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[[File:Picture of porous concrete 1.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This photo illustrates pervious concrete. Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through.|<p><font size=2>Photo illustrating pervious concrete. Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through.</font size=2></p>]]
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[[File:Picture of porous concrete 1.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=This photo illustrates pervious concrete. Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through.|<font size=3>Photo illustrating pervious concrete. Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through.</font size>]]
  
The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt and permeable interlocking pavers. Lesser utilized options include plastic grids and amended soils (artificial media added to soil to maintain soil structure and prevent compaction) (MPCA 2008).  For the purpose of this document, the focus will be on pervious concrete, porous asphalt and permeable interlocking pavers.
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{{alert|Permeable pavement can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement may provide additional benefits, including reducing the need for de-icing chemicals, and providing a durable and aesthetically pleasing surface.|alert-success}}
<p>'''Pervious concrete''' is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge. The high porosity is attained by a highly interconnected void content. Typically pervious concrete has little or no fine aggregate and has just enough cementitious paste to coat the coarse aggregate particles while preserving the interconnectivity of the voids. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses.</p>
 
<p>'''Porous asphalt''' is standard hot-mix asphalt with reduced sand or fines and allows water to drain through it. Porous asphalt over an aggregate storage bed will reduce stormwater runoff volume, rate, and pollutants. The reduced fines leave stable air pockets in the asphalt. The interconnected void space allows stormwater to flow through the asphalt as shown in Figure 1, and enter a crushed stone aggregate bedding layer and base that supports the asphalt while providing storage and runoff treatment. When properly constructed, porous asphalt is a durable and cost competitive alternative to conventional asphalt.</p>
 
  
[[File:Picture of porous asphalt 1.jpg|thumb|left|300 px|alt=This photo illustrates porous asphalt. Porous asphalt is standard hot-mix asphalt that allows water to drain through it.|<p><font size=2>Photo illustrating porous asphalt. Porous asphalt is standard hot-mix asphalt that allows water to drain through it.</font size=2></p>]]
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The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers. Other options include plastic and concrete grids, as well as amended soils (artificial media added to soil to maintain soil structure and prevent compaction) ([[References for permeable pavement|MPCA 2008]]). This document focuses on pervious concrete, porous asphalt and permeable interlocking concrete pavements. A general comparison of their properties is provided in the table below. Additional requirements specific to each system should be obtained by designers from suppliers and from the local review authority.  
  
[[File:picture of permeable interlocking concrete pavement 1.jpg|thumb|center|300 px|alt=Photo illustrating permeable interlocking pavement. Permeable interlocking pavers consist of concrete or stone units with open, permeable spaces between the units.|<p><font size=2>Photo illustrating permeable interlocking concrete pavement. Permeable interlocking pavers consist of concrete or stone units with open, permeable spaces between the units.</font size=2></p>]]
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<!--<p>'''Pervious concrete''' is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge. The high porosity is attained by a highly interconnected void content. Typically pervious concrete has little or no fine aggregate and has just enough cementitious paste to coat the coarse aggregate particles while preserving the interconnectivity of the voids. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses.</p>
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<p>'''Porous asphalt''' is standard hot-mix asphalt with reduced sand or fines and allows water to drain through it. Porous asphalt over an aggregate storage bed will reduce stormwater runoff volume, rate, and pollutants. The reduced fines leave stable air pockets in the asphalt. The interconnected void space allows stormwater to flow through the asphalt and enter a crushed stone aggregate bedding layer and base that supports the asphalt while providing storage and runoff treatment. When properly constructed, porous asphalt is a durable and cost competitive alternative to conventional asphalt.</p>-->
  
'''Permeable interlocking concrete pavement''' [[Acronyms|(PICP)]] consists of concrete (or stone) paver units with open, permeable spaces between the units. They give an architectural appearance, and can bear both light and heavy traffic, particularly interlocking concrete pavers, excepting high-volume or high-speed roads. Some products are polymer-coated and entirely porous face.
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[[File:Picture of porous asphalt 1.jpg|thumb|left|300 px|alt=This photo illustrates porous asphalt. Porous asphalt is standard hot-mix asphalt that allows water to drain through it.|<font size=3>Photo illustrating porous asphalt. Porous asphalt is standard hot-mix asphalt that allows water to drain through it.</font size>]]
Other variants not discussed in the articles on permeable pavement include single-sized aggregate, porous turf, permeable clay brick pavements, resin bound paving, and bound recycled glass porous pavement.
 
