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{{alert|''Reference to specific commercial products, processes, or services by trade name, trademark, service mark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. ''|alert-info}}
 
{{alert|''Reference to specific commercial products, processes, or services by trade name, trademark, service mark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. ''|alert-info}}
  
[[file:Image here.jpg|300px|thumb|alt=image|<Font size=3>Image of Filterra system</font size>]]
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{{alert|Information on this page is applicable to the Filterra Bioscape|alert-info}}
  
Contech's Filterra is an engineered bioretention system designed to filter pollutants from stormwater runoff. This page provides information on pollutant removal credits for Filterra, links to supporting information, and links to information on system design, inspection, operation, and maintenance.
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Contech's Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape) is an engineered bioretention system designed to filter pollutants from stormwater runoff. It is classified as a <span title="A manufactured treatment device (mtd) is a pre-fabricated stormwater treatment structure utilizing settling (sedimentation), filtration, absorptive/adsorptive materials, vortex separation, vegetative components, and/or other appropriate technology to remove pollutants from stormwater runoff. MTDs are typically proprietary devices."> '''manufactured treatment device'''</span> (mtd).
 +
 
 +
This page provides information on pollutant removal credits for Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape), links to supporting information, and links to information on system design, inspection, operation, and maintenance.
  
 
==TP and TSS credits==
 
==TP and TSS credits==
When conditions described in this section are met, applicable Contech Filterra systems are approved for the following removals for total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP).
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When conditions described in this section are met, applicable Contech Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape) systems are approved for the following removals for total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP).
 
*TSS: 82 percent removal
 
*TSS: 82 percent removal
 
*TP: Tier 1
 
*TP: Tier 1
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***Comply with [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contech_Filterra#Configurations appropriate configurations] and [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contech_Filterra#Use_conditions Use conditions]
 
***Comply with [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contech_Filterra#Configurations appropriate configurations] and [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contech_Filterra#Use_conditions Use conditions]
 
*TP: Tier 2
 
*TP: Tier 2
**Credit: 58 percent removal
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**Credit: 59 percent removal
 
**Conditions for receiving credit
 
**Conditions for receiving credit
 
***Must meet Tier 1 conditions.
 
***Must meet Tier 1 conditions.
***DP should be 25 percent or less of TP. If site specific monitoring data do not exist to verify this, acceptable land uses include <span title="Commercial land use is the use of land for commercial purposes including building offices, shops, resorts and restaurants as opposed to construction of a residential house"> '''commercial land use'''</span>, <span title="Land used for commercial establishments, manufacturing plants, public utilities, mining, distribution of goods or services, administration of business activities, research and development facilities, warehousing, shipping, transporting, remanufacturing, stockpiling of raw materials, storage, repair and maintenance of commercial machinery or equipment, and waste management"> '''industrial land use'''</span>, <span title="This land use includes major transportation corridors where the land use is exclusively transportation. These areas are typically highly impervious and may include only small vegetated areas consisting of swales or medians, and relatively small right-of-way areas. This land use does not include arterial streets in residential, commercial, and industrial areas."> '''transportation land use'''</span>, <span title="Highly urban and ultra-urban settings have a large percentage of impermeable surface and typically have limited space to install surface BMPs. An example would be a downtown area."> '''highly urban and ultra-urban environments'''</span> (ultra-urban), or combinations of these. The credit should not be applied in <span title="Residential land use means any real property or portion thereof which is used for housing human beings. This term includes property used for schools, day care centers, nursing homes, or other residential-style facilities or recreational areas"> '''residential land use'''</span>, to roof runoff, areas with extensive tree canopy, or other areas where dissolved phosphorus is likely to exceed 25 percent of total phosphorus unless site specific monitoring data, collected [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=TP_and_TSS_credits_and_guidance_for_manufactured_treatment_devices_(mtds)#Protocol_for_monitoring using appropriate protocols], shows DP:TP ratios are 0.25 or less ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Event_mean_concentrations_of_total_and_dissolved_phosphorus_in_stormwater_runoff#Ratios_of_particulate_to_dissolved_phosphorus link here for discussion of dissolved phosphorus ratios]).
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***DP should be 25 percent or less of TP. For a discussion of conditions where DP is likely to exceed 25% of TP, [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=TP_and_TSS_credits_and_guidance_for_manufactured_treatment_devices_(mtds)#Applicability_of_Tier_2_TP_credits link here]. TP removal should be adjusted when DP fractions exceed 25%, as described at the link provided above.
 
