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The Table of Contents for the Stormwater Manual is provided below. Click on any section within a chapter to go to the selected topic area. You may also conduct a Search to directly find a topic of interest. Guidance for navigation within this website is provided in a [[Guidance on how to use this website and the Manual|guidance document]].
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[[Image:CWL_Ammendment_logo.png|thumb|50px|alt=CWL Logo]]
  
Note this web page contains additional articles not included in the original stormwater manual. These are contained in a section called Other stormwater information.
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{{alert|We have begun adding hover box (mouse over) text so users can see the contents on a particular page. Hover your mouse over the bolded text '''See contents''' next to each link below to see the contents on the linked page.|alert-info}}
  
==Minnesota Stormwater Manual==
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{{alert|Taking advantage of the wiki technology, we continue to update this manual as resources allow. We continue to value your input. If you have comments or suggestions on the format please send them to us using the ''Help Improve this Page'' box at the bottom of most pages or send an email to [mailto:mike.trojan@state.mn.us Mike Trojan at the MPCA.]|alert-info}}
  
[[File:logo.jpg|right|150px|alt=stormwater manual logo]]
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[[file:Check it out.png|200px|thumb|alt=check it out image|<font size=3>
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Minnesota_Stormwater_Manual_emails Join our email list]<br>
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Minnesota_Stormwater_Manual_email_Updates See past email postings]<br>
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*[https://app.sharebase.com/#/folder/40078/share/185-FjOXOf5K1y-ATbRCb0V--jS-Mw6M Version 4 of the MIDS Calculator]
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</font size>]]
  
===General Information===
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Welcome to the '''Minnesota Stormwater Manual''' website. This website was developed using [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki Mediawiki], a wiki application that allows for easy editing and that has powerful search abilities. See [[Introduction to the wiki]] for more information.
#[[Overview of basic stormwater concepts]]
 
#[[Stormwater research and education]]
 
#[[References for general stormwater information]]
 
<!--#[[Links for general stormwater information]]-->
 
#[[Minnesota maps]]
 
<!--#[[Supplemental graphics]]-->
 
  
===Stormwater treatment concepts===
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==Introduction to the Minnesota Stormwater Manual==
<!--#[[Introduction to stormwater BMPs]]-->
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*[[About the Minnesota Stormwater Manual]]
#[[Integrated stormwater management]]
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*[[Finding a topic|Help]]
<!--#[[The treatment train process]]-->
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*[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/About_the_Minnesota_Stormwater_Manual#Disclaimers Disclaimers]
#[[Using the treatment train approach to BMP selection]]
 
#[[Process for selecting Best Management Practices]]
 
  
===Best Management Practices===
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==Stormwater concepts and stormwater management==
#[[Overview of stormwater BMP principles]]
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*[[General stormwater information]]
#Individual Best Management Practices
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<!--*[[Stormwater hydrology]]-->
<!--##[[Civic engagement]]
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*[[Stormwater treatment concepts]] - <span title="1.Integrated stormwater management, 2.Treatment trains, 3.Using the treatment train approach to BMP selection, 4.Stormwater treatment train for a parking lot, 5.Stormwater treatment train for an ultra-urban setting, 6.Stormwater treatment train for a site with limited infiltration capacity, 7.Stormwater treatment train for a retrofit site, 8.Stormwater treatment train for constructed ponds in new development, 9.Case studies for stormwater treatment trains, 10.Process for selecting Best Management Practices"> '''See contents'''</span>
##[[Education]]-->
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*[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Alleviating_compaction_from_construction_activities Alleviating compaction from construction activities]
##[[Pollution prevention]]
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*[[Liners for stormwater management]]
<!--::**[[Road de-icing]]
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*[[Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) and sustainable stormwater management]]
::**[[Yard waste management]]-->
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<!--*[[Green Infrastructure for stormwater management]] - NOTE, this page will eventually be replaced by [[Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) and sustainable stormwater management]]-->
##[[Better site design]]
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*[[Information on soil]] - <span title="1.Soil classification, 2.Soil texture and structure, 3.Soil erodibility, 4.Soil infiltration, 5.Soil properties, 6.Soil water storage properties, 7.Specific yields for geologic materials, 8.Design infiltration rates, 9.Determining soil infiltration rates, 10.Understanding and interpreting soils and soil boring reports, 11.Soil management, 12.Alleviating compaction from construction activities, 13.Erosion prevention practices, 14.Sediment control practices"> '''See contents'''</span>
##[[Stormwater re-use and rainwater harvesting]]
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*[[Compost and stormwater management]]
##[[Temporary construction erosion and sediment control]]
 
