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| | {{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}} | | {{alert|This page is an edit and testing page use by the wiki authors. It is not a content page for the Manual. Information on this page may not be accurate and should not be used as guidance in managing stormwater.|alert-danger}} |
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| − | [[Test index]]
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| − | [[Dissolved phosphorus in stormwater runoff - sources and management strategies]]
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| − | <font size=3>Green infrastructure benefits of stormwater practices</font size><br>
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| − | Link to this [[Green infrastructure benefits of stormwater practices|table]]
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| − | <table style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; width:750px;">
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <th>Benefit</th>
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| − | <th>Bioretention and infiltration</th>
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| − | <th>Tree trench and tree box</th>
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| − | <th>Green roof</th>
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| − | <th>Vegetated swale</th>
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| − | <th>Vegetated filter strip</th>
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| − | <th>Permeable pavement</th>
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| − | <th>Wetland</th>
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| − | <th>Rainwater harvesting</th>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Water quality</td>
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| − | <td><font size=6><center>●</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=6><center>●</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Water quantity/supply</td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◑</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Energy savings</td>
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| − | <td><center>◯</center></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◔</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Climate resiliency</td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◔</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=6><center>●</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Air quality</td>
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| − | <td><center>◯</center></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size> </td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◔</center></font size> </td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Habitat improvement</td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td><font size=6><center>●</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Community livability</td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=6><center>●</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Health benefits</td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◔</center></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◑</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Economic savings</td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◔</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◔</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◕</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td>Macroscale benefits</td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◑</center></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◑</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td><font size=4><center>◑</center></font size></td>
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| − | <td></td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td colspan=9>Level of benefit: ◯ - none; <font size=4>◔</font size>; - small; <font size=4>◑</font size> - moderate; <font size=4>◕</font size> - large; <font size=6>●</font size> - very high</td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | </table>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | <!--
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| − | [[Minnesota Stormwater Manual email Updates]]
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| − |
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| − | [[Vegetation test page]]
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| − |
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| − | This page provides guidance for operation and maintenance (O&M) of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices. This includes biofiltration, bioinfiltration, infiltration trenches, infiltration basins, including above- and below-ground infiltration practices.
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| − |
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| − | ==Overview of typical O&M issues==
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| − | Bioretention practices and other stormwater infiltration practices like rain gardens and infiltration trenches are vegetated landscape practices that capture, filter, and infiltrate stormwater runoff. In addition, these practices can provide ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and storage, carbon sequestration, reduction in heat island effect, climate adaptation, and habitat for bees, butterflies, and other insects and small animals that pollinate. Bioretention and other infiltration practices may be subject to higher public visibility, greater trash loads, pedestrian traffic, vandalism, and vehicular loads, particularly in urban areas.
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| − | These practices require dedicated and regular maintenance to ensure proper and long-lasting operation and ecosystem benefits. The most frequently cited O&M concerns for infiltration practices include:
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| − | *Permanent standing water or flooding due to clogging caused by organic matter, fine silts, hydrocarbons, and algal matter. Clogging can occur at the surface, or in the inlet, outlet, or underdrain pipes.
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| − | *Runoff bypasses the practice due to incorrect grading and slopes, or because the inlet is blocked.
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| − | *Accumulation of trash and debris within the infiltration practice.
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| − | *Insufficient/inadequate vegetation or overcrowded vegetation .
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| − | *Inadequate pollutant removal due to improper soil media selection.
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| − |
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| − | The sections below describe best practices to prevent or minimize these common problems.
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| − |
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| − | ==Design Phase O&M Considerations==
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| − | Designers should design bioretention and infiltration practices in ways that prevent or minimize O&M issues. Examples include:
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| − | *Limiting the contributing drainage area and sizing the practice in accordance to its contributing drainage area to prevent flooding issues.
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| − | *Providing pre-treatment and trash racks to prevent clogging or trash accumulation.
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| − | *Providing a vegetation design plan, emphasizing native plantings (see Plants for Stormwater Design) to enhance pollinator and wildlife habitat, improve infiltration and evapotranspiration, reduce urban heat island effect, provide optimized carbon sequestration, and provide climate adaptation.
