the beginning of construction. Also make sure that impervious areas in the contributing drainage area are clean.  If this is not possible, use barriers or diversions to direct stormwater flows from the contributing drainage area away from the practice.  
 
##Install any needed erosion and sediment controls in your construction site and prepare a storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP).  
 
 
##Designate a stormwater supervisor to make sure someone is responsible for erosion and sediment control.
 
##Designate a stormwater supervisor to make sure someone is responsible for erosion and sediment control.
 
##Hold a pre-construction meeting with the designer and the installer to review the construction plans and the sequencing of construction.
 
##Hold a pre-construction meeting with the designer and the installer to review the construction plans and the sequencing of construction.
#During construction:
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#'''During construction'''
##Construct any pre-treatment devices before constructing the main bioretention or infiltration system.  
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##Construct any <span title="Pretreatment reduces maintenance and prolongs the lifespan of structural stormwater BMPs by removing trash, debris, organic materials, coarse sediments, and associated pollutants prior to entering structural stormwater BMPs. Implementing pretreatment devices also improves aesthetics by capturing debris in focused or hidden areas. Pretreatment practices include settling devices, screens, and pretreatment vegetated filter strips."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pretreatment '''pretreatment''']</span> devices before constructing the main bioretention or infiltration system.  
##Ensure heavy equipment does not enter the footprint of the practice to avoid compaction of the infiltration medium.
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##Ensure heavy equipment does not enter the footprint of the practice to avoid compaction of the infiltration media.
##Store any soil or gravel media downstream of the practice footprint to avoid clogging the infiltration medium. If this is not possible, store soil or gravel media in some type of covered or contained structure.
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##Store any soil or gravel media downstream of the practice footprint to avoid clogging the infiltration media. If this is not possible, store soil or gravel media in some type of covered or contained structure.
##Inspect the practice during construction to ensure that the infiltration practice is built in accordance with the approved design and standards and specifications. This includes verification of the media composition and depths. Use a detailed inspection checklists that include sign-offs by qualified individuals at critical stages of construction, to ensure that the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided further down below.
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##Inspect the practice during construction to ensure that the infiltration practice is built in accordance with the approved design standards and specifications. This includes verification of the media composition and depths. Use detailed inspection checklists that include sign-offs by qualified individuals at critical stages of construction and to ensure the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices#Example_O.26M_Plans.2C_Checklists.2C_Reports.2C_and_Maintenance_Agreements here].
 
##Ensure that the plant and vegetation mix conforms to the vegetation design plan, particularly if the vegetation was selected to provide ecological function (such as pollinator habitat).
 
##Ensure that the plant and vegetation mix conforms to the vegetation design plan, particularly if the vegetation was selected to provide ecological function (such as pollinator habitat).
#After construction:
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#'''After construction'''
##Verify that the infiltration practice was built in accordance with the approved design and standards and specifications, including the pre-treatment devices as well as the main infiltration practice.  
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##Verify that the infiltration practice was built in accordance with the approved design and standards and specifications, including the pretreatment devices as well as the main infiltration practice.  
 
##Verify that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to removing any barriers, diversions, or erosion and sediment control measures.
 
##Verify that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to removing any barriers, diversions, or erosion and sediment control measures.
##Verify that the practice actually captures and infiltrates runoff. Conduct a full inundation test to inspect the underdrain and outflow function. Conduct an infiltration test to verify post-construction infiltration rates.
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##Verify that the practice actually captures and infiltrates runoff. Conduct a full inundation test to inspect the underdrain and outflow function. Conduct an infiltration test to verify post-construction infiltration rates. For more information, see [[Assessing the performance of infiltration]] or [[Assessing the performance of bioretention]].
 
##Verify that the practice reduces nutrient loads. Collect inflow and outflow storm water samples and have them analyzed for nutrient concentrations.  
 
##Verify that the practice reduces nutrient loads. Collect inflow and outflow storm water samples and have them analyzed for nutrient concentrations.  
##Use a detailed inspection checklist that includes sign-offs by qualified individuals at the completion of construction, to ensure that the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided further down below.
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##Use a detailed inspection checklist that includes sign-offs by qualified individuals at the completion of construction, to ensure that the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices#Example_O.26M_Plans.2C_Checklists.2C_Reports.2C_and_Maintenance_Agreements here].
 