<!--##[[Street sweeping]]-->
 
##[[Green roofs]]
 
##[[Turf]]
 
##[[Permeable pavement]]
 
##[[Trees]]
 
<!--##Infiltration practices
 
###[[Bioretention - bioinfiltration]]
 
###[[Infiltration trench]]
 
###[[Infiltration basin]]
 
##Filtration practices
 
###[[Bioretention - biofiltration]]
 
###[[Swale]]
 
###[[Sand filter]]-->
 
##[[Bioretention]]
 
##[[Infiltration basin]]
 
##[[Infiltration trench]]
 
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##[[Filtration]]
 
##[[Sand filters]]-->
 
##[[Swales]]
 
##[[Subsurface gravel wetlands]]
 
##[[Iron enhanced sand filter (Minnesota Filter)]]
 
##[[Stormwater ponds]]
 
<!--##[[Stormwater ponds alternative]]-->
 
##[[Stormwater wetlands]]
 
##[[Hydrodynamic devices]]
 
##[[Filtration devices]]
 
##[[Chemical treatment]]
 
<!--##[[Emerging technologies]]-->
 
#[[Unified sizing criteria]]
 
  
===Minimal Impact Design Standards (MIDS)===
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[[file:Check it out.png|200px|thumb|alt=image|<font size=3>The [https://www.itrcweb.org/ Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council] (ITRC) released a new guidance document called [https://stormwater-1.itrcweb.org/ Stormwater Best Management Practices Performance Evaluation].</font size>]]
#[[Performance goals for new development, re-development and linear projects]]
 
#[[Flexible treatment options]]
 
#[[Ordinance goals]]
 
#[[MIDS calculator]]
 
  
===Stormwater modeling, models and calculators, and calculating credits===
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==Stormwater issues==
#[[Introduction to stormwater modeling]]
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*[[Stormwater pollutants]] - <span title="1.Total suspended solids, 2.Phosphorus, 3.Bacteria"> '''See contents'''</span>
#[[Available stormwater models and selecting a model]]
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*[[Stormwater infiltration]] - <span title="1.Overview, 2.Pretreatment considerations, 3.Infiltration BMPs, 4.Pollutant fate and transport in infiltration systems, 5.Surface water and groundwater quality impacts from infiltration, 6.Groundwater mounding, 7.Separation distances, 8.Permit requirements, 9.Infiltration constraints: a.Karst, b.Shallow soils and shallow depth to bedrock, c.Shallow groundwater, d.Soils with low infiltration capacity, e.Potential stormwater hotspots, f.Wellhead protection, g.Contaminated soils and groundwater, 10.Amending soils with rapid or high infiltration rates, 11.Determining soil infiltration, 12.Determining soil infiltration rates, 13.Design infiltration rates, 14.Understanding and interpreting soils and soil boring reports for infiltration BMPs, 15.References and supporting material"> '''See contents'''<span>
#[[Overview of stormwater credits]]
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*[[Protection and restoration of receiving waters]]
#[[Detailed information on specific models]]
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*[[Minnesota specific issues]] - <span title="1. Cold climate impact on runoff management, 2.Mosquito control and stormwater management, 3.Managing stormwater sediments, 4.Minnesota plant lists, 5.Special waters and other sensitive receiving waters, 6.Road salt, smart salting, and winter maintenance, 7.Stormwater management for lake protection and restoration, 8.Minnesota maps, 9.Pollinator friendly Best Management Practices, 10.Pollinator specific plants"> '''See contents'''</span>
#[[Calculating stormwater volume and pollutant reductions and credits]]
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*[[Stormwater and landscape guidance for solar farms and solar projects ]]
#[[What is the pre-development condition]]
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*[[Guidance for managing sediment and wastes collected by pretreatment practices]]
  