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| − | *Specifying the optimized soil media composition and depth to effectively trap or sequester nutrients (phosphorus in particular), and that can also support the desired vegetation.
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| − | *Providing educational signage to increase public awareness.
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| − | *Installing measures like low fencing to prevent damage from pedestrian foot traffic .
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| − |
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| − | Designers should also recognize the need to perform frequent landscaping maintenance to remove trash, check for clogging, and maintain vigorous and healthy vegetation. Designers can incorporate design solutions to facilitate maintenance activities. Examples include:
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| − | *Incorporating multiple and easy site access points
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| − | *Installing observation wells
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| − | *Providing recommendations of vegetation appropriate to the location
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| − |
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| − | The designer should also provide a site-specific O&M plan that includes the following:
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| − | *Construction inspection schedule and checklists
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| − | *Post-construction routine maintenance schedule and checklists
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| − | *Operating instructions for the practice (if applicable)
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| − | Example O&M plans are provided further down.
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| − | For more design information and criteria for individual infiltration practices, see the “design criteria for bioretention” or “design criteria for infiltration practices” pages.
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| − |
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| − | Construction Phase O&M Considerations
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| − | Proper construction methods and sequencing play a significant role in reducing O&M problems. Some key items during the construction phase include:
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| − | #Before construction begins:
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| − | ##Ensure that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to the beginning of construction. Also make sure that impervious areas in the contributing drainage area are clean. If this is not possible, use barriers or diversions to direct stormwater flows from the contributing drainage area away from the practice.
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| − | ##Install any needed erosion and sediment controls in your construction site and prepare a storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP).
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| − | ##Designate a stormwater supervisor to make sure someone is responsible for erosion and sediment control.
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| − | ##Hold a pre-construction meeting with the designer and the installer to review the construction plans and the sequencing of construction.
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| − | #During construction:
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| − | ##Construct any pre-treatment devices before constructing the main bioretention or infiltration system.
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| − | ##Ensure heavy equipment does not enter the footprint of the practice to avoid compaction of the infiltration medium.
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| − | ##Store any soil or gravel media downstream of the practice footprint to avoid clogging the infiltration medium. If this is not possible, store soil or gravel media in some type of covered or contained structure.
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| − | ##Inspect the practice during construction to ensure that the infiltration practice is built in accordance with the approved design and standards and specifications. This includes verification of the media composition and depths. Use a detailed inspection checklists that include sign-offs by qualified individuals at critical stages of construction, to ensure that the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided further down below.
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| − | ##Ensure that the plant and vegetation mix conforms to the vegetation design plan, particularly if the vegetation was selected to provide ecological function (such as pollinator habitat).
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| − | #After construction:
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| − | ##Verify that the infiltration practice was built in accordance with the approved design and standards and specifications, including the pre-treatment devices as well as the main infiltration practice.
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| − | ##Verify that the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized with vegetation prior to removing any barriers, diversions, or erosion and sediment control measures.
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| − | ##Verify that the practice actually captures and infiltrates runoff. Conduct a full inundation test to inspect the underdrain and outflow function.
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| − | ##Verify that the practice reduces nutrient loads. Collect inflow and outflow storm water samples and have them analyzed for nutrient concentrations.
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| − | ##Use a detailed inspection checklist that includes sign-offs by qualified individuals at the completion of construction, to ensure that the contractor’s interpretation of the plan is acceptable to the professional designer. Example construction phase inspection checklists are provided further down below.
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| − |
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| − | ==Post-Construction Phase O&M==
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| − | Effective short and long-term operation of bioretention and infiltration practices requires dedicated and routine maintenance. Proper maintenance will not only increase the expected lifespan of the facility but will improve ecological function, aesthetics, and property value. Important post-construction considerations are provided below.
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| − | *A site-specific Operations and Maintenance Plan should be prepared by the designer prior to putting the stormwater practice into operation. This plan should provide any operating procedures related to the practices. The plan should also provide clear maintenance expectations, activities, and schedules. The O&M plan should also include an example O&M inspection checklist and an example maintenance report. Example O&M plans and inspection checklists are provided further down below.