##Review and discuss the plant warranty/establishment period with the plant provider to understand the conditions under which failing plants will be replaced.  
 
##Review and discuss the plant warranty/establishment period with the plant provider to understand the conditions under which failing plants will be replaced.  
##Determine if stormwater should be kept offline from the practice until the seedlings are established.
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##Determine if stormwater should be kept <span title="A stormwater system in which part or all of the stormwater runoff is diverted from the primary treatment practice. Partial diversion is employed for bypass runoff, which is runoff in excess of the designed treatment volume of the practice. Full offline diversion is employed as a temporary means to divert all runoff from a stormwater practice, typically to avoid erosion of exposed soil or establishment of vegetation."> '''offline'''</span> from the practice until the seedlings are established.
 
##The design/construction team should provide the O&M team with the following information to be included in the O&M plan:
 
##The design/construction team should provide the O&M team with the following information to be included in the O&M plan:
 
###The plant warranty .  
 
###The plant warranty .  
###The “as-built” plans of the practice
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###The “<span title="As-built refers to a drawing that shows the existing dimensions and conditions of a stormwater structure or device."> '''as-built'''</span>” plans of the practice
###A list of conditions that might cause failure of the practice if not properly maintained.
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###A list of conditions that might cause failure of the practice if not properly maintained.
  
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For information on construction specifications, see the links below.
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*[[Construction specifications for infiltration]]
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*[[Construction specifications for bioretention]]
  
 
==Post-Construction Phase O&M==
 
==Post-Construction Phase O&M==
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[[File:Rain garden O&M.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=photo of rain garden O&M|<font size=3>Photo showing maintenance of a bioretention practice. Image: [https://www.rwmwd.org/get-involved/stewardship-grants/ Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District].</font size>]]
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Effective short and long-term operation of bioretention and infiltration practices requires  dedicated and routine maintenance. Proper maintenance will not only increase the expected lifespan of the facility but will improve ecological function, aesthetics, and property value. Important post-construction considerations are provided below.  
 
Effective short and long-term operation of bioretention and infiltration practices requires  dedicated and routine maintenance. Proper maintenance will not only increase the expected lifespan of the facility but will improve ecological function, aesthetics, and property value. Important post-construction considerations are provided below.  
*A site-specific Operations and Maintenance Plan should be prepared by the designer prior to putting the stormwater practice into operation. This plan should provide any operating procedures related to the practices. The plan should also provide clear maintenance expectations, activities, and schedules.  Include photos if possible. Be clear about who is responsible for the maintenance and the type of expertise that will be needed for distinct O&M activities. The O&M plan should include an anticipated budget for O&M activities. The O&M plan should also include an example O&M inspection checklist and an example maintenance report. Example O&M plans and inspection checklists are provided further down below.  
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*A site-specific Operations and Maintenance Plan should be prepared by the designer prior to putting the stormwater practice into operation. This plan should provide any operating procedures related to the practices. The plan should also provide clear maintenance expectations, activities, and schedules.  Include photos if possible. Be clear about who is responsible for the maintenance and the type of expertise that will be needed for distinct O&M activities. The O&M plan should include an anticipated budget for O&M activities. The O&M plan should also include an example O&M inspection checklist and an example maintenance report. Example O&M plans and inspection checklists are provided [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices#Example_O.26M_Plans.2C_Checklists.2C_Reports.2C_and_Maintenance_Agreements here].
*A legally binding and enforceable maintenance agreement should be executed between the practice owner and the local review authority. Example maintenance agreements are provided further down below.
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*A legally binding and enforceable maintenance agreement should be executed between the practice owner and the local review authority. Example maintenance agreements are provided [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices#Example_O.26M_Plans.2C_Checklists.2C_Reports.2C_and_Maintenance_Agreements here].
 
*Inspection and maintenance activities are distinct and can be done as separate activities or together. Inspection will typically assess the practice for any O&M issues, whereas maintenance will address the O&M issues identified by the inspection. A dedicated inspection effort on a large number of BMPs can help prioritize maintenance activities.
 
