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+ | [[File:Pdf image.png|100px|thumb|right|alt=pdf image|<font size=3>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_tree_trenches_and_tree_boxes_-_Minnesota_Stormwater_Manual_July_2022.pdf Download pdf]</font size>]] | ||
+ | [[File:General information page image.png|right|100px|alt=image]] | ||
[[file:Check it out.png|200px|thumb|alt=image|<font size=3>See this recent article on [https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=43772#:~:text=The%20existence%20of%20trees%20and,thereby%20creating%20healthier%2C%20safer%20communities. The Significance of the Urban Forest in the Urban Environment].</font size>]] | [[file:Check it out.png|200px|thumb|alt=image|<font size=3>See this recent article on [https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=43772#:~:text=The%20existence%20of%20trees%20and,thereby%20creating%20healthier%2C%20safer%20communities. The Significance of the Urban Forest in the Urban Environment].</font size>]] | ||
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<span title="Green stormwater infrastructure is designed to mimic nature and capture rainwater where it falls. Green infrastructure reduces and treats stormwater at its source while while also providing multiple community benefits such as improvements in water quality, reduced flooding, habitat, carbon capture, etc."> '''Green infrastructure'''</span> (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) describes practices that use natural systems (or engineered systems that mimic or use natural processes) to capture, clean, and infiltrate stormwater; shade and cool surfaces and buildings; reduce flooding, create wildlife habitat; and provide other services that improve environmental quality and communities’ quality of life. (City of Tucson)"> '''Green stormwater infrastructure'''</span> (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value. | <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure is designed to mimic nature and capture rainwater where it falls. Green infrastructure reduces and treats stormwater at its source while while also providing multiple community benefits such as improvements in water quality, reduced flooding, habitat, carbon capture, etc."> '''Green infrastructure'''</span> (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) describes practices that use natural systems (or engineered systems that mimic or use natural processes) to capture, clean, and infiltrate stormwater; shade and cool surfaces and buildings; reduce flooding, create wildlife habitat; and provide other services that improve environmental quality and communities’ quality of life. (City of Tucson)"> '''Green stormwater infrastructure'''</span> (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value. | ||
− | There is no universal definition of GI or GSI ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_infrastructure_and_green_stormwater_infrastructure_terminology link here | + | There is no universal definition of GI or GSI ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_infrastructure_and_green_stormwater_infrastructure_terminology link here for more information]). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to [[Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services]]. |
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{{alert|For a list of trees with specific benefits see Appendix A in Nowak and Heisler, 2010 (citation in Reference section of this page).|alert-info}} | {{alert|For a list of trees with specific benefits see Appendix A in Nowak and Heisler, 2010 (citation in Reference section of this page).|alert-info}} | ||
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+ | [[File:Central corridor final.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=photo for tree trench system, Central Corridor Light rail project|<font size=3>Photo of the completed tree system for the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit project, St. Paul, Minnesota. Image courtesy of the [http://www.capitolregionwd.org/ Capitol Region Watershed District].</font size>]] | ||
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Water_quality_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Water quality''']: Tree trenches and tree boxes are an excellent stormwater treatment practice due to the variety of pollutant removal mechanisms including vegetative <span title="Filtration Best Management Practices (BMPs) treat urban stormwater runoff as it flows through a filtering medium, such as sand or an organic material. They are generally used on small drainage areas (5 acres or less) and are primarily designed for pollutant removal. They are effective at removing total suspended solids (TSS), particulate phosphorus, metals, and most organics. They are less effective for soluble pollutants such as dissolved phosphorus, chloride, and nitrate."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Filtration '''filtering''']</span>, settling, evaporation, <span title="Infiltration Best Management Practices (BMPs) treat urban stormwater runoff as it flows through a filtering medium and into underlying soil, where it may eventually percolate into groundwater. The filtering media is typically coarse-textured and may contain organic material, as in the case of bioinfiltration BMPs."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_infiltration_Best_Management_Practices '''infiltration''']</span>, <span title="The loss of water as vapor from plants at their surfaces, primarily through stomata."