***Inspect manufactured treatment device monthly during the frost free season for the first year of operation after construction. Conduct inspections following manufacturer’s instructions/recommendations. Use maintenance indicators provided by manufacturers to determine if maintenance is needed. Maintenance procedures should follow manufacturer’s guidelines. Determine future inspection and maintenance schedules from findings during the first year of operation.
 
***Inspect manufactured treatment device monthly during the frost free season for the first year of operation after construction. Conduct inspections following manufacturer’s instructions/recommendations. Use maintenance indicators provided by manufacturers to determine if maintenance is needed. Maintenance procedures should follow manufacturer’s guidelines. Determine future inspection and maintenance schedules from findings during the first year of operation.
*TP: Tier 3
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*TP: Tier 3 - no Tier 3 credit at this time
**Credit: 60 percent removal or removal determined from monitoring data collected [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=TP_and_TSS_credits_and_guidance_for_manufactured_treatment_devices_(mtds)#Protocol_for_monitoring following appropriate protocol].
 
**Conditions for receiving credit
 
***Must meet Tier 1 and Tier 2 conditions
 
  
 
For more information on credits, see [[TP and TSS credits and guidance for manufactured treatment devices (mtds)]]
 
For more information on credits, see [[TP and TSS credits and guidance for manufactured treatment devices (mtds)]]
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*Filterra Internal Bypass – Curb (FTIB-C)
 
*Filterra Internal Bypass – Curb (FTIB-C)
 
*Filterra® Shallow
 
*Filterra® Shallow
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*Filterra boxless Bioscape
  
 
===Use conditions===
 
===Use conditions===
To receive the full credit, Filterra systems must comply with the following conditions.
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To receive the full credit, Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape) systems must comply with the following conditions.
#Design, assemble, install, operate, and maintain Filterra systems in accordance with applicable Contech Filterra manuals.
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#Design, assemble, install, operate, and maintain Filterra systems in accordance with applicable [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contech_Filterra#Links Contech Filterra manuals].
 
#The maximum flow rates through the devices are specified below. Use the lowest applicable infiltration rate depending on the pollutant treatment required.
 
#The maximum flow rates through the devices are specified below. Use the lowest applicable infiltration rate depending on the pollutant treatment required.
 
##175 inches per hour for TSS
 
##175 inches per hour for TSS
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#Systems are designed to treat a specified water quality volume or annual average runoff volume. The annual average runoff treated can be determined using [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=TP_and_TSS_credits_and_guidance_for_manufactured_treatment_devices_(mtds)#Calculating_annual_volume_treated methods that are specified here].  
 
#Systems are designed to treat a specified water quality volume or annual average runoff volume. The annual average runoff treated can be determined using [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=TP_and_TSS_credits_and_guidance_for_manufactured_treatment_devices_(mtds)#Calculating_annual_volume_treated methods that are specified here].  
 
#Each site plan must undergo Contech Filterra review before approval of the unit for site installation.
 