*Inspection and maintenance activities are distinct and can be done as separate activities or together. Inspection will typically assess the practice for any O&M issues, whereas maintenance will address the O&M issues identified by the inspection. A dedicated inspection effort on a large number of BMPs can help prioritize maintenance activities.
*Maintenance activities should be careful not to cause compaction or damage to the vegetation. No vehicles or stockpiling should be allowed within the footprint of the practice. Foot traffic should be kept to a minimum.
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*Maintenance activities should not cause compaction or damage to vegetation. No vehicles or stockpiling should be allowed within the footprint of the practice. Foot traffic should be kept to a minimum.
*Maintenance activities should apply to all parts of the bioretention or infiltration practices, including the pre-treatment devices, the main bioretention/infiltration area, the vegetation, the media, and any conveyance or discharge pipes.  
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*Maintenance activities should apply to all parts of the bioretention or infiltration practices, including the pretreatment devices, the main bioretention/infiltration area, the vegetation, the media, and any conveyance or discharge pipes.  
*BMP areas generally should not be used as dedicated snow storage areas. Click here for additional snow and salt considerations.
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*BMP areas generally should not be used as dedicated snow storage areas. [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Snow_storage Click here] for additional snow and salt considerations.
  
[[Overview and schedule of general maintenance activities for bioretention and infiltration practices]]
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{{:Overview and schedule of general maintenance activities for bioretention and infiltration practices}}
 
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{{:Common problems and how to troubleshoot them for bioretention and infiltration practices}}
[[Common problems and how to troubleshoot them for bioretention and infiltration practices]]
 
  
 
==Maintenance Costs==
 
==Maintenance Costs==
Maintenance costs will vary on a number of factors, including but not limited to:
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Maintenance costs will vary with a number of factors, including but not limited to
*Size of the practice and its contributing drainage area
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*size of the practice and its contributing drainage area,
*Type of plantings used
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*type of plantings used,
*Site visit frequency
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*site visit frequency,
*Level of maintenance needed
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*level of maintenance needed,
*Local weather conditions
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*local weather conditions,
*Staffing needs (number of staff, external vs. internal staff, etc)
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*staffing needs (number of staff, external vs. internal staff, etc.),
*Travel time between sites
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*travel time between sites,
*Efficiencies of scale (single GI vs. a cluster of GI)
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*efficiencies of scale (single GI vs. a cluster of GI), and
*Equipment needed
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*equipment needed.
  
 
Preventative maintenance is key to minimizing major costs associated with repairs. A general rule of thumb to estimate maintenance costs is 3%-6% of the installation costs, but can run higher. Maintenance may be higher the first few years, while plants are being established.
 
Preventative maintenance is key to minimizing major costs associated with repairs. A general rule of thumb to estimate maintenance costs is 3%-6% of the installation costs, but can run higher. Maintenance may be higher the first few years, while plants are being established.
 
Maintenance costs should account for the number of hours of labor, the cost for different types of labor expertise required, and any equipment needed to successfully complete the maintenance activities.  
 
Maintenance costs should account for the number of hours of labor, the cost for different types of labor expertise required, and any equipment needed to successfully complete the maintenance activities.  
  
A study published in 2017 by ASCE shows the median annual maintenance cost of bioretention devices was estimated at $0.687/sq ft with lower and higher costs of $0.13/sq ft and $2.30/sq ft, respectively. The survey also provides average annual reported maintenance costs, which range from $250 to $3880 with a median of $850 (Clary, 2017).  
+
A study published in 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) shows the median annual maintenance cost of bioretention devices was estimated at $0.687/sq ft with lower and higher costs of $0.13/sq ft and $2.30/sq ft, respectively. The survey also provides average annual reported maintenance costs, which range from $250 to $3880 with a median of $850 ([https://owl.cwp.org/mdocs-posts/cost-of-maintaining-green-infrastructure/ Clary, 2017]).
  
 
==Useful Resources==
 
==Useful Resources==
More detailed information regarding specific maintenance activities [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZtzA923zvt_unapGb6U8ggQLTH4U5fH9Q1ejStyao6Y/edit?usp=sharing are provided here]. Topics discussed include:
+
Supplemental information can be found on the page called [[Operation and maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices - supplemental information]]. Supplemental information includes the following.
*Erosion protection and sediment monitoring, removal, and disposal – protecting your investment
+
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Erosion_protection_and_sediment_monitoring.2C_removal.2C_and_disposal_.E2.80.93_protecting_your_investment Erosion protection and sediment monitoring, removal, and disposal]
*Seeding, planting, and landscaping maintenance – keeping it looking good
+
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Seeding.2C_planting.2C_and_landscaping_maintenance_.E2.80.93_keeping_it_looking_good Seeding, planting, and landscaping maintenance]
*Snow Storage
+
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Snow_storage Snow storage]
*Sustainable service life for infiltration and bioretention BMPs
+
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Sustainable_service_life_for_infiltration_and_bioretention_BMPs Sustainable service life for infiltration and bioretention BMPs]
*Maintenance agreements
+
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#Maintenance_agreements Maintenance agreements]
*Additional References
+
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Operation_and_maintenance_of_bioretention_and_other_stormwater_infiltration_practices_-_supplemental_information#References References]
  