> '''transpiration'''</span>, biological and microbiological uptake, and soil adsorption. Tree trenches and tree boxes can be designed as an effective infiltration / recharge practice, particularly when parent soils have high permeability (> ~ 0.5 inches per hour). Link to water quality information for tree trench/tree box - [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Calculating_credits_for_tree_trenches_and_tree_boxes] | *[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Water_quality_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Water quality''']: Tree trenches and tree boxes are an excellent stormwater treatment practice due to the variety of pollutant removal mechanisms including vegetative <span title="Filtration Best Management Practices (BMPs) treat urban stormwater runoff as it flows through a filtering medium, such as sand or an organic material. They are generally used on small drainage areas (5 acres or less) and are primarily designed for pollutant removal. They are effective at removing total suspended solids (TSS), particulate phosphorus, metals, and most organics. They are less effective for soluble pollutants such as dissolved phosphorus, chloride, and nitrate."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Filtration '''filtering''']</span>, settling, evaporation, <span title="Infiltration Best Management Practices (BMPs) treat urban stormwater runoff as it flows through a filtering medium and into underlying soil, where it may eventually percolate into groundwater. The filtering media is typically coarse-textured and may contain organic material, as in the case of bioinfiltration BMPs."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_infiltration_Best_Management_Practices '''infiltration''']</span>, <span title="The loss of water as vapor from plants at their surfaces, primarily through stomata."> '''transpiration'''</span>, biological and microbiological uptake, and soil adsorption. Tree trenches and tree boxes can be designed as an effective infiltration / recharge practice, particularly when parent soils have high permeability (> ~ 0.5 inches per hour). Link to water quality information for tree trench/tree box - [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Calculating_credits_for_tree_trenches_and_tree_boxes] | ||
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*'''Energy savings''': Urban trees can reduce energy needs as a result of heat mitigation associated with reduction in impervious surface, cooling associated with <span title="Loss of water to the atmosphere as a result of the joint processes of evaporation and transpiration through vegetation"> '''evapotranspiration'''</span>, and shading. McPherson and Simpson (2003) estimated existing trees are projected to reduce annual air conditioning energy use by 2.5% with a wholesale value of $ 485.8 million. Peak load reduction by existing trees saves utilities 10% valued at approximately $778.5 million annually, or $4.39/tree. Other researchers have documented reduced energy consumption associated with urban trees ([https://escholarship.org/content/qt4qs5f42s/qt4qs5f42s.pdf], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877880900005X], [https://trees-energy-conservation.extension.org/urban-trees-energy-conservation/]). | *'''Energy savings''': Urban trees can reduce energy needs as a result of heat mitigation associated with reduction in impervious surface, cooling associated with <span title="Loss of water to the atmosphere as a result of the joint processes of evaporation and transpiration through vegetation"> '''evapotranspiration'''</span>, and shading. McPherson and Simpson (2003) estimated existing trees are projected to reduce annual air conditioning energy use by 2.5% with a wholesale value of $ 485.8 million. Peak load reduction by existing trees saves utilities 10% valued at approximately $778.5 million annually, or $4.39/tree. Other researchers have documented reduced energy consumption associated with urban trees ([https://escholarship.org/content/qt4qs5f42s/qt4qs5f42s.pdf], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877880900005X], [https://trees-energy-conservation.extension.org/urban-trees-energy-conservation/]). | ||
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Climate_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Climate resiliency''']: Properly installed and maintained trees provide significant benefits for climate resiliency. The primary benefit is through carbon <span title="to remove or withdraw"> '''sequestration'''</span>. A mature tree typically sequesters about 50 pounds of carbon per year, depending on species, tree health, and tree growth rate ([https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/method-calculating-carbon-sequestration-trees-urban-and-suburban-settings.pdf U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1998)]. [https://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2002/ne_2002_nowak_002.pdf Nowak and Crane] (2002) estimated that urban forests store about 700 million tonnes of carbon. Although carbon storage per unit area was only about half that in forested areas, urban forests grow quickly and trees reach maturity sooner compared to natural forests. | *[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Climate_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Climate resiliency''']: Properly installed and maintained trees provide significant benefits for climate resiliency. The primary benefit is through carbon <span title="to remove or withdraw"> '''sequestration'''</span>. A mature tree typically sequesters about 50 pounds of carbon per year, depending on species, tree health, and tree growth rate ([https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/method-calculating-carbon-sequestration-trees-urban-and-suburban-settings.pdf U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1998)]. [https://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2002/ne_2002_nowak_002.pdf Nowak and Crane] (2002) estimated that urban forests store about 700 million tonnes of carbon. Although carbon storage per unit area was only about half that in forested areas, urban forests grow quickly and trees reach maturity sooner compared to natural forests. | ||