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| − | *A legally binding and enforceable maintenance agreement should be executed between the practice owner and the local review authority. Example maintenance agreements are provided further down below.
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| − | *Maintenance activities should be careful not to cause compaction or damage to the vegetation. No vehicles or stockpiling should be allowed within the footprint of the practice. Foot traffic should be kept to a minimum.
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| − | *Maintenance activities should apply to all parts of the bioretention or infiltration practices, including the pre-treatment devices, the main bioretention/infiltration area, the vegetation, the media, and any conveyance or discharge pipes.
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| − | *BMP areas generally should not be used as dedicated snow storage areas. Click here for additional snow and salt considerations.
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| − |
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| − | [[Overview and schedule of general maintenance activities for bioretention and infiltration practices]]
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| − |
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| − | [[Common problems and how to troubleshoot them for bioretention and infiltration practices]]
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| − |
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| − | ==Maintenance Costs==
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| − | Maintenance costs will vary depending on the size of the practice, its contributing drainage area, type of plantings, and whether it is part of a larger GI effort. Preventative maintenance is key to minimizing major costs associated with repairs. A general rule of thumb to estimate maintenance costs is 3%-6% of the installation costs. Maintenance may be higher the first few years, while plants are being established.
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| − |
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| − | ==Useful Resources==
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| − | Additional Detailed O&M Information
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| − | *https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZtzA923zvt_unapGb6U8ggQLTH4U5fH9Q1ejStyao6Y/edit?usp=sharing (this captures everything that was on the original MPCA BR O&M page but that is not captured in this document)
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| − |
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| − | ==Case Studies==
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| − | *None identified that specifically include maintenance considerations.
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| − |
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| − | ==Maintenance Training Documents and Videos==
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| − | *[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/2013/04/technical-bulletin-no-10-bioretention-illustrated-a-visual-guide-for-constructing-inspecting-maintaining-and-verifying-the-bioretention-practice/ Chesapeake Stormwater Network TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 10]. Bioretention Illustrated: A Visual Guide for Constructing, Inspecting, Maintaining and Verifying the Bioretention Practice
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| − | *[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/events/webcast-ms4-implementers-and-the-bay-tmdl-urban-bmp-verification/ Archived webcast from Chesapeake Stormwater Network] - TRUST BUT VERIFY: Urban BMP Verification in the Chesapeake Bay
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| − | *[https://chesapeakestormwater.net/events/webcast-bioretention-maintenance/ Archived webcast from Chesapeake Stormwater Network] - Bioretention Maintenance: In the Trenches
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| − | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nK4x1rtyMds MSD Rain Garden and Planter Box Maintenance video]
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| − | *[https://www.riversmarthomes.org/video-series DOEE RiverSmart Rain Garden Maintenance video]
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| − |
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| − | ==O&M Resource Catalog==
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| − | MPCA has compiled publicly available O&M resources related to green infrastructure. [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1TNGVghLhudcWPgXKLbLAu2cUWv6O3ZeS7-FIuLSGIPM/edit#gid=0 This non-exhaustive catalog is intended as a resource to practitioners].