 
==Case Studies==
 
==Case Studies==
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==Maintenance Training Documents and Videos==
 
==Maintenance Training Documents and Videos==
*[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/2013/04/technical-bulletin-no-10-bioretention-illustrated-a-visual-guide-for-constructing-inspecting-maintaining-and-verifying-the-bioretention-practice/ Chesapeake Stormwater Network TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 10]. Bioretention Illustrated: A Visual Guide for Constructing, Inspecting, Maintaining and Verifying the Bioretention Practice
+
*[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/3768-7.pdf Chesapeake Stormwater Network TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 10]. Bioretention Illustrated: A Visual Guide for Constructing, Inspecting, Maintaining and Verifying the Bioretention Practice
*[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/events/webcast-ms4-implementers-and-the-bay-tmdl-urban-bmp-verification/ Archived webcast from Chesapeake Stormwater Network] - TRUST BUT VERIFY: Urban BMP Verification in the Chesapeake Bay
+
*[https://stormwater.wef.org/event/trust-verify-getting-ready-new-era-urban-bmp-verification-chesapeake-bay/ Archived webcast from Chesapeake Stormwater Network] - TRUST BUT VERIFY: Urban BMP Verification in the Chesapeake Bay
*[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/events/webcast-bioretention-maintenance/ Archived webcast from Chesapeake Stormwater Network] - Bioretention Maintenance: In the Trenches
+
*[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/resource/bioretention-maintenance-in-the-trenches/ Archived webcast from Chesapeake Stormwater Network] - Bioretention Maintenance: In the Trenches
 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nK4x1rtyMds MSD Rain Garden and Planter Box Maintenance video]
 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nK4x1rtyMds MSD Rain Garden and Planter Box Maintenance video]
 
*[https://www.riversmarthomes.org/video-series DOEE RiverSmart Rain Garden Maintenance video]
 
*[https://www.riversmarthomes.org/video-series DOEE RiverSmart Rain Garden Maintenance video]
Line 131: Line 152:
 
**[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Infiltration_trench_basin_operation_maintenance_checklist.xlsx Infiltration trench basin operation maintenance checklist] ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Infiltration_trench/basin_%E2%80%93_operation_and_maintenance_checklist link to table])
 
**[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Infiltration_trench_basin_operation_maintenance_checklist.xlsx Infiltration trench basin operation maintenance checklist] ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Infiltration_trench/basin_%E2%80%93_operation_and_maintenance_checklist link to table])
 
*O&M example report
 
*O&M example report
**[https://portal.laserfiche.com/Portal/DocView.aspx?id=3361965&repo=r-a96260ce MSD Example]
+
**[https://portal.laserfiche.com/Portal/DocView.aspx?id=3361965&repo=r-a96260ce MSD Example] (Download the page as it may not be visible on your screen)
 
*Maintenance Agreements
 
*Maintenance Agreements
 
**[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Example_Maintenance_Agreement_1 Example Maintenance Agreement 1]
 
**[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Example_Maintenance_Agreement_1 Example Maintenance Agreement 1]
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==References==
 
==References==
*Drescher, S.R., Karen Cappiella, Greg Hoffman, and Bryan Siepp. 2012. Trees in Bioretention. Center for Watershed Protection, Inc., Ellicott City, MD. https://owl.cwp.org/mdocs-posts/trees-in-bioretention/
+
*Drescher, S.R., Karen Cappiella, Greg Hoffman, and Bryan Siepp. 2012. [https://owl.cwp.org/mdocs-posts/trees-in-bioretention/ Trees in Bioretention]. Center for Watershed Protection, Inc., Ellicott City, MD.
*Clary, J., Piza, H. 2017. Cost of Maintaining Green Infrastructure. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, VA. https://owl.cwp.org/mdocs-posts/cost-of-maintaining-green-infrastructure/
+
*Clary, J., Piza, H. 2017. [https://owl.cwp.org/mdocs-posts/cost-of-maintaining-green-infrastructure/ Cost of Maintaining Green Infrastructure]. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, VA.
  