− | *[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Air_quality_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Air quality''']: Trees impact air quality through temperature reduction and removal of air pollutants, including carbon sequestration. Trees release <span title="Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a high vapor pressure and are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids."> '''volatile organic compounds'''</span> (VOCs) that may contribute to formation of ozone and carbon monoxide. However, because trees can lower air temperatures, they may contribute to overall reductions in VOC emissions and thus ozone formation. Nowak cited data suggesting that 100 percent tree coverage in an urban area reduces criteria pollutants by 8-15 percent, depending on the pollutant and local environmental conditions ([https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/52881], [https://escholarship.org/content/qt4qs5f42s/qt4qs5f42s.pdf], [https://www | + | *[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Air_quality_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Air quality''']: Trees impact air quality through temperature reduction and removal of air pollutants, including carbon sequestration. Trees release <span title="Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a high vapor pressure and are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids."> '''volatile organic compounds'''</span> (VOCs) that may contribute to formation of ozone and carbon monoxide. However, because trees can lower air temperatures, they may contribute to overall reductions in VOC emissions and thus ozone formation. Nowak cited data suggesting that 100 percent tree coverage in an urban area reduces criteria pollutants by 8-15 percent, depending on the pollutant and local environmental conditions ([https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/52881], [https://escholarship.org/content/qt4qs5f42s/qt4qs5f42s.pdf], [https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/46102#:~:text=Trees%20remove%20air%20pollution%20by,the%20United%20States%20remains%20unknown.]). |
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wildlife_habitat_and_biodiversity_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Habitat improvement''']: Individual trees can provide microhabitats such as cavities, bark pockets, large dead branches, epiphytes, cracks, sap runs, or trunk rot that can be utilized by a variety of animals, plants, and fungi. Animal species use trees for shelter and food and include birds, small mammals, amphibians and reptiles, arachnids, and insects. Plants, lichens, and fungi can use trees as growing substrates or as a food source. Collectively, trees can be designed to act as corridors or small patches which can be utilized by a variety of animal species. Unlike forested ecosystems, urban trees and urban forests lack certain attributes, such as dead snags that offer shelter ([https://ufi.ca.uky.edu/wildlife-habitat-tree Miller] (accessed July 6, 2022); [https://www.ecolandscaping.org/02/designing-ecological-landscapes/trees/the-birds-and-the-trees-managing-the-urban-forest-for-wildlife/ Sundberg], 2019). | *[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wildlife_habitat_and_biodiversity_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Habitat improvement''']: Individual trees can provide microhabitats such as cavities, bark pockets, large dead branches, epiphytes, cracks, sap runs, or trunk rot that can be utilized by a variety of animals, plants, and fungi. Animal species use trees for shelter and food and include birds, small mammals, amphibians and reptiles, arachnids, and insects. Plants, lichens, and fungi can use trees as growing substrates or as a food source. Collectively, trees can be designed to act as corridors or small patches which can be utilized by a variety of animal species. Unlike forested ecosystems, urban trees and urban forests lack certain attributes, such as dead snags that offer shelter ([https://ufi.ca.uky.edu/wildlife-habitat-tree Miller] (accessed July 6, 2022); [https://www.ecolandscaping.org/02/designing-ecological-landscapes/trees/the-birds-and-the-trees-managing-the-urban-forest-for-wildlife/ Sundberg], 2019). | ||
*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Social_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Community livability''']: Trees are an aesthetically pleasing practice and have been shown to have positive effects on community perceptions. Trees can be incorporated into recreational areas and provide associated benefits (shading, habitat). As discussed in this section, trees provide health, economic, and environmental benefits. Trees can be difficult to incorporate into some urban landscapes due to space or other constraints (e.g. utilities) ([https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp3.39], [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/7/4/161]). | *[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Social_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Community livability''']: Trees are an aesthetically pleasing practice and have been shown to have positive effects on community perceptions. Trees can be incorporated into recreational areas and provide associated benefits (shading, habitat). As discussed in this section, trees provide health, economic, and environmental benefits. Trees can be difficult to incorporate into some urban landscapes due to space or other constraints (e.g. utilities) ([https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp3.39], [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/7/4/161]). | ||