===Regulatory===
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==Stormwater control practices (Best Management Practices)==
#[[Regulatory information]]
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<imagemap>
#[[Additional regulatory information]]
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Image:Stormwater BMPs.png|500px|thumb|alt=imagemap for stormwater BMPs|Stormwater Best Management Practices. Mouse hover over an '''i''' box to read a description of the practice, or click on an '''i''' box to go to a page on the practice.
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circle 30 125 30 [[Infiltration|Infiltration basins, infiltration trenches, dry wells, and underground infiltration systems capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows.]]
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circle 270 125 30 [[Bioretention|Bioretention (rain garden) is a terrestrial-based (up-land as opposed to wetland) water quality and water quantity control process. Bioretention employs a simplistic, site-integrated design that provides opportunity for runoff infiltration, filtration, storage, and water uptake by vegetation.]]
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circle 600 125 30 [[Trees|Tree trenches and tree boxes (collectively called tree BMP(s)), the most commonly implemented tree BMPs, can be incorporated anywhere in the stormwater treatment train but are most often located in upland areas of the treatment train. The strategic distribution of tree BMPs help control runoff close to the source where it is generated. Tree BMPs can mimic certain physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in the natural environment.]]
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circle 690 150 30 [[Permeable pavement|Permeable pavements allow stormwater runoff to filter through surface voids into an underlying stone reservoir for temporary storage and/or infiltration. The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP). Permeable pavements have been used for areas with light traffic at commercial and residential sites to replace traditional impervious surfaces in low-speed roads, alleys, parking lots, driveways, sidewalks, plazas, and patios.]]
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circle 920 125 30 [[Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse|A stormwater harvesting and use system is a constructed system that captures and retains stormwater for beneficial use at a different time or place than when or where the stormwater was generated. A stormwater harvesting and use system potentially has four components: collection system (which could include the catchment area and stormwater infrastructure such as curb, gutters, and stormsewers), storage unit (such as a cistern or pond) treatment system: pre and post (that removes solids, pollutants and microorganisms, including any necessary control systems), if needed, and the distribution system (such as pumps, pipes, and control systems).]]
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circle 1130 125 30 [[Green roofs|Green roofs consist of a series of layers that create an environment suitable for plant growth without damaging the underlying roof system. Green roofs create green space for public benefit, energy efficiency, and stormwater retention/ detention. Green roofs occur at the beginning of stormwater treatment trains. Green roofs provide filtering of suspended solids and pollutants associated with those solids, although total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations from traditional roofs are generally low. Green roofs provide both volume and rate control, thus decreasing the stormwater volume being delivered to downstream Best Management Practices (BMPs).]]
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circle 30 325 30 [[Dry swale (Grass swale)|Dry swales, sometimes called grass swales, are similar to bioretention cells but are configured as shallow, linear channels. They typically have vegetative cover such as turf or native perennial grasses. Dry swales may be constructed as filtration or infiltration practices, depending on soils. If soils are highly permeable (A or B soils), runoff infiltrates into underlying soils. In less permeable soils, runoff is treated by engineered soil media and flows into an underdrain, which conveys treated runoff back to the conveyance system further downstream. Check dams incorporated into the swale design allow water to pool up and infiltrate into the underlying soil or engineered media, thus increasing the volume of water treated.]]
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circle 270 325 30 [[Wet swale (wetland channel)|Wet swales occur when the water table is located very close to the surface or water does not readily drain out of the swale. A wet swale acts as a very long and linear shallow biofiltration or linear wetland treatment system. Wet swales do not provide volume reduction and have limited treatment capability. Incorporation of check dams into the design allows treatment of a portion or all of the water quality volume within a series of cells created by the check dams. Wet swales planted with emergent wetland plant species provide improved pollutant removal. Wet swales may be used as pretreatment practices. Wet swales are commonly used for drainage areas less than 5 acres in size.]]
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circle 600 325 30 [[High-gradient stormwater step-pool swale|Stormwater step pools address higher energy flows due to more dramatic slopes than dry or wet swales. Using a series of pools, riffle grade control, native vegetation and a sand seepage filter bed, flow velocities are reduced, treated, and, where applicable, infiltrated. The physical characteristics of the stormwater step pools are similar to Rosgen A or B stream classification types, where “bedform occurs as a step/pool, cascading channel which often stores large amounts of sediment in the pools associated with debris dams”. Stormwater step pools are designed with a wide variety of native plant species depending on the hydraulic conditions and expected post-flow soil moisture at any given point within the stormwater step pool.]]