 +
<noinclude>
  
<noinclude>
 
 
==Related pages==
 
==Related pages==
*[[Operation and Maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices]]
+
*[[Operation and maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices]]
*[[Operation and Maintenance of green roofs]]
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*[[Operation and maintenance of green roofs]]
*[[Operation and Maintenance of vegetated strips]]
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*[[Operation and maintenance of vegetated strips]]
*[[Operation and Maintenance of permeable pavement]]
+
*[[Operation and maintenance of permeable pavement]]
*[[Operation and Maintenance of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
+
*[[Operation and maintenance of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
*[[Operation and Maintenance of vegetated swales]]
+
*[[Operation and maintenance of vegetated swales]]
*[[Operation and Maintenance of stormwater treatment wetlands]]
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*[[Operation and maintenance of stormwater treatment wetlands]]
*[[Operation and Maintenance of rainwater harvesting]]
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*[[Operation and maintenance of rainwater harvesting]]
  
 
Supplemental guidance
 
Supplemental guidance
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*[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of rainwater harvesting]]
 
*[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of rainwater harvesting]]
  
[[Category:Green stormwater infrastructure operation and maintenance]]
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[[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Bioretention‏‎]]
 +
[[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Specifications and details/Operation and maintenance]]
 
</noinclude>
 
</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 22:25, 31 January 2023

Green Infrastructure: Bioretention practices can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Because they utilize vegetation, bioretention practices provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, carbon sequestration, improved biological habitat, and aesthetic value.
image
Photo of a Infiltration trench in Lino Lakes
Photo of an infiltration trench with native vegetation in Lino Lakes

This page provides guidance for operation and maintenance (O&M) of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices, including above- and below-ground infiltration practices. This includes biofiltration, bioinfiltration, infiltration trenches, and infiltration basins.

Supplemental information can be found on the page called Operation and maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices - supplemental information. Supplemental information includes the following.

Overview of typical O&M issues

Bioretention practices and other stormwater infiltration practices (e.g. rain gardens, infiltration trenches) are vegetated landscape practices that capture, filter, and infiltrate stormwater runoff. In addition, these practices can provide ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and storage, carbon sequestration, reduction in heat island effect, climate adaptation, and habitat for bees, butterflies, and other insects and small animals, including pollinators. Bioretention and other infiltration practices may be subject to high public visibility, greater trash loads, pedestrian traffic, vandalism, and vehicular loads, particularly in urban areas.

These practices require dedicated and regular maintenance to ensure proper and long-lasting operation and ecosystem benefits. Estimated bioretention lifespans range from 10 to 40 years (Drescher, 2012). The most frequently cited O&M concerns for infiltration practices include the following.

  • Permanent standing water or flooding due to clogging caused by organic matter, fine silts, hydrocarbons, and algal matter. Clogging can occur at the surface, or in the inlet, outlet, or underdrain pipes.
  • Runoff bypasses the practice due to incorrect grading and slopes, or because the inlet is blocked.
  • Accumulation of trash and debris within the infiltration practice.
  • Insufficient/inadequate vegetation or overcrowded vegetation .
  • Inadequate pollutant removal due to improper soil media selection.

The sections below describe best practices to prevent or minimize these common problems.

Design Phase O&M Considerations

photo of filter strip for bioretention system
Example of a filter strip serving as pretreatment for a bioretention practice.

Designers should design bioretention and infiltration practices in ways that prevent or minimize O&M issues. Examples include the following.

  • Limiting the contributing drainage area and sizing the practice in accordance to its contributing drainage area to prevent flooding issues.
  • Providing pretreatment and trash racks to prevent clogging or trash accumulation.
  • Providing a vegetation design plan, emphasizing
    • native plantings (see Plants for Stormwater Design) to enhance pollinator and wildlife habitat, improve infiltration and evapotranspiration, reduce urban heat island effect, provide optimized carbon sequestration, and provide climate adaptation. Native plantings typically require less maintenance and replacement than non-native plantings because they are adapted to the local climate;
    • site-specific plantings that take into account sun exposure, shade, proximity to traffic corners (visibility issues), interior vs exterior plantings, salt-tolerant plants, etc. The selection of plantings suitable to their immediate surroundings will minimize long-term care and replacement frequency.
  • Specifying the optimized soil media composition and depth to effectively trap or sequester nutrients (phosphorus in particular), and that can also support the desired vegetation.
  • Providing educational signage to increase public awareness.
  • Installing measures like low fencing to prevent damage from pedestrian foot traffic .