#Each site plan must undergo Contech Filterra review before approval of the unit for site installation.
#Filterra media shall conform to the specifications described in [https://www.conteches.com/Portals/0/Documents/Specifications/Filterra%20Bioretention%20System%20Specifications%20-%20JUN17.pdf?ver=2018-05-16-083614-343 Filterra Bioretention System Specifications] and shall be sourced from Contech Engineered Solutions, LLC with no substitutions.
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#Filterra media shall conform to the specifications described in [https://www.conteches.com/Portals/0/Documents/Filterra%20Bioretention%20System%20Specifications.pdf?ver=8o8fzfPqdqJ9tOFrHrddiA%3D%3D Filterra Bioretention System Specifications] and shall be sourced from Contech Engineered Solutions, LLC with no substitutions.
#Follow maintenance procedures given in the most recent version of the [https://www.conteches.com/Portals/0/Documents/Maintenance%20Guides/Filterra%20OM%20Packet.pdf?ver=2018-05-31-143300-750 Filterra Operation and Maintenance Manual].
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#Follow maintenance procedures given in the most recent version of the [https://oceanprotect.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Filterra-Operations-Maintenance-Manual.pdf Filterra Operation and Maintenance Manual].
 
#Install the Filterra in such a manner that flows exceeding the maximum Filterra operating rate are conveyed around the Filterra mulch and media and will not resuspend captured sediment.
 
#Install the Filterra in such a manner that flows exceeding the maximum Filterra operating rate are conveyed around the Filterra mulch and media and will not resuspend captured sediment.
 
#Discharges from the Filterra units shall not cause or contribute to water quality standards violations in receiving waters.
 
#Discharges from the Filterra units shall not cause or contribute to water quality standards violations in receiving waters.
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#When applicable, adhere to use conditions provided in Washington State Department of Ecology's report (Ecology's Conditions of Use) [https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/ezshare/wq/tape/use_designations/CONTECHfilterra175inperhrGULD.pdf GENERAL USE LEVEL DESIGNATION FOR BASIC (TSS), ENHANCED, PHOSPHORUS & OIL TREATMENT]. Note that some information in this report is specific to Washington State and not applicable to Minnesota (also see [https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/ezshare/wq/tape/use_designations/FILTERRAguldBIOSCAPE.pdf GENERAL USE LEVEL DESIGNATION FOR BASIC (TSS), ENHANCED, PHOSPHORUS & OIL TREATMENT For Contech Engineered Solutions Filterra® BioscapeTM]).
  
 
===Data analysis===
 
===Data analysis===
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The Tier 1 credit equals the TAPE-approved credits. Tier 2 and Tier 3 credits were determined by analyzing water quality data collected at Bellingham, Washington. The site consisted of residential land use with 0.4 acres of impervious draining to the device. The device was 4 ft by 6.5 ft, with a filter media depth of 1.8 feet and a ponding depth of 0.75 feet.
 
The Tier 1 credit equals the TAPE-approved credits. Tier 2 and Tier 3 credits were determined by analyzing water quality data collected at Bellingham, Washington. The site consisted of residential land use with 0.4 acres of impervious draining to the device. The device was 4 ft by 6.5 ft, with a filter media depth of 1.8 feet and a ponding depth of 0.75 feet.
  
[[File:Filterra data summary.png|400px|thumb|alt=excel screen shot|<font size=3>Summary statistics for Filterra monitoring, Bellingham, WA. Click on image to enlarge.</font size>]]
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MPCA compiled data from Appendix K of the report TECHNICAL EVALUATION REPORT - FILTERRA SYSTEM PHOSPHORUS TREATMENT AND SUPPLEMENTAL BASIC TREATMENT PERFORMANCE MONITORING. Below are summary statistics for the device.
 +
*Median TP inflow - 0.090 mg/L
 +
*Median TP removal (all data) - 67%
 +
*95% lower confidence limit TP removal (all data) - 52.2%
 +
*Median TP removal (data meeting TAPE criteria) - 78.5%
 +
*95% lower confidence limit TP removal (data meeting TAPE criteria) - 69.2%
 +
*Median TSS removal (all data) - 89.5%
 +
*95% lower confidence limit TSS removal (all data) - 82.8%
 +
TAPE means and medians represent values meeting TAPE criteria for TP (inflow concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5 mg/L) and TSS (inflow concentrations greater than 20 mg/L). Of the 22 samples, TAPE medians and means represent 10 samples for TP and 18 samples for TSS.
  