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*[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Economic_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Economic benefits and savings''']: Benefits of trees discussed above provide economic value, for example, in the form of reduced cost of water quality or quantity treatment, improved health, recreation, and energy savings. Additional economic benefits include increased property values, job creation, and positive consumer outcomes. Several studies have attempted to quantify economic benefits of trees, with a wide range of results, but estimates are typically in the tens of billions of dollars (References: [https://conservationtools.org/conservation-benefits/131-Economic-Benefits-of-Urban-Trees-and-Green-Infrastructure], [https://www.sausalitobeautiful.org/economic-value-of-urban-trees/], [https://www.arborday.org/urban-forestry-economic/], [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2020.00016/full#:~:text=Trees%20in%20urban%20areas%20have,pollutant%20formation%20in%20the%20atmosphere.]). | *[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Economic_benefits_of_Green_Stormwater_Infrastructure '''Economic benefits and savings''']: Benefits of trees discussed above provide economic value, for example, in the form of reduced cost of water quality or quantity treatment, improved health, recreation, and energy savings. Additional economic benefits include increased property values, job creation, and positive consumer outcomes. Several studies have attempted to quantify economic benefits of trees, with a wide range of results, but estimates are typically in the tens of billions of dollars (References: [https://conservationtools.org/conservation-benefits/131-Economic-Benefits-of-Urban-Trees-and-Green-Infrastructure], [https://www.sausalitobeautiful.org/economic-value-of-urban-trees/], [https://www.arborday.org/urban-forestry-economic/], [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2020.00016/full#:~:text=Trees%20in%20urban%20areas%20have,pollutant%20formation%20in%20the%20atmosphere.]). | ||
*'''Macroscale benefits''': Trees incorporated into stormwater management systems, such as tree trenches and boxes, typically have local rather than macroscale impacts. Macroscale benefits are realized at the urban forest level, which includes all trees in an urban area. Some studies have assessed the relationship between canopy cover and a specific benefit, such as carbon sequestration, stormwater runoff reduction, and health impacts ([https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1817561116], [https://www.cwp.org/urban-tree-canopy/]). Models can be used to extrapolate individual tree effects to a macroscale. Studies generally show that increasing urban forest connectivity and canopy cover in appropriate areas provides increased benefits at the macroscale ([http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/36119/], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204621001407]) | *'''Macroscale benefits''': Trees incorporated into stormwater management systems, such as tree trenches and boxes, typically have local rather than macroscale impacts. Macroscale benefits are realized at the urban forest level, which includes all trees in an urban area. Some studies have assessed the relationship between canopy cover and a specific benefit, such as carbon sequestration, stormwater runoff reduction, and health impacts ([https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1817561116], [https://www.cwp.org/urban-tree-canopy/]). Models can be used to extrapolate individual tree effects to a macroscale. Studies generally show that increasing urban forest connectivity and canopy cover in appropriate areas provides increased benefits at the macroscale ([http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/36119/], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204621001407]) | ||
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==Design considerations== | ==Design considerations== | ||
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Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits requires design considerations prior to constructing the practice. This includes operation and maintenance (O&M) considerations in the design phase. See [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_tree_trenches_and_tree_boxes#Recommended_reading the supplemental reading list] for more information on design, construction, and O&M. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations maximize the GI benefit of bioretention. | Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits requires design considerations prior to constructing the practice. This includes operation and maintenance (O&M) considerations in the design phase. See [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_Infrastructure_benefits_of_tree_trenches_and_tree_boxes#Recommended_reading the supplemental reading list] for more information on design, construction, and O&M. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations maximize the GI benefit of bioretention. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{alert|The following discussion focuses on design considerations. All benefits delivered by the practice require appropriate construction, operation, and maintenance of the practice. O&M considerations should be included during the design phase of a project. For information on O&M for GSI practices, see [[Operation and maintenance of green stormwater infrastructure best management practices]]|alert-warning}} | ||