Designers should consult and include any local requirements regarding green infrastructure. O&M considerations often depend on whether the practice is located on public land, private land, or in the public right of way. For example, plantings in the public right of way that conflict with any traffic safety considerations could require increased O&M, such as pruning or complete removal.

Designers should also recognize the need to perform frequent landscaping maintenance to remove trash, check for clogging, and maintain vigorous and healthy vegetation. Designers can incorporate design solutions to facilitate maintenance activities. Examples include

  • incorporating multiple and easy site access points;
  • installing observation wells; and
  • providing recommendations of vegetation appropriate to the location.

The designer should also provide a site-specific O&M plan that includes

  • construction inspection schedule and checklists,
  • post-construction routine maintenance schedule and checklists, and
  • operating instructions for the practice (if applicable)

Example O&M plans are provided below.

For more design information and criteria for individual infiltration practices, see the Design criteria for bioretention or Design criteria for infiltration practices pages.

Construction Phase O&M Considerations

photo showing demonstration of the rake technique for bioretention
Demonstration of the rake technique with a bucket with teeth (top) and scoop technique using a bucket with a smooth blade (right). During the final pass of excavation, the rake technique should be used to break up the soil and promote exfiltration. Source: Dr. Robert Brown, ORISE Research Fellow, US EPA, Edison, NJ.

Proper construction methods and sequencing play a significant role in reducing O&M problems. Some key items during the construction phase include the following.

  1. Before construction begins
    1. Ensure that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to the beginning of construction. Also make sure that impervious areas in the contributing drainage area are clean. If this is not possible, use barriers or diversions to direct stormwater flows from the contributing drainage area away from the practice. See Sediment control practices for more information.
    2. Install any needed erosion protection and sediment controls in your construction site and prepare a storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP). See Erosion prevention practices and Sediment control practices for more information.
    3. Designate a stormwater supervisor to make sure someone is responsible for erosion and sediment control.
    4. Hold a pre-construction meeting with the designer and the installer to review the construction plans and the sequencing of construction.
  2. During construction
    1. Construct any pretreatment devices before constructing the main bioretention or infiltration system.
    2. Ensure heavy equipment does not enter the footprint of the practice to avoid compaction of the infiltration media.
    3. Store any soil or gravel media downstream of the practice footprint to avoid clogging the infiltration media. If this is not possible, store soil or gravel media in some type of covered or contained structure.
    4. Inspect the practice during construction to ensure that the infiltration practice is built in accordance with the approved design standards and specifications. This includes verification of the media composition and depths. Use detailed inspection checklists that include sign-offs by qualified individuals at critical stages of construction and to ensure the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided here.
    5. Ensure that the plant and vegetation mix conforms to the vegetation design plan, particularly if the vegetation was selected to provide ecological function (such as pollinator habitat).
  3. After construction
    1. Verify that the infiltration practice was built in accordance with the approved design and standards and specifications, including the pretreatment devices as well as the main infiltration practice.
    2. Verify that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to removing any barriers, diversions, or erosion and sediment control measures.
    3. Verify that the practice actually captures and infiltrates runoff. Conduct a full inundation test to inspect the underdrain and outflow function. Conduct an infiltration test to verify post-construction infiltration rates. For more information, see Assessing the performance of infiltration or Assessing the performance of bioretention.
    4. Verify that the practice reduces nutrient loads. Collect inflow and outflow storm water samples and have them analyzed for nutrient concentrations.
    5. Use a detailed inspection checklist that includes sign-offs by qualified individuals at the completion of construction, to ensure that the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided here.
    6. Review and discuss the plant warranty/establishment period with the plant provider to understand the conditions under which failing plants will be replaced.
    7. Determine if stormwater should be kept offline from the practice until the seedlings are established.
    8. The design/construction team should provide the O&M team with the following information to be included in the O&M plan:
      1. The plant warranty .
      2. The “ as-built” plans of the practice
      3. A list of conditions that might cause failure of the practice if not properly maintained.