MPCA compiled data from Appendix K of the report TECHNICAL EVALUATION REPORT - FILTERRA SYSTEM PHOSPHORUS TREATMENT AND SUPPLEMENTAL BASIC TREATMENT PERFORMANCE MONITORING. Summary statistics are shown in the adjacent image. TAPE means and medians represent values meeting TAPE criteria for TP (inflow concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5 mg/L) and TSS (inflow concentrations greater than 20 mg/L). Thus, of the 22 samples, TAPE medians and means represent 10 samples for TP and 18 samples for TSS, while the remaining data in the figure are for all 22 events.
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The 95% boot strap LCL is 52% for all data and 69% for TAPE analyzed data. TAPE did not use data when TP inflow concentrations were < 0.1 mg/L. Of 22 samples collected, 12 had TP concentrations < 0.1 mg/L. TP removal decreases as the inflow concentration decreases below 0.1. However, if we consider only TP values > 0.05 mg/L, the LCL is 58.9 percent. TP concentrations of 0.05 mg/L or less are uncommon in Minnesota. Consequently, the recommended Tier 2 value is 59%. The median removal for all data was 67% and for TAPE-analyzed data was 78.5%. We therefore recommend a Tier 3 value of 60%, which meets a commonly employed regulatory threshold.
  
The 95% boot strap LCL is 52% for all data and 69% for TAPE analyzed data. TP removal decreases as the inflow concentration decreases below 0.1. However, if we consider only TP values > 0.05 mg/L, the LCL is 58.9 percent. TP concentrations of 0.05 mg/L or less are uncommon in Minnesota. Consequently, the recommended Tier 2 value is 58%. The median removal for all data was 67% and for TAPE-analyzed data was 78.5%. We therefore recommend a Tier 3 value of 60%, which is conservative but meets a commonly employed regulatory threshold.
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Phosphorus removal, as a percent of influent TP, decreased as influent TP concentration decreased below 0.1 mg/L and as the ratio of dissolved P:TP increased. For a discussion of effects of these factors on crediting, [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=TP_and_TSS_credits_and_guidance_for_manufactured_treatment_devices_(mtds)#Derivation_of_credits link here].
 
 
Phosphorus removal, as a percent of influent TP, decreased as influent TP concentration decreased below 0.1 mg/L and as the ratio of Dissolved P:TP increased. For a discussion of effects of these factors on crediting, [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=TP_and_TSS_credits_and_guidance_for_manufactured_treatment_devices_(mtds)#Derivation_of_credits link here].
 
  
 
To link to the Excel spreadsheet containing water monitoring data [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Filterra.xlsx click here]
 
To link to the Excel spreadsheet containing water monitoring data [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Filterra.xlsx click here]
  
 
===Inspection, operation, and maintenance===
 
===Inspection, operation, and maintenance===
 +
Meet the conditions specified for [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contech_Filterra#TP_and_TSS_credits the appropriate TP and/or TSS credit].
 +
 +
Meet the following conditions, unless conditions for [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Contech_Filterra#TP_and_TSS_credits the appropriate TP and/or TSS credit] are more stringent.
 
*2 maintenance visits required annually if annual precipitation exceeds 30 inches; one visit annually if annual precipitation is less than 30 inches
 
*2 maintenance visits required annually if annual precipitation exceeds 30 inches; one visit annually if annual precipitation is less than 30 inches
 
*Spring visit to remove salts and sands and fall visit for sediment and leaves
 
*Spring visit to remove salts and sands and fall visit for sediment and leaves
Line 68: Line 78:
 
*[https://www.conteches.com/stormwater-management/biofiltration-bioretention/filterra Home site]
 
*[https://www.conteches.com/stormwater-management/biofiltration-bioretention/filterra Home site]
 
*[https://www.conteches.com/Portals/0/Documents/Brochures/Filterra%20Solutions%20Brochure.pdf?ver=2018-05-16-090436-300 Brochure]
 