+ | |||
*Water quality | *Water quality | ||
**Maximize infiltration by designing with the maximum ponded depth that can be infiltrated in 48 hours, up to 1.5 feet (to protect vegetation). Where space allows, surface area can also be increased. | **Maximize infiltration by designing with the maximum ponded depth that can be infiltrated in 48 hours, up to 1.5 feet (to protect vegetation). Where space allows, surface area can also be increased. | ||
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*Water quantity/supply | *Water quantity/supply | ||
**Maximize infiltration | **Maximize infiltration | ||
− | **Utilize [ | + | **Utilize [https://epa.ohio.gov/static/Portals/41/storm_workshop/lid/IWS.Dec10.pdf internal water storage] |
**Maximize water storage in media | **Maximize water storage in media | ||
*Energy ([https://treescharlotte.org/tree-education/trees-save-energy/], [https://trees-energy-conservation.extension.org/time-for-trees-to-provide-energy-conservation-benefits/], [https://www.firstenergycorp.com/help/saving_energy/trees.html], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204616302122]) | *Energy ([https://treescharlotte.org/tree-education/trees-save-energy/], [https://trees-energy-conservation.extension.org/time-for-trees-to-provide-energy-conservation-benefits/], [https://www.firstenergycorp.com/help/saving_energy/trees.html], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204616302122]) | ||
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**To reduce heat island effects, select vegetation that reflects solar energy, absorbs solar energy and releases it slowly, or that maximizes evapotranspiration [http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/images/content/header/ORR_ClimateResiliencyDesignGuidelines_PRELIMINARY_4_21_2017.pdf NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency] | **To reduce heat island effects, select vegetation that reflects solar energy, absorbs solar energy and releases it slowly, or that maximizes evapotranspiration [http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/images/content/header/ORR_ClimateResiliencyDesignGuidelines_PRELIMINARY_4_21_2017.pdf NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency] | ||
**Oversize storage area to account for increased precipitation. Winston (2016) recommends oversizing by 33-45% for bioretention in northern Ohio. Oversizing can also be accomplished by reducing loading to individual bioretention practices. ([http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/research/articles/Maple%20paper.pdf], [https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article/88/1/13/2756020], [http://www.righttrees4cc.org.uk/], [https://mortonarb.org/science/projects/regional-forestry-data-set/], [https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change], [https://toolkit.climate.gov/case-studies/fortifying-chicagos-urban-forest]) | **Oversize storage area to account for increased precipitation. Winston (2016) recommends oversizing by 33-45% for bioretention in northern Ohio. Oversizing can also be accomplished by reducing loading to individual bioretention practices. ([http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/research/articles/Maple%20paper.pdf], [https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article/88/1/13/2756020], [http://www.righttrees4cc.org.uk/], [https://mortonarb.org/science/projects/regional-forestry-data-set/], [https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change], [https://toolkit.climate.gov/case-studies/fortifying-chicagos-urban-forest]) | ||
− | *Air quality ([https://www.fs. | + | *Air quality ([https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/46102#:~:text=Trees%20remove%20air%20pollution%20by,the%20United%20States%20remains%20unknown.]) |
**Park designs that include a variety of land cover—areas of dense trees, scattered trees, and lawn—are likely to provide the greatest opportunities for optimum physical comfort of visitors. | **Park designs that include a variety of land cover—areas of dense trees, scattered trees, and lawn—are likely to provide the greatest opportunities for optimum physical comfort of visitors. | ||
**Increase the number of healthy trees (increases pollution removal) | **Increase the number of healthy trees (increases pollution removal) | ||
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==Recommended reading== | ==Recommended reading== | ||
+ | *[https://www.risc.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Design-Guide-for-Green-Infrastructure-BMPs-RISC-Report-August-2021.pdf A Design Guide for Green Stormwater Infrastructure Best Management Practices]. Jack Eskin, Tom Price, Jason Cooper, William Schleizer; 2014. | ||
*[https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/stormwater2streettrees.pdf Stormwater to Street Trees]. US EPA 841-B-13-001September 2013. | *[https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/stormwater2streettrees.pdf Stormwater to Street Trees]. US EPA 841-B-13-001September 2013. | ||
*[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes]] | *[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes]] | ||
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*Arbor Day Foundation. [https://www.arborday.org/urban-forestry-economic/ ECONOMICS OF URBAN FORESTRY IN THE UNITED STATES]. Accessed July 7, 2022. | *Arbor Day Foundation. [https://www.arborday.org/urban-forestry-economic/ ECONOMICS OF URBAN FORESTRY IN THE UNITED STATES]. Accessed July 7, 2022. | ||
