References for stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse

Because of the large number of references on the topic of harvest and use, references correspond with the different sections of the harvest and use section of the manual.

Overview

• Alan Plummer Associates, Inc. 2010. Stormwater Harvesting Guidance Document for Texas Water Development Board.
• Hatt, B. E., A. Deletic, and T. D. Fletcher. 2006. Integrated Treatment and Recycling of Stormwater: A Review of Australian Practice. Journal of Environmental Management 79, no. 1: 102–113.
• Metropolitan Council. 2011. Stormwater Reuse Guide. Prepared by CDM Smith, Short Elliott Hendrickson (SEH), and Hoisington Koegler Group.
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS). 2015. Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies: An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Prepublication Copy.
• Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council, and National Health and Medical Research Council. 2009. Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2) - Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse.
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual. Chapter 25. Rainwater Harvesting. (Draft document).
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Guidelines for Water Reuse. EPA 625/R-04/108. USEPA, Cincinnati, OH.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). June 2008. Indoor Water Use in the US. EPA Water Sense. Doc ID: EPA-832-F-06-004.
• United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). September 2012. 2012 Guideline for Water Reuse. Document ID EPA/600/R-12/618.

Design process and sequencing

• Metropolitan Council. Fall 2011. Stormwater Reuse Guide, prepared by Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. and others. St. Paul, MN.
• City of Bellingham, Public Works Department. March, 2012. Rainwater Harvesting, Guidance towards a Sustainable Water Future. City of Bellingham, WA.
• Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales. April 2006. Managing Urban Stormwater: Harvesting and Reuse. Sydney, Australia, ISBN 1 74137 875 3.
• Department of Planning and Local Government (DPLG). December 2010. Water-Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual for the Greater Adelaide Region; Chapter 8 - Urban Water Harvesting and Reuse. Government of South Australia.
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual, Chapter 25, Rainwater Harvesting. Draft document.
• American Rainwater Catchment System Association and American Society of Plumbing Engineers. 2013. ARCSA/ASPE/ANSI Standard 63-2013. Rainwater Catchment Systems
• American Rainwater Catchment System Association and American Society of Plumbing Engineers. 2015. ARCSA/ASPE78: Stormwater Harvesting System Design for Direct End‐Use Applications
• American Rainwater Catchment System Association. 2015. ARCSA Rainwater Harvesting Manual. 1st Edition
• Despins, Christopher. 2010. Ontario Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Eds. Leidl, C., and K. Farahbakhsh

Design feasibility phase

• Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales. April 2006. Managing Urban Stormwater: Harvesting and Reuse. Sydney, Australia, ISBN 1 74137 875 3.
• Department of Planning and Local Government. December 2010. Water-Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual for the Greater Adelaide Region; Chapter 8 - Urban Water Harvesting and Reuse. Government of South Australia.
• Metropolitan Council. Fall 2011. Stormwater Reuse Guide, prepared by Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. and others. St. Paul, MN.
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual, Chapter 25, Rainwater Harvesting. Draft document.
• City of Bellingham, Public Works Department. March, 2012. Rainwater Harvesting, Guidance towards a Sustainable Water Future. City of Bellingham, WA.
• Department of Planning and Local Government (DPLG). December 2010. Water-Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual for the Greater Adelaide Region; Chapter 8 - Urban Water Harvesting and Reuse. Government of South Australia.
• Cabell Brand Center, 2009

Design phase storage siting

• North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual, Chapter 25, Rainwater Harvesting: Section 25.4.18, Provide Maintenance Access. This section of the North Carolina manual provides a list of considerations for maintenance access, but note that this manual does not provide adequate guidance on cold climate considerations.
• City of Bellingham, WA Rainwater Harvesting Guidance: Part B, Integrating rainwater harvesting with other parts of site design, site structures; Step 8, Determine possible tank location and overflow location
• Ontario Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems Handbook: 2.4 -3, Determine the location of the rainwater storage tank

Design

Required Storage Capacity

• Lawson,Sarah, Adrienne LaBranche-Tucker, Hans Otto Wack, Rick Hall, Benjamin Sojka, Ed Crawford, David Crawford, and Cabell Brand. 2009. Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Manual. 2nd Edition. Compiled by The Cabell Brand Center, Salem, VA. See Storage Tanks, Tank Sizing.
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual. Rainwater Harvesting. Draft document. See Section 25.4.8 – Section 25.4.11.
• Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales. April 2006. Managing Urban Stormwater: Harvesting and Reuse. Sydney, Australia, ISBN 1 74137 875 3. See Section 6.3.1, Storage Volume.