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circle 820 325 30 [[Vegetated filter strips|Vegetated filter strips are designed to remove solids from stormwater runoff. The vegetation can consist of natural and established vegetation communities and can range from turf grass to woody species with native grasses and shrubs. Because of the range of suitable vegetation communities, vegetated filter strips can be easily incorporated into landscaping plans; in doing so, they can accent adjacent natural areas or provide visual buffers within developed areas. They are best suited for treating runoff from roads, parking lots and roof downspouts. Their primary function is to slow runoff velocities and allow sediment in the runoff to settle or be filtered by the vegetation. By slowing runoff velocities, they help to attenuate flow and create a longer time of concentration. Filter strips do not significantly reduce runoff volume, but there are minor losses due to infiltration and depression storage. Filter strips are most effective if they receive sheet flow and the flow remains uniformly distributed across the filter strip.]]
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circle 1040 325 30 [[Iron enhanced sand filter (Minnesota Filter)|Iron-enhanced sand filters are filtration Best Management Practices (BMPs) that incorporate filtration media mixed with iron. The iron removes several dissolved constituents, including phosphate, from stormwater. Iron-enhanced sand filters may be particularly useful for achieving low phosphorus levels needed to improve nutrient impaired waters. Iron-enhanced sand filters could potentially include a wide range of filtration BMPs with the addition of iron; however, iron is not appropriate for all filtration practices due to the potential for iron loss or plugging in low oxygen or persistently inundated filtration practices.]]
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circle 1130 325 30 [[Filtration|Sand (media) filters have widespread applicability and are suitable for all land uses, as long as the contributing drainage areas are limited (e.g., typically less than 5 acres). Sand filters are not as aesthetically appealing as bioretention, which makes them more appropriate for commercial or light industrial land uses or in locations that will not receive significant public exposure. Sand filters are particularly well suited for sites with high percentages of impervious cover (e.g., greater than 50 percent). Sand filters can be installed underground to prevent the consumption of valuable land space (often an important retrofit or redevelopment consideration).]]
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circle 170 525 30 [[Stormwater ponds|Stormwater ponds are typically installed as an end-of-pipe BMP at the downstream end of the treatment train. Stormwater pond size and outflow regulation requirements can be significantly reduced with the use of additional upstream BMPs. However, due to their size and versatility, stormwater ponds are often the only management practice employed at a site and therefore must be designed to provide adequate water quality and water quantity treatment for all regulated storms.]]
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circle 265 525 30 [[Stormwater wetlands|Stormwater wetlands are similar in design to stormwater ponds and mainly differ by their variety of water depths and associated vegetative complex. They require slightly more surface area than stormwater ponds for the same contributing drainage area. Stormwater wetlands are constructed stormwater management practices, not natural wetlands. Like ponds, they can contain a permanent pool and temporary storage for water quality control and runoff quantity control. Wetlands are widely applicable stormwater treatment practices that provide both water quality treatment and water quantity control. Stormwater wetlands are best suited for drainage areas of at least 10 acres. When designed and maintained properly, stormwater wetlands can be an important aesthetic feature of a site.]]
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circle 600 525 30 [[Pretreatment|Pretreatment practices are installed immediately preceding one or more structural stormwater BMPs. Pretreatment reduces maintenance and prolongs the lifespan of structural stormwater BMPs by removing trash, debris, organic materials, coarse sediments, and associated pollutants prior to entering structural stormwater BMPs. Implementing pretreatment devices also improves aesthetics by capturing debris in focused or hidden areas.]]
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circle 820 510 30 [[Sediment control practices|Sediment control practices are designed to prevent or minimize loss of eroded soil at a site. Typical sediment control practices focus on 1) physical filtration of sediment by trapping soil particles as water passes through a silt fence, drop inlet screen, fiber roll, etc., 2)settling processes, that allow sediment to fall out of flows that are slowed and temporarily impounded in ponds, traps, or in small pools created by berms, silt fencing, inlet protection dikes, check dams, etc.]]
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circle 1040 500 30 [[Erosion prevention practices|Erosion prevention practices include 1) planning approaches that minimize the size of the bare soil area and the length of time disturbed areas are exposed to the elements – especially for long, steep slopes and easily erodible soils, 2) diverting or otherwise controlling the location and volume of run-on flows to the site from adjacent areas, 3)keeping concentrated flows in ditches stabilized with vegetation, rock, or other material, and 4)covering bare soil with vegetation, mulch, erosion control blankets, turf reinforcement mats, gravel, rock, plastic sheeting, soil binder chemicals, etc.]]
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circle 1255 525 30 [[Pollution prevention|Pollution prevention (P2) is a “front-end” method to decrease costs, risks, and environmental concerns. In contrast to managing pollution after it is created, P2 reduces or eliminates waste and pollution at its source. P2 includes a variety of residential, municipal, and industrial practices.]]
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</imagemap>
  