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| − |
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| − | ==Example O&M Plans, Checklists, Reports, and Maintenance Agreements==
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| − | *Operation & Maintenance Plan
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| − | **[https://www.countyofnapa.org/DocumentCenter/View/3028/Example-OM-Plan-for-Residential-PDF County of Napa, CA, Example Stormwater Treatment Facilities Operations and Maintenance Plan for a Commercial Project]
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| − | **[https://www.countyofnapa.org/DocumentCenter/View/3028/Example-OM-Plan-for-Residential-PDF County of Napa, CA, Example Stormwater Treatment Facilities Operations and Maintenance Plan for a Residential Project]
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| − | *Construction phase inspection checklist
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Bioretention_-_construction_inspection_checklist.xlsx Bioretention construction inspection checklist] ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Bioretention_-_construction_inspection_checklist link to table])
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Infiltration_basin_-_system_construction_inspection_checklist.xlsx Infiltration basin - system construction inspection] ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Infiltration_basin_-_system_construction_inspection_checklist link to table])
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Infiltration_trench_construction_inspection_checklist.xlsx Infiltration trench construction inspection checklist] ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Infiltration_Trench_-_Construction_inspection_checklist link to table])
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| − | *O&M inspection checklist
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Bioretention_-_operation_and_maintenance_checklist.xlsx Bioretention - operation and maintenance checklist] ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Bioretention_-_operation_and_maintenance_checklist link to table])
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Infiltration_trench_basin_operation_maintenance_checklist.xlsx Infiltration trench basin operation maintenance checklist] ([https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Infiltration_trench/basin_%E2%80%93_operation_and_maintenance_checklist link to table])
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| − | *O&M example report
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| − | **[https://portal.laserfiche.com/Portal/DocView.aspx?id=3361965&repo=r-a96260ce MSD Example]
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| − | *Maintenance Agreements
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Example_Maintenance_Agreement_1 Example Maintenance Agreement 1]
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Example_Maintenance_Agreement_2 Example Maintenance Agreement 2]
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| − | **[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Example_Maintenance_Agreement_3 Example Maintenance Agreement 3]
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| − |
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| − | ==Related pages==
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices]]
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of green roofs]]
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of vegetated strips]]
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of permeable pavement]]
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of vegetated swales]]
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of stormwater treatment wetlands]]
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| − | *[[Operation and Maintenance of rainwater harvesting]]
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| − |
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| − | Supplemental guidance
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of bioretention and other stormwater infiltration practices]]
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of green roofs]]
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of vegetated strips]]
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of permeable pavement]]
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of vegetated swales]]
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of stormwater treatment wetlands]]
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| − | *[[Supplemental guidance - operation and maintenance of rainwater harvesting]]
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| − | -->
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| − |
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| − | <!--
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| − | =[[Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) and sustainable stormwater management]]=
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| − | [[File:Native landscaping.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=photo of a rain garden planted with native vegetation|<font size=3>Example of a rain garden planted with native vegetation. In addition to providing stormwater treatment, bioretention practices can provide other benefits such as habitat and aesthetic value.</font size>]]
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| − |
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| − | <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure is designed to mimic nature and capture rainwater where it falls. Green infrastructure reduces and treats stormwater at its source while while also providing multiple community benefits such as improvements in water quality, reduced flooding, habitat, carbon capture, etc."> '''Green infrastructure'''</span> encompasses a wide array of practices, including stormwater management. <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) describes practices that use natural systems (or engineered systems that mimic or use natural processes) to capture, clean, and infiltrate stormwater; shade and cool surfaces and buildings; reduce flooding, create wildlife habitat; and provide other services that improve environmental quality and communities’ quality of life. (City of Tucson)"> '''Green stormwater infrastructure'''</span> (GSI) encompasses a variety of practices primarily designed for managing stormwater runoff but that provide additional benefits such as habitat or aesthetic value.
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| − |
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| − | Water management using green infrastructure practices mimics the natural <span title="The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth."> '''water cycle'''</span>. Examples of green infrastructure practices include planting trees, restoring wetlands, enhancing biodiversity, and restoring floodplains. Green infrastructure incorporates both the natural environment and engineered systems to provide clean water, conserve <span title="Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation, are to people – what they are worth."> '''ecosystem values'''</span> and functions, and provide a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife. Green infrastructure can be applied on different scales, from the house or building level, to the broader landscape level. On the local level, green infrastructure practices include rain gardens, permeable pavements, green roofs, infiltration planters, trees and tree boxes, and rainwater harvesting systems. At the largest scale, the preservation and restoration of natural landscapes (such as forests, floodplains and wetlands) are critical components of green infrastructure.