  
For each of the pavement surfaces presented above, there are many design variants depending on the design goals. For instance, permeable pavement can be installed with a deep underlying reservoir consisting of well graded, crushed rock. This design provides both water quality and quantity control by storing runoff and infiltrating it into the subgrade soils over an extended period of time. A second design variation may include only a thin layer of sand and crushed stone under the permeable pavement for structural support only.  This type of system would be less expensive; however, it will only provide minor water quality and quantity control due to its minimal storage capacity. A thirddesign variation includes a deep underlying reservoir consisting of well graded, crushed rock above an impermeable layer of soil or a liner and an underdrain.  The underdrain will typically discharge to a stormwater pond or storm sewer system.  This design provides some runoff attenuation, filtering, and volume reduction.  All three variations do not provide the same treatment.
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[[File:picture of permeable interlocking concrete pavement 1.jpg|thumb|300 px|alt=Photo illustrating permeable interlocking pavement. Permeable interlocking pavers consist of concrete or stone units with open, permeable spaces between the units.|<font size=3>Photo illustrating permeable interlocking concrete pavement. Permeable interlocking pavers consist of concrete or stone units with open, permeable spaces between the units.</font size>]]
  
To assist with selection of the type of surface, a general comparison of the properties of the three major permeable pavement types is provided below. Designers should check with product vendors and the local review authority to determine specific requirements and capabilities of each system. Schematic cross sections of each system are illustrated in the [[Design criteria for permeable pavement|design section]] for permeable pavement.
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<!--'''Permeable interlocking concrete pavement''' [[Acronyms|(PICP)]] consists of concrete (or stone) paver units with open, permeable spaces between the units. They give an architectural appearance, and can bear both light and heavy traffic, particularly interlocking concrete pavers, excepting high-volume or high-speed roads. Some products are polymer-coated and entirely porous face.
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Other variants not discussed in the articles on permeable pavement include single-sized aggregate, porous turf, permeable clay brick pavements, resin bound paving, and bound recycled glass porous pavement.-->
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For each of the above pavement surfaces, there are many variants depending on the design goals. For instance, permeable pavement can be installed with a deep underlying reservoir consisting of open-graded, crushed rock. This design provides water quality and quantity control by storing runoff and infiltrating it into the subgrade soils over an extended period of time. A second design variation includes a deep underlying reservoir consisting of open-graded, crushed rock above an impermeable layer of soil or a liner and an [[Glossary|underdrain]]. The underdrain typically discharges to a [[Stormwater ponds|stormwater pond]] or storm sewer system. This design provides some runoff flow attenuation, filtering, but no volume reduction. These two options provide different levels of treatment.
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To assist with selection of a permeable pavement type, a general comparison of the properties of the three major permeable pavement types is provided in the table below. Designers should check with product vendors and the local review authority to determine specific requirements and capabilities of each system. Schematic cross sections of each system are illustrated in the [[Design criteria for permeable pavement|design section]] for permeable pavement.
  
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{{:Properties of permeable pavement}}
 
{{:Properties of permeable pavement}}
  
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<noinclude>
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==Related articles==
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*[[Overview for permeable pavement]]
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*[[Types of permeable pavement]]
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*[[Design criteria for permeable pavement]]
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*[[Construction specifications for permeable pavement]]
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<!--[[Construction observations for permeable pavement]]-->
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*[[Assessing the performance of permeable pavement]]
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*[[Operation and maintenance of permeable pavement]]
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*[[Calculating credits for permeable pavement]]
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<!--[[Cost-benefit considerations for permeable pavement]]-->
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*[[Case studies for permeable pavement]]
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*[[Green Infrastructure benefits of permeable pavement]]
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*[[Summary of permit requirements for infiltration]]
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*[[Permeable pavement photo gallery]]
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*[[Additional considerations for permeable pavement]]
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*[[Links for permeable pavement]]
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<!--*[[External resources for permeable pavement]]-->
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*[[References for permeable pavement]]
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<!--*[[Supporting material for permeable pavement]]-->
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*[[Fact sheets for permeable pavement]]
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*[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using permeable pavement BMPs in the MIDS calculator]]
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<!--#[[Permeable pavement credits]]-->
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[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement Permeable pavement main page]
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[[category:Permeable pavement]]
 
[[category:BMP types]]
 
[[category:BMP types]]
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</noinclude>

Revision as of 18:34, 25 September 2018

This photo illustrates pervious concrete. Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through.
Photo illustrating pervious concrete. Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through.
Green Infrastructure: Permeable pavement can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement may provide additional benefits, including reducing the need for de-icing chemicals, and providing a durable and aesthetically pleasing surface.