===Minnesota specific issues and information===
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By type
#[[Cold climate impact on runoff management]]
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Construction_stormwater_program#Best_Management_Practices Construction stormwater Best Management Practices] - <span title="1.Erosion prevention practices, 2.Sediment control practices, 3.Construction stormwater treatment, 4.Construction practices to minimize sediment discharge, 5.Winter construction practices for site stabilization, erosion prevention and sediment control, 6.General principles for erosion prevention and sediment control at construction sites in Minnesota, 7.Construction stormwater inspection checklist">'''See Contents'''</span>
#[[Stormwater infiltration and constraints on infiltration]]
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*[[Pretreatment|Pretreatment practices]] - <span title="1.Pretreatment selection tool, 2.Overview, methods and types of pretreatment, 3.Settling devices, 4.Screens, 5.Vegetated filter strips, 6.Hydrodynamic separation devices, 7.Screening and straining devices, including forebays, 8.Above ground and below grade storage and settling devices, 9.Filtration devices and practices, 10.Pretreatment sizing, 11.Managing sediment and wastes collected by pretreatment practices, 12.Tabled information for pretreatment practices">'''See contents'''</span>
#[[Mosquito control and stormwater management]]
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*[[Post-construction stormwater Best Management Practices|Post-construction practices]] - <span title="1.Pretreatment, 2.Infiltration practices, 3.Filtration practices, 4.Sedimentation practices">'''See Contents'''</span>
#[[Managing stormwater sediments]]
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*[[Structural stormwater Best Management Practices|Structural practices]] - <span title="1.Green roofs, 2.Permeable pavement, 3.Trees, 4.Bioretention, 5.Infiltration trench, basin, dry well, and underground infiltration, 6.Dry swale (Grass swale), 7.Wet swale (wetland channel), 8.High-gradient stormwater step-pool swale, 9.Sand filters, 10.Iron enhanced sand filter, 11.Stormwater ponds, 12.Stormwater wetlands, 13.Vegetated filter strips, 14.Hydrodynamic separation devices, 15.Pretreatment screening and straining devices, including forebays, 16.Above and below grade pretreatment storage and settling devices, 17.Pretreatment filtration devices, 18.Chemical treatment">'''See Contents'''</span>
#[[Minnesota plant lists]]
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*[[Non-structural stormwater Best Management Practices|Non-structural practices]] - <span title="1.Road de-icing, 2.Pollution prevention, 3.Better site design, 4.Stormwater re-use and rainwater harvesting, 5.Street sweeping">'''See contents'''</span>
#[[Special waters and other sensitive receiving waters]]
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**[[Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse]]
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**[[Street sweeping]]
  