For information on construction specifications, see the links below.

Post-Construction Phase O&M

photo of rain garden O&M
Photo showing maintenance of a bioretention practice. Image: Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District.

Effective short and long-term operation of bioretention and infiltration practices requires dedicated and routine maintenance. Proper maintenance will not only increase the expected lifespan of the facility but will improve ecological function, aesthetics, and property value. Important post-construction considerations are provided below.

  • A site-specific Operations and Maintenance Plan should be prepared by the designer prior to putting the stormwater practice into operation. This plan should provide any operating procedures related to the practices. The plan should also provide clear maintenance expectations, activities, and schedules. Include photos if possible. Be clear about who is responsible for the maintenance and the type of expertise that will be needed for distinct O&M activities. The O&M plan should include an anticipated budget for O&M activities. The O&M plan should also include an example O&M inspection checklist and an example maintenance report. Example O&M plans and inspection checklists are provided here.
  • A legally binding and enforceable maintenance agreement should be executed between the practice owner and the local review authority. Example maintenance agreements are provided here.
  • Inspection and maintenance activities are distinct and can be done as separate activities or together. Inspection will typically assess the practice for any O&M issues, whereas maintenance will address the O&M issues identified by the inspection. A dedicated inspection effort on a large number of BMPs can help prioritize maintenance activities.
  • Maintenance activities should not cause compaction or damage to vegetation. No vehicles or stockpiling should be allowed within the footprint of the practice. Foot traffic should be kept to a minimum.
  • Maintenance activities should apply to all parts of the bioretention or infiltration practices, including the pretreatment devices, the main bioretention/infiltration area, the vegetation, the media, and any conveyance or discharge pipes.
  • BMP areas generally should not be used as dedicated snow storage areas. Click here for additional snow and salt considerations.

Overview and schedule of general maintenance activities for bioretention and infiltration practices.
Link to this table

First Year of Operation
Activity Frequency Time period Level of effort O&M benefita
Check that there is no ponding in the pretreatment device and/or in the main treatment area. At least twice after storm events > 0.5 inches Within the first 6 months < 1 hour 1
Check for evidence of clogging in the pretreatment device and/or in the main treatment area. At least twice after storm events > 0.5 inches Within the first 6 months < 1 hour 1
Check for evidence of clogging or failing of the inlet, outlet, and bypass pipes. At least twice after storm events > 0.5 inches Within the first 6 months < 1 hour 1
Remove any stormwater diversion or barriers once seedlings are established. Once When plants are sufficiently established 1-2 hours 1,2,3,4,5
Supplemental watering during drier periods, particularly if keeping stormwater offline until plant seedlings are established. 1/week initially During first 2 months 1-2 hours 2,3,4,5,6
As needed First growing season 1-2 hours 2,3,4,5,6
Remove and replace dead plants As needed First growing season 2-4 hours 2,3,4,5,6
Spot reseeding of bare patches and eroding areas As needed First growing season 2-4 hours 1,2,3,4,5,6
After First Year of Operation
Activity Frequency Time period Level of effort O&M benefita
Check that there is no ponding in the pretreatment device and/or in the main treatment area Semi-annually 48 hours after a rain event and when ground is not frozen. Note that deep sumps can have ponding 1-2 1
Check for evidence of clogging in the pretreatment device, the inlets/outlets/bypass pipes, and in the main treatment area. Look for evidence of short circuiting or low spots that cause flow path issues. Semi-annually n spring and fall 1-2 1
Supplemental watering As needed during extended dry periods During dry periods 1-2 hours 2,3,4,5,6
Remove trash and debris from the pretreatment device and/or in the main treatment area. Monthly during rainy season All year long. Cleaning may need to be done more frequently during the summer storm season and less during the drier winter season 1-2 hours 1,5
Inspect for and remove excess sediment in the pretreatment device and/or in the main treatment area. Monthly All year long 4 hours if removal is needed 1
Check and repair eroded areas Annually In fall or spring when vegetation has died down 4 hours if repair is needed 1,2,3,4,5
Mow grass filter strips and bioretention turf cover Seasonally, but outside of the main pollinator or wildlife nesting season During growing season 1-2 hours 2,3,4,5
Weed and remove invasive plants Twice during growing season During growing season 1-2 hours 2,3,4,5
Inspect plant composition and health and replace as needed Annually In fall or spring 4 hours if plant replacement is needed 2,3,4,5,6
Prune trees and shrubs Annually In fall or spring 2-4 hours 2,3,4,5
Inspect for and repair broken inlets or pipes As needed Any time 2 hours, more if repairs are needed 1
Renew mulchb As needed In fall or spring 1-2 hours 4,5
Spring cleanup (cut back and remove last year’s material) Annually In spring 2-4 hours 2,3,4,5
Fall cleanup (removed excessive leaf litter, particularly in areas with lots of trees) Annually In fall 2-4 hours 2,3,4,5
After 5+ Years of Operation (non-routine maintenance)
Activity Frequency Time period Level of effort O&M benefita
After long term operation of the practice, some occasional and infrequent maintenance activities might be required, such as bigger repairs, soil regeneration, or redesign of key elements of the practice. As neede As needed Could be significant depending on the activity 1,2,3,4,5,6

