References and additional resources for winter parking lot and sidewalk maintenance

Training and technical assistance

• Anti-icing Equipment: Recommendations and Modifications. Iowa Department of Transportation. Includes drawings for shop-made equipment.
• AASHTO Snow and Ice Pooled Fund Cooperative. Snow and Ice List Serve.
• Amsler Sr., D. E. (2004). “Are You Using the Right Amount of Ice Control Chemical?” Salt & Highway Deicing, Vol. 40, No. 2.
• Approved product list. (2014-2015). Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN.
• Axler, R. (n.d.) How Much Salt is a Problem? Lake Superior Duluth Streams.
• Blackburn, R.; Amsler, D; & Bauer, K. (2003, July). Guidelines for Snow and Ice Control. [Power Point]. Presented at 10th AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management Conference, Duluth MN.
• Blackburn, R., Bauer, K., Amsler, D. E., Boselly, S. E., McElroy, A. D. (2004). Snow and ice control: Guidelines for materials and methods. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 526. Transportation Board: Washington, D.C.
• Calibration Procedures Manual. (2000-2001) Circuit Training and Assistance Program (CTAP).
• The Circuit Training and Assistance Program (CTAP), a joint program of MN/DOT and the Minnesota Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP). Brings training to cities, counties and townships.
• Correlating Lab Testing and Field Performance for De-icing and Anti-icing Chemicals. [Final report]. (2010, August 31). Western Transportation Institute for Wisconsin Department of Transportation and Clear Roads.
• Determining the toxicity of de-icing materials. (2013). Clear Roads Fact Sheet.
• Guide to Field-Testing Deicing and Anti-Icing Chemicals. Minnesota Department of Transportation.
• Highway Deicing: Comparing Salt and Calcium Magnesium Acetate. 1991. Special Report 235, p. 11. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
• Johnson, G.R. & Sucoff, E. (2015).Minimizing De-icing Salt Damage to Trees. University of Minnesota Extension.
• Katz, D.B. (2015). Road maps to liquids. [Snow and Ice Maintenance Association website publication].
• Managing Street Sweepings. (1997, September). Minnesota Pollution Control Fact Sheet w-sw4-54.
• Manual of practice for an effective anti-icing program: A guide for highway winter maintenance personnel. (1996). Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration.
• Minnesota Snow and Ice Control Field Handbook for Snowplow Operators. (2012, October).
• Minnesota’s Stormwater Manual. (2005, November). Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
• National Weather Service
• Nixon, W.A. (2004, January). “Snow-How.” Snow & Ice Manager. Primedia Business Magazines and Media.
• Pacific Northwest Snowfighters.
• Parker, J. Liquids, How to get Started. (2006). [Power Point]. Presented at the Snow and Ice Management Association’s Snow and Ice Symposium.
• Plant selector tool. [Interactive program on-line]. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Allows you to select plants for many conditions including high salt areas.
• Practical Guide for Storing and Handling Deicing Salt. (2006). Alexandria, VA: Salt Institute.
• Protecting Water Quality in Urban, Chapter 7 – Pollution Prevention. (2000, March 1). Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Information on street sweeping and re-use of sweepings.
• RWIS – Road Weather and Information System. [Internet-based weather service]. MN/DOT. Information comes from sensors embedded in state highways.
• Salt Institute. Calibration Instructions [with downloadable Excel worksheet].
• Snow & Ice Control 2014. Cornell Local Roads Program: New York LTAP Center. .
• Snow and Ice Management Association (SIMA)
• Transportation Association of Canada. Syntheses of Best Practices-Road Salt Management:
• Twin Cities Metro Area Chloride Management Plan. [Power Point]. (2013, February 7).
• Winter Chemical Catalog. (n.d.) Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN.
• Winter Maintenance training for parking lots and sidewalks Also Winter Maintenance for Roads training. Fortin Consulting Inc. 763-478-3606. connie@fortinconsulting.com and
• Winter Maintenance Voluntary Certification Program. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
• Winter Operations. (2010). [Website]. University of New Hampshire Technology Transfer Center. .

Websites: more information on deicers

• Alternatives to Sodium Chloride. [Website]. Bard Center for environmental Policy.
• Break the Ice: Comparison of Ice Melting Chemicals (2006). Peters Chemical Company.
• Fischel, M. Evaluation of Selected Deicers Based on a Review of the Literature. Report No. CDOT-DTD-R-2001-15 Final Report (2001, October 31). The SeaCrest Group for the Colorado Department of Transportation Research Branch.
• Greenawalt, L. (2006, July 1). Clean Melt: A Scientific Primer on Deicers Clean Link website.
• Holt, M. (2013, November 22). When it comes to Deicing, Not all Salt is Created Equal. Cornell University Cooperative Extension website.
• Ice Melting 101: The Truth about Melting Ice and Snow (2015). [Brochure]. Dri-Now Products website.
• Winter Maintenance: Choosing a Deicer (n.d.) [brochure, on-line] Nine Mile Creek Watershed District.
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• Axler, R. (n.d.) How Much Salt is a Problem?. Lake Superior Duluth Streams.
• Fortin Consulting Inc. 2006. Parking Lot and Sidewalk Maintenance for Reduced Environmental Impacts (2005-2006). Funded by a Minnesota Pollution Control P2 grant.
• Hosseini, F., Hossain, S. M. K., Fu, L., Gabriel, P.S., and van Seters, T. 2015. Clear Roads Research Study: Field Evaluation of Organic Materials for Winter Snow and Ice Control. Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting. Paper 15-4555.
• LRRB. (2012). Minnesota snow and ice control: Field handbook for snowplow operators. Minnesota Local Road Research Board, St. Paul, MN.
• Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2004. Healthy Rivers: a Water Course.
• MPCA. 2013. The condition of Minnesota’s groundwater, 2007-2011. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN.
• MPCA. 2015. Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Chloride Management Plan - Draft. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency,St. Paul, MN.
• MPCA. 2015. Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Chloride Total Maximum Daily Load. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN.
• National Geographic. (n.d.) Freshwater Crisis.
• Sander, A., E. Novotny, O. Mohseni, H.G. Stefan. 2007. Inventory of Road Salt Uses in the Minneapolis/St. Paul Metropolitan Area. University of Minnesota St. Anthony Falls Laboratory Engineering, Environmental and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Report No. 503. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Transportation.
• Stefan, H., Novotny, E., Sander, A., and Mohseni, O. 2008. Study of Environmental Effects of Deicing Salt on Water Quality in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Report No. MN/RC 2008-42.
• Sohanghpurwala, A. A. 2008.. Cost of Winter Maintenance on Infrastructure. [Power Point Presentation]. Brooklyn Center, MN: Seventh Annual Road Salt Symposium.