===[[Case studies]]===
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By treatment mechanism
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*[[Pretreatment|Pretreatment practices]] - <span title="1.Pretreatment selection tool, 2.Overview, methods and types of pretreatment, 3.Settling devices, 4.Screens, 5.Vegetated filter strips, 6.Hydrodynamic separation devices, 7.Screening and straining devices, including forebays, 8.Above ground and below grade storage and settling devices, 9.Filtration devices and practices, 10.Pretreatment sizing, 11.Managing sediment and wastes collected by pretreatment practices, 12.Tabled information for pretreatment practices">'''See contents'''</span>
 +
*[[Stormwater filtration Best Management Practices|Filtration practices]] - <span title="Permeable pavement, 2.Trees, 3.Bioretention - biofiltration, 4.Dry swale (Grass swale) with underdrain, 5.Wet swale (wetland channel), 6.High-gradient stormwater step-pool swale with underdrain, 7.Sand filter, 8.Iron enhanced sand filter, 9.Green roofs, 10.Turf, 11.Vegetated filter strips, 12.Manufactured devices, 13.Filtration devices">'''See contents'''</span>
 +
*[[Stormwater infiltration Best Management Practices|Infiltration practices]] - <span title="1.Permeable pavement, 2.Tree trench/tree box, 3.Bioretention - bioinfiltration (Rain Gardens), 4.Infiltration trench, including dry wells, 5.Infiltration basin, 6.Underground infiltration, 7.Dry swale (Grass swale), 8.High-gradient stormwater step-pool swale, 9.Stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse, 10.Turf, 11.Understanding and interpreting soils and soil boring reports, 12. Determining soil infiltration rates"> '''See contents'''</span>
 +
*[[Stormwater sedimentation Best Management Practices|Sedimentation practices]] - <span title="1.Stormwater ponds, 2.Stormwater wetlands, 3.Hydrodynamic devices">'''See contents'''</span>
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*[[Stormwater chemical Best Management Practices|Chemical practices]] - <span title="1.Iron enhanced sand filter, 2.Chemical treatment, 3.Soil amendments to enhance phosphorus sorption.">'''See Contents'''</span>
  