*Barr, A.E., L.J.A. van Dijk, K. Hylander, and A.J.M. Tack. 2021. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204621001407 Local habitat factors and spatial connectivity jointly shape an urban insect community]. Landscape and Urban Planning Volume 214, 104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104177. | *Barr, A.E., L.J.A. van Dijk, K. Hylander, and A.J.M. Tack. 2021. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204621001407 Local habitat factors and spatial connectivity jointly shape an urban insect community]. Landscape and Urban Planning Volume 214, 104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104177. | ||
− | *Barton, S. 2009. [ | + | *Barton, S. 2009. [https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/canr/cooperative-extension/fact-sheets/human-benefits-of-green-spaces/ Human benefits of green spaces]. University of Delaware Bulletin #137. 2009. |
*Bishop, O.J. 2015. [http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/36119/ A multi-scale exploration into the spatial patterns of a three dimensional Urban Tree Infrastructure (UTI) : integrating landscape connectivity, network resilience, and social deprivation]. PhD thesis, University of Salford. | *Bishop, O.J. 2015. [http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/36119/ A multi-scale exploration into the spatial patterns of a three dimensional Urban Tree Infrastructure (UTI) : integrating landscape connectivity, network resilience, and social deprivation]. PhD thesis, University of Salford. | ||
*Cavers, S. and J.E. Cottrell. [https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article/88/1/13/2756020?login=true The basis of resilience in forest tree species and its use in adaptive forest management in Britain]. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, Volume 88, Issue 1, January 2015, Pages 13–26, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu027. | *Cavers, S. and J.E. Cottrell. [https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article/88/1/13/2756020?login=true The basis of resilience in forest tree species and its use in adaptive forest management in Britain]. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, Volume 88, Issue 1, January 2015, Pages 13–26, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu027. | ||
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*Kazemi, F., S. Beecham, J. Gibbs, and R. Clay. 2009. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204609001029 Factors affecting terrestrial invertebrate diversity in bioretention basins in an Australian urban environment]. Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 92:3-4:304-313. | *Kazemi, F., S. Beecham, J. Gibbs, and R. Clay. 2009. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204609001029 Factors affecting terrestrial invertebrate diversity in bioretention basins in an Australian urban environment]. Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 92:3-4:304-313. | ||
*Kazemi, F., S. Beecham, and J. Gibbs. 2009. ''Streetscale bioretention basins in Melbourne and their effect on local biodiversity''. Ecological Engineering. 35:1454-1465. | *Kazemi, F., S. Beecham, and J. Gibbs. 2009. ''Streetscale bioretention basins in Melbourne and their effect on local biodiversity''. Ecological Engineering. 35:1454-1465. | ||
− | *McPherson, E.G.; Simpson, J.R. 2003. [ | + | *McPherson, E.G.; Simpson, J.R. 2003. [Potential energy savings in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California Potential energy savings in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2: 73-86. |
*Mehring, A.S., B. E. Hatt, D. Kraikittikun, B. D. Orelo, M. A. Rippy, S. B. Grant, J. P. Gonzalez, S. C. Jiang, R. F. Ambrose, and L. A. Levin. 2016. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092585741630516X Soil invertebrates in Australian rain gardens and their potential roles in storage and processing of nitrogen]. Ecological Engineering. 97:138-143. | *Mehring, A.S., B. E. Hatt, D. Kraikittikun, B. D. Orelo, M. A. Rippy, S. B. Grant, J. P. Gonzalez, S. C. Jiang, R. F. Ambrose, and L. A. Levin. 2016. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092585741630516X Soil invertebrates in Australian rain gardens and their potential roles in storage and processing of nitrogen]. Ecological Engineering. 97:138-143. | ||
*Miller, J. [https://ufi.ca.uky.edu/wildlife-habitat-tree Wildlife Connections: Habitat Trees]. Accessed July 6, 2022. | *Miller, J. [https://ufi.ca.uky.edu/wildlife-habitat-tree Wildlife Connections: Habitat Trees]. Accessed July 6, 2022. | ||
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*New York City Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. 2017. [http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/images/content/header/ORR_ClimateResiliencyDesignGuidelines_PRELIMINARY_4_21_2017.pdf Preliminary Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines]. | *New York City Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. 2017. [http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/images/content/header/ORR_ClimateResiliencyDesignGuidelines_PRELIMINARY_4_21_2017.pdf Preliminary Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines]. | ||
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− | *Nowak, David J.; Heisler, Gordon M. 2010. | + | *Nowak, David J.; Heisler, Gordon M. 2010. Improving air quality with trees and parks. Research Series Monograph. Ashburn, VA: National Recreation and Parks Association Research Series Monograph. 44 p. |
*Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 2002. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262832033_Nowak_DJ_and_Crane_DE_Carbon_storage_and_sequestration_by_urban_trees_in_the_USA_Environ_Pollut Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA]. Environmental Pollution 116(3) DOI:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00214-7. | *Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 2002. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262832033_Nowak_DJ_and_Crane_DE_Carbon_storage_and_sequestration_by_urban_trees_in_the_USA_Environ_Pollut Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA]. Environmental Pollution 116(3) DOI:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00214-7. | ||
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*Ziter, C.D., E.J. Pedersen, C.J. Kucharik, and M.G. Turner 2019. [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1817561116 Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer]. PNAS 116 (15) 7575-7580. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817561116 | *Ziter, C.D., E.J. Pedersen, C.J. Kucharik, and M.G. Turner 2019. [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1817561116 Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer]. PNAS 116 (15) 7575-7580. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817561116 | ||
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+ | [[Category:Level 2 - Management/Green infrastructure]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Tree trench and box]] |
Tree trenches and tree boxes are a specific type of bioretention practice. They are vegetated engineered landscape practices designed to filter or infiltrate stormwater runoff. They can be incorporated into a wide variety of landscaped areas, including highly urban and ultra-urban environments landscapes. While tree boxes and tree trenches are bioretention practices, but their design, construction, maintenance, and benefits merit a separate discussion.
While the focus of this page is on a specific practice designed to treat and reduce stormwater runoff, urban forestry is discussed where appropriate. Urban forestry includes all trees collectively in a specific urban area.
Green infrastructure (GI) encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.
There is no universal definition of GI or GSI (link here for more information). Consequently, the terms are often interchanged, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. GSI practices are designed to function as stormwater practices first (e.g. flood control, treatment of runoff, volume control), but they can provide additional benefits. Though designed for stormwater function, GSI practices, where appropriate, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits (often termed "multiple stacked benefits". For more information on green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and sustainability, link to Multiple benefits of green infrastructure and role of green infrastructure in sustainability and ecosystem services.
Benefit | Effectiveness | Notes |
---|---|---|
Water quality | Benefits are maximized for bioinfiltration. Biofiltration may export phosphorus if not designed properly. | |
Water quantity/supply | Bioinfiltration helps mimic natural hydrology. Some rate control benefit. | |
Energy savings | ||
Climate resiliency | Provides some rate control. Impacts on carbon sequestration are uncertain. | |
Air quality | ||
Habitat improvement | Use of perennial vegetation and certain media mixes promote invertebrate communities. | |
Community livability | Aesthetically pleasing and can be incorporated into a wide range of land use settings. | |
Health benefits | ||
Economic savings | Generally provide cost savings vs. conventional practices over the life of the practice. | |
Macroscale benefits | Individual practices are typically microscale, but multiple practices, when incorporated into a landscape design, provide macroscale benefits such as wildlife corridors. | |
Level of benefit: ◯ - none; ◔; - small; ◑ - moderate; ◕ - large; ● - very high |
Because of their diversity and use of vegetation, tree trench and tree box practices provide multiple green infrastructure benefits.
Tree trenches and tree boxes are bioretention practices. Therefore, design considerations to enhance green infrastructure benefits of tree trenches and tree boxes are similar to design considerations for bioretention.
Maximizing specific green infrastructure (GI) benefits requires design considerations prior to constructing the practice. This includes operation and maintenance (O&M) considerations in the design phase. See the supplemental reading list for more information on design, construction, and O&M. While site limitations cannot always be overcome, the following recommendations maximize the GI benefit of bioretention.
A tree ordinance is a tool to help protect and manage a community’s trees. It can be designed to regulate various aspects of tree planting, removal, and maintenance on public and private property within a municipality. For more general information on tree ordinances, link here: [32], [33], or [34].
An urban forest master plan provides a road map for managing trees and the tree canopy in an urban area. The master plan typically includes detailed information, recommendations, and resources needed to manage an urban forest. An important component of a good forest master plan is engaging citizens and other stakeholders in the value and care of the urban forest.
A master plan may contain some or all of the following elements.
Example master plans are found at the following links.
This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, at 11:02.