The most commonly used permeable pavement surfaces are pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers. Other options include plastic and concrete grids, as well as amended soils (artificial media added to soil to maintain soil structure and prevent compaction) (MPCA 2008). This document focuses on pervious concrete, porous asphalt and permeable interlocking concrete pavements. A general comparison of their properties is provided in the table below. Additional requirements specific to each system should be obtained by designers from suppliers and from the local review authority.


This photo illustrates porous asphalt. Porous asphalt is standard hot-mix asphalt that allows water to drain through it.
Photo illustrating porous asphalt. Porous asphalt is standard hot-mix asphalt that allows water to drain through it.
Photo illustrating permeable interlocking pavement. Permeable interlocking pavers consist of concrete or stone units with open, permeable spaces between the units.
Photo illustrating permeable interlocking concrete pavement. Permeable interlocking pavers consist of concrete or stone units with open, permeable spaces between the units.


For each of the above pavement surfaces, there are many variants depending on the design goals. For instance, permeable pavement can be installed with a deep underlying reservoir consisting of open-graded, crushed rock. This design provides water quality and quantity control by storing runoff and infiltrating it into the subgrade soils over an extended period of time. A second design variation includes a deep underlying reservoir consisting of open-graded, crushed rock above an impermeable layer of soil or a liner and an underdrain. The underdrain typically discharges to a stormwater pond or storm sewer system. This design provides some runoff flow attenuation, filtering, but no volume reduction. These two options provide different levels of treatment.

To assist with selection of a permeable pavement type, a general comparison of the properties of the three major permeable pavement types is provided in the table below. Designers should check with product vendors and the local review authority to determine specific requirements and capabilities of each system. Schematic cross sections of each system are illustrated in the design section for permeable pavement.


Summary of properties of permeable pavements.
Link to this table

Properties Pervious concrete Porous asphalt PICP
Typical pavement surface thicknessa 5 to 8 inches 3 to 4 inches (thicker for high wheel load applications) 3 inchesa
Bedding layera,f None 1 in. AASHTO No. 57 stone 2 inches of AASHTO No. 8 stone (MnDOT 3127 FA-3)
Reservoir layerb,f AASHTO No. 57 stone or per hydraulic design AASHTO No. 2, 3, or 5 stone 4 inches of AASHTO No. 57 stone over No. 2, 3 or 4 stone
Construction properties
  • Cast in place
  • Seven day cure
  • Must be continuously covered
  • Cast in place
  • 24 hour cure
  • No cure period
  • Manual or mechanical installation of pre-manufactured units
Installed surfacing costc 3 to $4/square foot $2/square foot 3 to $4/square foot
Minimum batch size
None
Longevityd
20 to 30 years
Overflow
Catch basin, overflow edge, elevated underdrain
Runoff temperature reduction
Cooling at the reservoir layer
Surface colors/texture Range of light colors and textures Black or dark grey colors Wide range of colors, textures and patterns
Load bearing capacitye
Handles all vehicle loads with appropriate surface and base/subbase layer material and thickness design
Surface cleaningg
Periodic vacuuming; replace if completely clogged and uncleanable
Periodic vacuuming; replace jointing stones if completely clogged and uncleanable
Other issues
  • Avoid concentrated deicers
  • Avoid winter sanding
  • Avoid seal coating
  • Avoid winter sanding
Avoid winter sanding
Design references [1] [2] [3]

aThickness may vary depending on site and traffic conditions
bReservoir storage may be augmented by corrugated metal pipes, plastic arch pipe or plastic lattice crates
cSupply and install minimum surface thickness only; minimum 30,000 sf with Minnesota 2012 prevailing labor wages. Does not include base reservoir, drainage appurtenances, engineering, or inspection
dBased on pavement being properly maintained. Resurfacing or rehabilitation may be needed after the indicated period
eDepends primarily on on-site geotechnical considerations and structural design computations
f ASTM D448 Standard Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction or ASASHTO M-43
gPeriodic vacuuming frequency determined from inspection, intensity of use, and other potential sediment sources



Related articles

Permeable pavement main page