===Fact sheets===
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==Regulatory, permitting==
#[[BMP fact sheet]]
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*[[Construction stormwater program|Construction stormwater: Permit, documents, fact sheets]]
#[[Other fact sheets]]
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*[[Stormwater Program for Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4)|Municipal stormwater: Permit, documents, fact sheets]]
 +
*[[Industrial stormwater program|Industrial stormwater: Permit, documents, fact sheets]]
 +
*[[Regulatory information]]
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*[[Additional regulatory information]]
  
===Checklists and cost sheets===
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==Models, calculations, methodologies, pollutant removal, credits==
#[[Construction checklists]]
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*[[Minimal Impact Design Standards]]
#[[Operation and maintenance checklists]]
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*[[Minnesota Pollution Control (MPCA) Simple Estimator]]
#[[Cost estimate worksheets]]
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*[[Stormwater models, calculators and modeling]]
 +
*[[Stormwater pollutant removal, stormwater credits]]
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*[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Unified_sizing_criteria_section Unified sizing criteria]
  
===[[Computer-aided design and drafting (CAD/CADD) drawings]]===
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==[[Case studies]]==
#[[CADD images as .png files for individual best management practices]]
 
#[[Links to .dwg files]]
 
  
===References, links and issue papers===
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==[[Virtual tours]]==
#[[References]]
 
#[[Links]]
 
#[[Issue papers]]
 
#[[Stormwater manuals]]
 
  
===[[List of tables]]===
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==Communications and outreach==
 +
[[File:Webinar training image.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=image|[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Training_and_webinar_schedule Training and webinar schedule]. Image: Microsoft stock image]]
  
==Other stormwater information==
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*[[Stormwater newsletters]]
 +
*[[Stormwater blogs]]
 +
*[[In the news]]
 +
*[[Stormwater Manual webinars]]
 +
*[[MIDS calculator videos]]
 +
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Training_and_workshop_materials_and_modules MIDS training and workshop materials]
 +
*[[Stormwater videos]]
 +
*[[Stormwater Manual and related presentations]]
 +
*[[Training and webinar schedule]]
 +
*[[Descriptions of training and webinar events]]
 +
*[[Minnesota Stormwater Manual email Updates]]
  
===Construction Stormwater Manual (Blue Book)===
+
==Stormwater research and education==
 +
*[[Stormwater education]]
 +
*[[Stormwater research]]
 +
*[http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/ University of Minnesota St. Anthony Falls Stormwater Research]
  
===Industrial stormwater===
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==Reference==
:[[Stormwater program for industrial activity]]
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*[[Minnesota Stormwater Manual photo galleries]]
 +
*[[Tables]]
 +
*[[Minnesota plant lists|Plant information]]
 +
*[[Images, CAD drawings]]: Includes links to CAD drawings, photos, schematics, graphs, and other images
 +
*[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Category:Checklist&action=edit&redlink=1 Checklists]
 +
*[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Links_to_other_manuals Links to other stormwater manuals]
 +
*[[Miscellaneous information]]: Contains references, forms, links, issue papers
 +
*[[Acronyms]]
 +
*[[Symbols]]
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*[[Glossary|Glossary (definitions)]]
 +
*[[BMP terminology]]
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*[[Conversion units]]
 +
*[[References|References from the original manual]]. NOTE: Newer reference lists are associated with topics on individual pages in the manual.
 +
*[[Protecting Water Quality in Urban Areas: Best Management Practices for Dealing with Storm Water Runoff from Urban, Suburban, and Developing Areas of Minnesota]]
  
===Acronyms, symbols and glossary===
+
==Documents==
#[[Acronyms]]
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*[[pdf versions of Manual topics]]
#[[Symbols]]
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*[[Technical support]]: Contains a variety of technical information used in developing the Manual
#[[Glossary]]
 
 
 
<!--=== MS4 Permit===
 
[[MS4 permit]]
 
 
 
#[[Figures]]-->
 
<div style="display:none">#[[Figures]]</div style>
 

Revision as of 20:45, 15 February 2022

CWL Logo
Information: We have begun adding hover box (mouse over) text so users can see the contents on a particular page. Hover your mouse over the bolded text See contents next to each link below to see the contents on the linked page.
Information: Taking advantage of the wiki technology, we continue to update this manual as resources allow. We continue to value your input. If you have comments or suggestions on the format please send them to us using the Help Improve this Page box at the bottom of most pages or send an email to Mike Trojan at the MPCA.