*[https://www.conteches.com/Portals/0/Documents/Brochures/Filterra%20Solutions%20Brochure.pdf?ver=2018-05-16-090436-300 Brochure]
*[https://www.conteches.com/Portals/0/Documents/Maintenance%20Guides/Filterra%20OM%20Packet.pdf?ver=2018-05-31-143300-750 Owners manual]
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*[https://www.conteches.com/Portals/0/Documents/Maintenance%20Guides/Filterra%20Bioscape%20OM%20Packet.pdf?ver=fRoOUQ972C8hpNt41dU8Ow%3D%3D Owners manual]
*[https://www.conteches.com/technical-guides/search?filter=V2BGN0NOKZ Technical guides]
+
*[https://www.conteches.com/technical-guides/search?filter=P20LJSNEU6 Technical guides] (Includes O&M)
 
*[https://www.conteches.com/knowledge-center/case-studies/search?filter=45S4E8EFIO Case studies]
 
*[https://www.conteches.com/knowledge-center/case-studies/search?filter=45S4E8EFIO Case studies]
 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6U0CVhrczM Video link]
 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6U0CVhrczM Video link]
 +
 +
[[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Proprietary devices]]

Latest revision as of 17:07, 15 February 2023

Information: Reference to specific commercial products, processes, or services by trade name, trademark, service mark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
Information: Information on this page is applicable to the Filterra Bioscape

Contech's Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape) is an engineered bioretention system designed to filter pollutants from stormwater runoff. It is classified as a manufactured treatment device (mtd).

This page provides information on pollutant removal credits for Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape), links to supporting information, and links to information on system design, inspection, operation, and maintenance.

TP and TSS credits

When conditions described in this section are met, applicable Contech Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape) systems are approved for the following removals for total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP).

  • TSS: 82 percent removal
  • TP: Tier 1
    • Credit: 50 percent removal
    • Conditions for receiving credit
      • Inspect manufactured treatment device a minimum of twice during year 1. Conduct inspections following manufacturer’s instructions/recommendations and any additional instructions listed in this section. Use maintenance indicators provided by manufacturers to determine if maintenance is needed. Maintenance procedures should follow manufacturer’s guidelines. After year 1, follow manufacturers inspection, operation, and maintenance schedule and procedures unless otherwise required or unless year 1 inspections indicate a need for increased inspection and/or operation and maintenance.
      • Comply with appropriate configurations and Use conditions
  • TP: Tier 2
    • Credit: 59 percent removal
    • Conditions for receiving credit
      • Must meet Tier 1 conditions.
      • DP should be 25 percent or less of TP. For a discussion of conditions where DP is likely to exceed 25% of TP, link here. TP removal should be adjusted when DP fractions exceed 25%, as described at the link provided above.
      • Inspect manufactured treatment device monthly during the frost free season for the first year of operation after construction. Conduct inspections following manufacturer’s instructions/recommendations. Use maintenance indicators provided by manufacturers to determine if maintenance is needed. Maintenance procedures should follow manufacturer’s guidelines. Determine future inspection and maintenance schedules from findings during the first year of operation.
  • TP: Tier 3 - no Tier 3 credit at this time

For more information on credits, see TP and TSS credits and guidance for manufactured treatment devices (mtds)

Configurations

Applicable configurations (systems) include

  • Filterra Internal Bypass - Pipe (FTIB-P)
  • Filterra Internal Bypass – Curb (FTIB-C)
  • Filterra® Shallow
  • Filterra boxless Bioscape

Use conditions

To receive the full credit, Filterra (including Filterra Bioscape) systems must comply with the following conditions.

