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===Potential risk of different chemicals to groundwater=== | ===Potential risk of different chemicals to groundwater=== | ||
The risk of groundwater contamination from different chemicals is summarized below. Specific information for each chemcial can be found at the links below. | The risk of groundwater contamination from different chemicals is summarized below. Specific information for each chemcial can be found at the links below. | ||
− | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Metals_in_stormwater Heavy metals] | + | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Metals_in_stormwater '''Heavy metals''']. Heavy metals are typically present at low levels in urban stormwater and are generally retained in the upper soil layers via adsorption to solid particles. They therefore represent a low risk to groundwater except in certain specific areas, such as vehicle operations and outdoor storage areas. Eventual breakthrough can occur in filter media due to the finite sorption capacities of the media. Periodic replacement of the upper soil layer within infiltration systems will maintain low soil concentrations and decrease the potential for contaminating groundwater. |
− | + | *'''Organic compounds''' ([http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Pesticides_in_stormwater Pesticides]; [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Polycyclic_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons_.28PAHs.29_in_stormwater PAHs]; [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Volatile_Organic_Compounds_.28VOCs.29_in_stormwater VOCs]). Because of the diversity of organic compounds, it is difficult to generalize, but typically these are at low concentration in stormwater runoff. Many compounds are attenuated within the infiltration media, where they may be degraded or immobilized. Risk to groundwater from organic chemicals is typically low. BMPs with little or no organic material, particularly underground practices, may present some risk if concentrations of organic chemicals are elevated in stormwater runoff. | |
− | + | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Nitrogen_in_stormwater '''Nitrate''']. Although nitrate is poorly attenuated in most infiltration BMPs, concentrations in stormwater are generally low, resulting in low risk to groundwater. | |
− | + | *'''Phosphorus'''. Phosphorus is strongly attracted to solid particles and the resulting risk to groundwater is low. | |
− | *Organic compounds ([http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Pesticides_in_stormwater Pesticides]; [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Polycyclic_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons_.28PAHs.29_in_stormwater PAHs]; [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Volatile_Organic_Compounds_.28VOCs.29_in_stormwater VOCs]) | + | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Chloride_in_stormwater '''Chloride''']. Chloride is not attenuated within infiltration systems. Chloride presents a concern for groundwater where concentrations are high in stormwater runoff. This occurs in areas where application of choride-based deicers is high, such as major transportation and high density commercial areas. |
− | + | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Pathogens_in_stormwater '''Pathogens''']. Concentrations of pathogens in stormwater runoff are often high. There is limited information on fate and transport of pathogens through infiltration systems. Infiltration practices that utilize media with organic matter are likely to be most effective in attenuating pathogens, while systems with little or no organic matter, particularly underground systems, are less effective. More information is needed on the fate of pathogens in stormwater infiltration systems. | |
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− | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Nitrogen_in_stormwater Nitrate] | ||
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− | *Phosphorus | ||
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− | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Chloride_in_stormwater Chloride] | ||
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− | *[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Pollutant_fate_and_transport_in_stormwater_infiltration_systems#Pathogens_in_stormwater Pathogens] | ||
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===Literature review=== | ===Literature review=== |
This page provides information on surface water and groundwater impacts associated with infiltration of stormwater runoff.
The risk of groundwater contamination from different chemicals is summarized below. Specific information for each chemcial can be found at the links below.