aKey to Maintenance Benefits:

  1. Proper stormwater flow and infiltration
  2. Creation and maintenance of wildlife habitat
  3. Creation and maintenance of pollinator habitat
  4. Nutrient cycling and storage
  5. Aesthetics and public enjoyment
  6. Carbon sequestration
bNote that many practitioners are minimizing the use of mulch or using alternatives to mulch to control weeds. Using mulch can cause clogging of inlet, outlet, and bypass pipes, and can introduce invasive species such as jump worms. Alternatives to mulch include ground vegetation such as clover or sedges, or arranging plantings in more dense configurations so as to minimize use of mulch.


Common problems and how to troubleshoot them for bioretention and infiltration practices
Link to this table

Symptom Possible causes Solution
Standing water within the infiltration area for more than 48 hours The surface of the ponding area may become clogged with fine sediment over time. This might be because the pretreatment is no longer working, or there are excessive sediment loads due to erosion or high sediment loads from the contributing area.
  • Clean the pretreatment area with more frequency.
  • Scrape, clean or vacuum the infiltration area. A vacuum truck may be needed for sediment removal in the pretreatment are or BMP proper. All sediments may be subjected to the MPCA’s guidance for reuse and disposal
  • Address any erosion through more plantings.
  • Core aeration or cultivating of non-vegetated areas may be required to ensure adequate infiltration.
Rainwater does not appear to flow to the infiltration area Leaves, sediment, trash, or plant debris may be blocking the flow path. Remove these materials on a regular basis
Vegetation is not able to establish Plant selection is inappropriate for the site Consult with a landscaper or horticulturist. Check that plants are suited to the local conditions. Make sure BMP is protected from snow storage or salt application.
Erosion or scouring around the inlet Flow is obstructed by debris or improper grading Correct for drainage and flow path issues to make sure flows are evenly distributed. Make sure the flow paths are unobstructed.


Maintenance Costs

Maintenance costs will vary with a number of factors, including but not limited to

  • size of the practice and its contributing drainage area,
  • type of plantings used,
  • site visit frequency,
  • level of maintenance needed,
  • local weather conditions,
  • staffing needs (number of staff, external vs. internal staff, etc.),
  • travel time between sites,
  • efficiencies of scale (single GI vs. a cluster of GI), and
  • equipment needed.

Preventative maintenance is key to minimizing major costs associated with repairs. A general rule of thumb to estimate maintenance costs is 3%-6% of the installation costs, but can run higher. Maintenance may be higher the first few years, while plants are being established. Maintenance costs should account for the number of hours of labor, the cost for different types of labor expertise required, and any equipment needed to successfully complete the maintenance activities.

A study published in 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) shows the median annual maintenance cost of bioretention devices was estimated at $0.687/sq ft with lower and higher costs of $0.13/sq ft and $2.30/sq ft, respectively. The survey also provides average annual reported maintenance costs, which range from $250 to $3880 with a median of $850 (Clary, 2017).

Useful Resources

Supplemental information can be found on the page called Operation and maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices - supplemental information. Supplemental information includes the following.

Case Studies

  • None identified that specifically include maintenance considerations.

Maintenance Training Documents and Videos

O&M Resource Catalog

MPCA has compiled publicly available O&M resources related to green infrastructure. This non-exhaustive catalog is intended as a resource to practitioners.

Example O&M Plans, Checklists, Reports, and Maintenance Agreements

References


Related pages

Supplemental guidance

This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 22:25.