  1. Design, assemble, install, operate, and maintain Filterra systems in accordance with applicable Contech Filterra manuals.
  2. The maximum flow rates through the devices are specified below. Use the lowest applicable infiltration rate depending on the pollutant treatment required.
    1. 175 inches per hour for TSS
    2. 100 inches per hour for TP
  3. Systems are designed to treat a specified water quality volume or annual average runoff volume. The annual average runoff treated can be determined using methods that are specified here.
  4. Each site plan must undergo Contech Filterra review before approval of the unit for site installation.
  5. Filterra media shall conform to the specifications described in Filterra Bioretention System Specifications and shall be sourced from Contech Engineered Solutions, LLC with no substitutions.
  6. Follow maintenance procedures given in the most recent version of the Filterra Operation and Maintenance Manual.
  7. Install the Filterra in such a manner that flows exceeding the maximum Filterra operating rate are conveyed around the Filterra mulch and media and will not resuspend captured sediment.
  8. Discharges from the Filterra units shall not cause or contribute to water quality standards violations in receiving waters.
  9. When applicable, adhere to use conditions provided in Washington State Department of Ecology's report (Ecology's Conditions of Use) GENERAL USE LEVEL DESIGNATION FOR BASIC (TSS), ENHANCED, PHOSPHORUS & OIL TREATMENT. Note that some information in this report is specific to Washington State and not applicable to Minnesota (also see GENERAL USE LEVEL DESIGNATION FOR BASIC (TSS), ENHANCED, PHOSPHORUS & OIL TREATMENT For Contech Engineered Solutions Filterra® BioscapeTM).

Data analysis

Credits apply only to the water being treated by a device. The applicable treatment volume must be determined using one of the methods described here.

The Tier 1 credit equals the TAPE-approved credits. Tier 2 and Tier 3 credits were determined by analyzing water quality data collected at Bellingham, Washington. The site consisted of residential land use with 0.4 acres of impervious draining to the device. The device was 4 ft by 6.5 ft, with a filter media depth of 1.8 feet and a ponding depth of 0.75 feet.

MPCA compiled data from Appendix K of the report TECHNICAL EVALUATION REPORT - FILTERRA SYSTEM PHOSPHORUS TREATMENT AND SUPPLEMENTAL BASIC TREATMENT PERFORMANCE MONITORING. Below are summary statistics for the device.

  • Median TP inflow - 0.090 mg/L
  • Median TP removal (all data) - 67%
  • 95% lower confidence limit TP removal (all data) - 52.2%
  • Median TP removal (data meeting TAPE criteria) - 78.5%
  • 95% lower confidence limit TP removal (data meeting TAPE criteria) - 69.2%
  • Median TSS removal (all data) - 89.5%
  • 95% lower confidence limit TSS removal (all data) - 82.8%

TAPE means and medians represent values meeting TAPE criteria for TP (inflow concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5 mg/L) and TSS (inflow concentrations greater than 20 mg/L). Of the 22 samples, TAPE medians and means represent 10 samples for TP and 18 samples for TSS.

The 95% boot strap LCL is 52% for all data and 69% for TAPE analyzed data. TAPE did not use data when TP inflow concentrations were < 0.1 mg/L. Of 22 samples collected, 12 had TP concentrations < 0.1 mg/L. TP removal decreases as the inflow concentration decreases below 0.1. However, if we consider only TP values > 0.05 mg/L, the LCL is 58.9 percent. TP concentrations of 0.05 mg/L or less are uncommon in Minnesota. Consequently, the recommended Tier 2 value is 59%. The median removal for all data was 67% and for TAPE-analyzed data was 78.5%. We therefore recommend a Tier 3 value of 60%, which meets a commonly employed regulatory threshold.

Phosphorus removal, as a percent of influent TP, decreased as influent TP concentration decreased below 0.1 mg/L and as the ratio of dissolved P:TP increased. For a discussion of effects of these factors on crediting, link here.

To link to the Excel spreadsheet containing water monitoring data click here

Inspection, operation, and maintenance

Meet the conditions specified for the appropriate TP and/or TSS credit.

Meet the following conditions, unless conditions for the appropriate TP and/or TSS credit are more stringent.

  • 2 maintenance visits required annually if annual precipitation exceeds 30 inches; one visit annually if annual precipitation is less than 30 inches
  • Spring visit to remove salts and sands and fall visit for sediment and leaves
  • Maintenance includes removing trash, degraded mulch, and accumulated debris from the filter surface and replacing the mulch layer

Links

This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 17:07.