Storage Unit

• City of Bellingham, Public Works Department. 2012. Rainwater Harvesting, Guidance Toward a Sustainable Water Future. V1|3.6.2012. Bellingham, WA. See Step 9-d. See storage container – tank composition and sizing - Table 2 – Comparison of characteristics of aboveground tanks and belowground tanks
• Despins, Christopher. September 2012. Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems Handbook. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). ISBN 978-1-100-21183-1. See Chapter 2, Rainwater storage tank sizing - Appendix D, Overflow Provisions and Stormwater Management.
• Lawson,Sarah, Adrienne LaBranche-Tucker, Hans Otto Wack, Rick Hall, Benjamin Sojka, Ed Crawford, David Crawford, and Cabell Brand. 2009. Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Manual. 2nd Edition. See Design Guide, Storage Tanks Overflow
• Macomber, Patricia S. 2010. Guidelines on Rainwater Catchment Systems for Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. University of Hawaii at Manoa. ISBN 1-929325-23-1. See Section 2, Water Storage
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual. Chapter 25. Rainwater Harvesting. Draft document. See Section 25.4.17 – Section 25.4.19.
• Texas Water Development Board. 2005. The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting. 3rd Edition. Austin, TX. See Chapter 2, Rainwater Harvesting System Components – Storage Tanks.
• Metropolitan Council. 2011. 2011 Met Council Reuse Guide. Prepared by Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. and others. St. Paul, MN.
  • Toolbox I.1b, Bypass/Overflow
  • Toolbox 1.2 – Storage Systems
• Pushard, Doug. Comparing Rainwater Storage Options.
• Oasis Design. Water Storage Extras: Tank Calculator, Research Notes on Effect of Tank Materials on Water Quality

Collection System

• Despins, Christopher. September 2012. Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems Handbook. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). ISBN 978-1-100-21183-1
• Lawson,Sarah, Adrienne LaBranche-Tucker, Hans Otto Wack, Rick Hall, Benjamin Sojka, Ed Crawford, David Crawford, and Cabell Brand. 2009. Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Manual. Compiled by The Cabell Brand Center, Salem, VA. See Appendix A, Rainwater Catchment and Conveyance. See Gutters and downspouts or roof drains

Treatment System

• Metropolitan Council. Fall 2011. Stormwater Reuse Guide. Prepared by Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. and others. St. Paul, MN. See Toolbox R.4 and I.3 – Treatment
• Despins, Christopher. September 2012. Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems Handbook. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). ISBN 978-1-100-21183-1. See Chapter 3, Rainwater quality treatment; Table 3-2: Comparison of advantages and disadvantages associated with pre- and post-storage treatment; Table 3.3: Summary of post-storage treatment options (Ontario Guide); and Chapter 3-3: Select and install pre-storage treatment devices.
• Georgia Department of Community Affairs (DCA). 2009. Georgia Rainwater Harvesting Guidelines. Atlanta, GA. See Section 4.4 and Section 5.3 – Section 5.4.
• Lawson,Sarah, Adrienne LaBranche-Tucker, Hans Otto Wack, Rick Hall, Benjamin Sojka, Ed Crawford, David Crawford, and Cabell Brand. 2009. Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Manual. Compiled by The Cabell Brand Center, Salem, VA. See Design Guide, First flush diversion and pre-tank filtration - Design Guide, Additional treatment.
• Macomber, Patricia S. 2010. Guidelines on Rainwater Catchment Systems for Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. University of Hawaii at Manoa. ISBN 1-929325-23-1. See Chapter 4, Water Treatment.
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual. Chapter 25, Rainwater Harvesting. Draft document. See Section 25.4.16 and Section 25.4.22.
• Texas Water Development Board. 2005. The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting. 3rd Edition. Austin, TX. See Chapter 3, Water Quality and Treatment.
• Despins, Christopher. 2010. Ontario Residential Rainwater Harvesting Guidelines. See Table 3.3: Summary of post-storage treatment options (Ontario Guide).

Distribution System

• Metropolitan Council. Fall 2011. Stormwater Reuse Guide. Prepared by Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. and others. St. Paul, MN. See Toolbox I.4 - Distribution.
• City of Bellingham, Public Works Department. 2012. Rainwater Harvesting, Guidance Toward a Sustainable Water Future. V1|3.6.2012. Bellingham, WA. See Moving Water Out of the Tank and Table 6: Comparison of hose watering and drip irrigation distribution systems.
• Despins, Christopher. September 2012. Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems Handbook. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). ISBN 978-1-100-21183-1. See Chapter 5, Pumps and Pressurized Distribution Systems.
• Georgia Department of Community Affairs (DCA). 2009. Georgia Rainwater Harvesting Guidelines. Atlanta, GA. See Section 4.7, Pumps and Controls.
• Despins, Christopher. 2010. Ontario Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems. See Appendix C (Pump and Pressurized Distribution System).
• Minnesota Plumbing Code
• ARCSA. 2016. ARCSA Rainwater Harvesting Manual.

Makeup Water Supply System & Backflow Prevention

• Despins, Christopher. September 2012. Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems Handbook. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). ISBN 978-1-100-21183-1. See Chapter 4, Make-up water system and backflow prevention.
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual. Chapter 25, Rainwater Harvesting. Draft document.. See Section 25.4.6 – Section 25.4-7.