Welcome to the Minnesota Stormwater Manual website. This website was developed using Mediawiki, a wiki application that allows for easy editing and that has powerful search abilities. See Introduction to the wiki for more information.

Introduction to the Minnesota Stormwater Manual

Stormwater concepts and stormwater management

Stormwater issues

Stormwater control practices (Best Management Practices)

Infiltration basins, infiltration trenches, dry wells, and underground infiltration systems capture and temporarily store stormwater before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. As the stormwater penetrates the underlying soil, chemical, biological and physical processes remove pollutants and delay peak stormwater flows.Bioretention (rain garden) is a terrestrial-based (up-land as opposed to wetland) water quality and water quantity control process. Bioretention employs a simplistic, site-integrated design that provides opportunity for runoff infiltration, filtration, storage, and water uptake by vegetation.Tree trenches and tree boxes (collectively called tree BMP(s)), the most commonly implemented tree BMPs, can be incorporated anywhere in the stormwater treatment train but are most often located in upland areas of the treatment train. The strategic distribution of tree BMPs help control runoff close to the source where it is generated. Tree BMPs can mimic certain physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in the natural environment.Permeable pavements allow stormwater runoff to filter through surface voids into an underlying stone reservoir for temporary storage and/or infiltration. The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP). Permeable pavements have been used for areas with light traffic at commercial and residential sites to replace traditional impervious surfaces in low-speed roads, alleys, parking lots, driveways, sidewalks, plazas, and patios.A stormwater harvesting and use system is a constructed system that captures and retains stormwater for beneficial use at a different time or place than when or where the stormwater was generated. A stormwater harvesting and use system potentially has four components: collection system (which could include the catchment area and stormwater infrastructure such as curb, gutters, and stormsewers), storage unit (such as a cistern or pond) treatment system: pre and post (that removes solids, pollutants and microorganisms, including any necessary control systems), if needed, and the distribution system (such as pumps, pipes, and control systems).Green roofs consist of a series of layers that create an environment suitable for plant growth without damaging the underlying roof system. Green roofs create green space for public benefit, energy efficiency, and stormwater retention/ detention. Green roofs occur at the beginning of stormwater treatment trains. Green roofs provide filtering of suspended solids and pollutants associated with those solids, although total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations from traditional roofs are generally low. Green roofs provide both volume and rate control, thus decreasing the stormwater volume being delivered to downstream Best Management Practices (BMPs).Dry swales, sometimes called grass swales, are similar to bioretention cells but are configured as shallow, linear channels. They typically have vegetative cover such as turf or native perennial grasses. Dry swales may be constructed as filtration or infiltration practices, depending on soils. If soils are highly permeable (A or B soils), runoff infiltrates into underlying soils. In less permeable soils, runoff is treated by engineered soil media and flows into an underdrain, which conveys treated runoff back to the conveyance system further downstream. Check dams incorporated into the swale design allow water to pool up and infiltrate into the underlying soil or engineered media, thus increasing the volume of water treated.Wet swales occur when the water table is located very close to the surface or water does not readily drain out of the swale. A wet swale acts as a very long and linear shallow biofiltration or linear wetland treatment system. Wet swales do not provide volume reduction and have limited treatment capability. Incorporation of check dams into the design allows treatment of a portion or all of the water quality volume within a series of cells created by the check dams. Wet swales planted with emergent wetland plant species provide improved pollutant removal. Wet swales may be used as pretreatment practices. Wet swales are commonly used for drainage areas less than 5 acres in size.Stormwater step pools address higher energy flows due to more dramatic slopes than dry or wet swales. Using a series of pools, riffle grade control, native vegetation and a sand seepage filter bed, flow velocities are reduced, treated, and, where applicable, infiltrated. The physical characteristics of the stormwater step pools are similar to Rosgen A or B stream classification types, where “bedform occurs as a step/pool, cascading channel which often stores large amounts of sediment in the pools associated with debris dams”. Stormwater step pools are designed with a wide variety of native plant species depending on the hydraulic conditions and expected post-flow soil moisture at any given point within the stormwater step pool.Vegetated filter strips are designed to remove solids from stormwater runoff. The vegetation can consist of natural and established vegetation communities and can range from turf grass to woody species with native grasses and shrubs. Because of the range of suitable vegetation communities, vegetated filter strips can be easily incorporated into landscaping plans; in doing so, they can accent adjacent natural areas or provide visual buffers within developed areas. They are best suited for treating runoff from roads, parking lots and roof downspouts. Their primary function is to slow runoff velocities and allow sediment in the runoff to settle or be filtered by the vegetation. By slowing runoff velocities, they help to attenuate flow and create a longer time of concentration. Filter strips do not significantly reduce runoff volume, but there are minor losses due to infiltration and depression storage. Filter strips are most effective if they receive sheet flow and the flow remains uniformly distributed across the filter strip.Iron-enhanced sand filters are filtration Best Management Practices (BMPs) that incorporate filtration media mixed with iron. The iron removes several dissolved constituents, including phosphate, from stormwater. Iron-enhanced sand filters may be particularly useful for achieving low phosphorus levels needed to improve nutrient impaired waters. Iron-enhanced sand filters could potentially include a wide range of filtration BMPs with the addition of iron; however, iron is not appropriate for all filtration practices due to the potential for iron loss or plugging in low oxygen or persistently inundated filtration practices.Sand (media) filters have widespread applicability and are suitable for all land uses, as long as the contributing drainage areas are limited (e.g., typically less than 5 acres). Sand filters are not as aesthetically appealing as bioretention, which makes them more appropriate for commercial or light industrial land uses or in locations that will not receive significant public exposure. Sand filters are particularly well suited for sites with high percentages of impervious cover (e.g., greater than 50 percent). Sand filters can be installed underground to prevent the consumption of valuable land space (often an important retrofit or redevelopment consideration).Stormwater ponds are typically installed as an end-of-pipe BMP at the downstream end of the treatment train. Stormwater pond size and outflow regulation requirements can be significantly reduced with the use of additional upstream BMPs. However, due to their size and versatility, stormwater ponds are often the only management practice employed at a site and therefore must be designed to provide adequate water quality and water quantity treatment for all regulated storms.Stormwater wetlands are similar in design to stormwater ponds and mainly differ by their variety of water depths and associated vegetative complex. They require slightly more surface area than stormwater ponds for the same contributing drainage area. Stormwater wetlands are constructed stormwater management practices, not natural wetlands. Like ponds, they can contain a permanent pool and temporary storage for water quality control and runoff quantity control. Wetlands are widely applicable stormwater treatment practices that provide both water quality treatment and water quantity control. Stormwater wetlands are best suited for drainage areas of at least 10 acres. When designed and maintained properly, stormwater wetlands can be an important aesthetic feature of a site.Pretreatment practices are installed immediately preceding one or more structural stormwater BMPs. Pretreatment reduces maintenance and prolongs the lifespan of structural stormwater BMPs by removing trash, debris, organic materials, coarse sediments, and associated pollutants prior to entering structural stormwater BMPs. Implementing pretreatment devices also improves aesthetics by capturing debris in focused or hidden areas.Sediment control practices are designed to prevent or minimize loss of eroded soil at a site. Typical sediment control practices focus on 1) physical filtration of sediment by trapping soil particles as water passes through a silt fence, drop inlet screen, fiber roll, etc., 2)settling processes, that allow sediment to fall out of flows that are slowed and temporarily impounded in ponds, traps, or in small pools created by berms, silt fencing, inlet protection dikes, check dams, etc.Erosion prevention practices include 1) planning approaches that minimize the size of the bare soil area and the length of time disturbed areas are exposed to the elements – especially for long, steep slopes and easily erodible soils, 2) diverting or otherwise controlling the location and volume of run-on flows to the site from adjacent areas, 3)keeping concentrated flows in ditches stabilized with vegetation, rock, or other material, and 4)covering bare soil with vegetation, mulch, erosion control blankets, turf reinforcement mats, gravel, rock, plastic sheeting, soil binder chemicals, etc.Pollution prevention (P2) is a “front-end” method to decrease costs, risks, and environmental concerns. In contrast to managing pollution after it is created, P2 reduces or eliminates waste and pollution at its source. P2 includes a variety of residential, municipal, and industrial practices.imagemap for stormwater BMPs
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