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| − |
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| − | Stormwater management using green infrastructure practices involves keeping and using water close to its point of origin (i.e. keeping the raindrop where it falls). Practices include those local practices mentioned above - [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Bioretention rain gardens], [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Permeable_pavement permeable pavements], [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Green_roofs green roofs], [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_infiltration_Best_Management_Practices infiltration] planters, [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Trees trees] and tree boxes, and [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_and_rainwater_harvest_and_use/reuse rainwater harvesting systems]. Because there multiple benefits of these practices, in addition to stormwater management, the manual includes a variety of topics related to green infrastructure as illustrated below.
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| − |
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| − | {{alert|Throughout this manual, these green alert boxes identify a stormwater practice that is considered a green infrastructure practice.|alert-success}}
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| − |
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| − | This page provides links to information on green stormwater infrastructure, green infrastructure, and sustainable stormwater management.
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| − |
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| − | ==Green stormwater infrastructure and sustainable stormwater management==
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| − | *[[Overview for green stormwater infrastructure]] - <span title="This is a single general page, describing what GSI is, why it is important, etc."> '''Comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Overview for sustainable stormwater management]] - <span title="This is a single general page. The difference between this and the GSI page may seem subtle, but this page is at a higher level and brings the concepts of sustainability and ecosystem services in"> '''Comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Planning green stormwater infrastructure projects and practices]] - <span title="This gets at the second topic in LTech's recommendation document. That document has 4 bulleted recommendations (planning, cost, ordinances, and financing). We have to decide if each of these warrants a separate page or if all of this can be on a single page.> '''Comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Training and certification for green stormwater infrastructure]] - <span title="A single page that provides information on training and certification. This includes defining these, the importance of them, and links to resources and training/certification programs and materials."> '''Comment'''</span>
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| − |
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| − | ==Green stormwater infrastructure best management practices==
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| − | *[[Overview of green stormwater infrastructure best management practices]] - <span title="This would be a page in the wiki. It would be a summary of the different GSI practices, heavily linked to other locations in the manual."> '''comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Design considerations for green stormwater infrastructure best management practices]] - <span title="I envision this being a page in the wiki that summarizes design elements specific to GSI. There would be links to the existing design pages for each BMP, where the user can get all the design info for a specific BMP."> '''comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Operation and maintenance of green stormwater infrastructure best management practices]] - <span title="I envision this being a page in the wiki that summarizes O&M elements specific to GSI. There would be links to the existing O&M pages for each BMP, where the user can get all the O&M info for a specific BMP."> '''comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Assessing the performance of green stormwater infrastructure best management practices]] - <span title="I envision this being a page in the wiki that summarizes assessment elements specific to GSI. There would be links to the existing assessment pages for each BMP, where the user can get all the assessment info for a specific BMP."> '''comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Multiple benefits of green stormwater infrastructure]] - <span title="This page would be a table of contents with links to individual pages discussing multiple benefits for each GSI BMP (e.g. Green Infrastructure benefits of bioretention) and BMPs that provide a specific benefit (e.g. Wildlife habitat and biodiversity benefits of Green Stormwater Infrastructure)."> '''comment'''</span>
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| − | ==Additional information on green stormwater infrastructure==
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| − | *[[Green stormwater infrastructure case studies]]
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| − | *[[Links for green stormwater infrastructure]]
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| − | *[[Stormwater runoff performance of natural and undeveloped systems]] - <span title="This page addresses LTech issue 5."> '''Comment'''</span>
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| − | *[[Checklists, inspection sheets, maintenance agreements, and model ordinances for green stormwater infrastructure]] - <span title="A repository for these materials. The materials likely reside on individual pages and this page provides links to those individual pages."> '''Comment'''</span>
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| − | ==table test==
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; width:500px; border: 5px solid red"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! style="background: red; color: yellow;" | Stabilization schedule must be no less than:
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| − | | 14 days for all exposed soils
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| − | |-
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| − | | 7 days if a discharge point is within one mile of a special or impaired water
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| − | |-
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| − | | 24 hours for areas within 200 ft of a public water during fish spawning times
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| − | |-
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| − | | 24 hours for areas of ditches and swales within 200 ft of the property edge or surface water discharge point and 14 days for remainder
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| − | |}
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| | [[Category:test page]] | | [[Category:test page]] |