Operation and maintenance

• Despins, Christopher. September 2012. Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems Handbook. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). ISBN 978-1-100-21183-1.
• North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ). April 2014. North Carolina Stormwater BMP Manual. Chapter 25, Rainwater Harvesting. Draft document.

Environmental concerns

• The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS). 2016. Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies: An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. See Chapter 5-Characterization and mitigating human health and environmental risks.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Webpage.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). September 2012. Guidelines for Water Reuse. Document ID EPA/600/R-12/618. See Section 2.5-Environmental Considerations.
• Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council, and National Health and Medical Research Council. 2008. Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2) - Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse.

Calculating credits

• Bureau of Environmental Services. 2006. Effectiveness Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon. Bureau of Environmental Services, Portland, Oregon.
• California Stormwater Quality Association. 2003. California Stormwater BMP Handbook-New Development and Redevelopment. California Stormwater Quality Association, Menlo Park, CA.
• Caltrans. 2004. BMP Retrofit Pilot Program Final Report, Report No. CTSW-RT-01-050. Division of Environmental Analysis. California Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.
• CDM Smith. 2012. Omaha Regional Stormwater Design Manual. Chapter 8 Stormwater Best Management Practices. Kansas City, MO.
• Caraco, Deborah, and Richard A. Claytor. 1997. Stormwater BMP Design: Supplement for Cold Climates. US Environmental Protection Agency.
• Denr, N. 2007. Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina.
• Dorman, M. E., H. Hartigan, F. Johnson, and B. Maestri. 1988. Retention, detention, and overland flow for pollutant removal from highway stormwater runoff: interim guidelines for management measures. Final report, September 1985-June 1987. No. PB-89-133292/XAB. Versar, Inc., Springfield, VA (USA).
• Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers. 2009. Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring. Prepared under Support from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Environment Research Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, Environmental and Water Resource Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
• Gulliver, J. S., A. J. Erickson, and P.T. Weiss. 2010. Stormwater treatment: Assessment and maintenance. University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. Minneapolis, MN.
• Hathaway, J. M., W. F. Hunt, and S. Jadlocki. 2009. Indicator bacteria removal in storm-water best management practices in Charlotte, North Carolina. Journal of Environmental Engineering 135, no. 12: 1275-1285.
• Jaffe, et. al. 2010. The Illinois Green Infrastructure Study. Prepared by the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. Center for Neighborhood Technology, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program.
• Jurries, Dennis. 2003. Biofilters (Bioswales, Vegetative Buffers, & Constructed Wetlands) for Storm Water Discharge Pollution Removal. Quality, State of Oregon, Department of Environmental Quality (Ed.).
• Kurz, Raymond C. 1998. Removal of microbial indicators from stormwater using sand filtration, wet detention, and alum treatment: best management practices. PhD diss., University of South Florida.
• Leisenring, M., J. Clary, and P. Hobson. 2012. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary Statistical Addendum: TSS, Bacteria, Nutrients, and Metals.
• Muthukrishnan, Swarna. 2010. Treatment Of Heavy Metals In Stormwater Runoff Using Wet Pond And Wetland Mesocosms. In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy, vol. 11, no. 1, p.9.
• New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. 2008. New Hampshire Stormwater Manual. Volume 2 Appendix B. Concord, NH.
• Schueler, T.R., Kumble, P.A., and Heraty, M.A. 1992. A Current Assessment of Urban Best Management Practices: Techniques for Reducing Non-Point Source Pollution in the Coastal Zone. Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Washington, D.C.
• Schueler, Thomas R. 1987. Controlling urban runoff: A practical manual for planning and designing urban BMPs. Washington, DC: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments.
• State of California, Department of Transportation. 2013. Caltrans Stormwater Monitoring Guidance Manual. Sacramento, CA.
• TetraTech. 2008. BMP Performance Analysis. Prepared for US EPA Region 1, Boston, MA.
• Transportation Research Board. 2006. Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control. National Cooperative Highway Research program. Report No. 565.
• Water Environment Federation. 2014. Investigation into the Feasibility of a National Testing and Evaluation Program for Stormwater Products and Practices. A White Paper by the National Stormwater Testing and Evaluation of Products and Practices (STEPP) Workgroup Steering Committee.
• WEF, ASCE/EWRI. 2012. Design of Urban Stormwater Controls. WEF Manual of Practice No. 23, ASCE/EWRI Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 87. Prepared by the Design of Urban Stormwater Controls Task Forces of the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental & Water Resources Institute.
• Weiss, Peter T., John S. Gulliver, and Andrew J. Erickson. 2005. The Cost and Effectiveness of Stormwater Management Practices Final Report.. Published by: Minnesota Department of Transportation .
• Wossink, G. A. A., and Bill Hunt. 2003. The economics of structural stormwater BMPs in North Carolina. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina.