Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Logo

Minnesota Stormwater Manual

Difference between revisions of "Trees"

m
 
(69 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{alert|The anticipated construction period for this page is through January, 2014|alert-under-construction}}
+
[[File:mids logo.jpg|300px|right|alt=image of Minimal Impact Design Standards logo]]
  
−
{{alert|Trees can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Trees provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, reduction of heat island effect, carbon sequestration, reduced noise pollution, reduced pavement maintenance needs, cooler cars in shaded parking lots.|alert-success}}
+
{{alert|Trees can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Trees provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, reduction of heat island effects, carbon sequestration, reduced noise pollution, reduced pavement maintenance needs, and cooler cars in shaded parking lots.|alert-success}}
  
−
Use of trees to manage stormwater runoff encompasses several practices. Tree trenches and tree boxes (collectively called tree BMP(s)), the most commonly implemented tree BMPs, can be incorporated anywhere in the stormwater treatment train but are most often located in upland areas of the treatment train.
+
{{alert|Tree trenches and tree boxes are [[Bioretention|bioretention]] practices.  However, because of differences in design, construction and maintenance, we have created a separate section for trees.|alert-info}}
  
−
Tree BMPs are one component of urban forestry. Urban forestry is a broad term that applies to all publicly and privately owned trees within an urban area, including individual trees along streets and in backyards, as well as stands of remnant forest (Nowak et al. 2001).
+
[[file:Check it out.png|200px|left|thumb|alt=image|<font size=3>
 +
*The tree interception credit has been updated. [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Tree_Performance_Memo.docx See the technical memo]
 +
*[http://www.deeproot.com/blog/?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=DeepRoot%20Newsletter%20July%202019&utm_content=DeepRoot%20Newsletter%20July%202019%20CID_930020a63aca598a8c6d4fdb513662ab&utm_source=Email This blog site] has numerous blogs that may be of interest.</font size>]]
  
−
The focus of this set of articles is on tree Best Management Practices rather than urban forestry.
+
[[File:Tree_trenches.gif|right|300px|alt=image of tree trenches]]
  
−
<font size=4>[[Acknowledgements for trees]]</font size>
+
Use of trees to manage stormwater runoff encompasses several practices. Tree trenches and tree boxes (collectively called tree BMPs), the most commonly implemented tree BMPs, can be incorporated anywhere in the stormwater treatment train but are most often located in upland areas of the treatment train.
 +
 
 +
Tree BMPs are one component of urban forestry. Urban forestry is a broad term that applies to all publicly and privately owned trees within an urban area, including individual trees along streets and in backyards, as well as stands of remnant forest (Nowak et al. 2001). This page includes three sections covering [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Trees#General_information_on_trees general information about trees], [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Trees#Tree_trenches_and_tree_boxes tree trenches and tree boxes as BMPs], and [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Trees#Urban_Forestry urban forestry].
 +
 
 +
<font size=5>[[Acknowledgements for trees|Acknowledgements]]</font size>
 +
 
 +
==General information on trees==
 
*[[Overview for trees]]
 
*[[Overview for trees]]
 
*[[Types of tree BMPs]]
 
*[[Types of tree BMPs]]
−
*[[Supporting material for trees]]
 
 
*[[Plant lists for trees]]
 
*[[Plant lists for trees]]
 +
*[[Street sweeping]] - this page provides a summary of an on-going project to develop a street sweeping credit
 +
*[[Street sweeping for trees]]
 
*[[References for trees]]
 
*[[References for trees]]
−
<!--Tree trenches and tree boxes - Incorporating trees into stormwater management under paved surfaces
+
*[[Supporting material for trees]]
−
*[[Design variants for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
+
*[[Neat websites and articles for trees]]
 +
*[[Links to tree ordinances and forest management master plans]]
 +
*[[Green Infrastructure benefits of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 +
 
 +
==Tree trenches and tree boxes==
 
*[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Design guidelines for tree quality and planting - tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Design guidelines for soil characteristics - tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Design guidelines for soil characteristics - tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Construction guidelines for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Construction guidelines for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
−
*[[Construction observations for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
+
*[[Protection of existing trees on construction sites]]
 +
*[[Operation and maintenance (O&M) of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 +
*[[Operation and maintenance of tree trenches and tree boxes - supplemental information]]
 +
**[[Operation and maintenance of tree trenches and tree boxes]] - we recommend using one of the above two pages
 
*[[Assessing the performance of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Assessing the performance of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
−
*[[Operation and maintenance of tree trenches and tree boxes]]-->
 
−
*[[Street sweeping for trees]]
 
−
<!--*[[Case studies for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
 
*[[Calculating credits for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Calculating credits for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 +
*[[Case studies for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 +
*[[Soil amendments to enhance phosphorus sorption]]
 +
*[[Green Infrastructure benefits of tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 +
*[[Summary of permit requirements for infiltration]]
 +
*[[Tree trench/box photo gallery]]
 +
<!--
 +
*[[Design variants for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 +
*[[Construction observations for tree trenches and tree boxes]]-->
 
*[[Fact sheet for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
 
*[[Fact sheet for tree trenches and tree boxes]]
−
*[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using trees as a BMP in the MIDS calculator]]-->
+
*[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using trees as a BMP in the MIDS calculator]]
−
 
+
*[[Requirements, recommendations and information for using trees with an underdrain as a BMP in the MIDS calculator]]
−
 
 
−
<!--Eventually, the following information will be incorporated into this section on Trees.
 
−
*Water quality benefits of trees
 
−
*Tree species list
 
−
*Design specifications for trees and soils
 
−
*Construction specifications
 
−
*Protection of existing trees on construction sites
 
−
*O & M guidelines
 
−
*Monitoring guidelines
 
−
*Street sweeping
 
−
*Fact sheet
 
−
*Case studies
 
−
*Credits for pollutant removal, ET and canopy interception
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Information on credits'''
 
−
 
 
−
Currently the Minimal Impact design Standards (MIDS) calculator is being designed to incorporate volume reductions based solely on storage and infiltration within tree boxes or tree trenches. Readers may refer to [[Bioretention|bioretention]] or [[Green roofs|green roof]] sections of the manual for more information on volume reductions based on storage and infiltration.
 
  
−
The manual will be expanded to include detailed information on canopy interception and evapotranspiration loss from trees. For now, readers may find information on these topics at the following sources.
+
==Links to tables with tree information==
 +
*[[Tree species list - general information]]
 +
*[[Tree species list - morphology]]
 +
*[[Tree species list - tolerance to stresses]]
 +
*[[Tree species list - pH and moisture ranges]]
 +
*[[Tree species list - tolerance to inundation]]
 +
*[[Tree species list - additional benefits]]
 +
*[[Tree species list - notes]]
 +
*[[Tree species list - Suitable for CU structural soil]]
 +
*[[Tree health troubleshooting guidelines]]
  
−
*Canopy interception by trees
+
==Urban Forestry==
−
**Xiao et al (1998) provide estimates of precipitation retention by tree canopies.
+
For more information on urban forestry, we suggest visiting the following websites.
−
**Xiao et al (2000a) describe a model to predict tree canopy interception of precipitation and provide estimates of annual precipitation interception by trees.
+
*[https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/urban-forests/ucf Urban and Community Forestry] - USDA Forest Service
−
**Xiao et al (2000b) describes direct measurements of throughfall for open-grown trees.
+
*[http://www.mayorsfundphila.org/initiatives/urban-forest/ Urban Forestry & Ecosystem Management] - City of Philadelphia
−
**Gomez et al. (2001) provided measured values of leaf interception as a function of leaf area.
+
*[https://allaboutwatersheds.org/library/watershed-forestry-resource-guide Watershed Forestry Resource Guide] - Center for Watershed Protection and US Forest Service - Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry
−
**Shanstrom (2011) provided estimates of gallons of stormwater interception by hackberries as a function of plant age.
+
*[https://www.americanforests.org/ American Forests]
−
*Evapotranspiration (ET) losses by vegetation
+
*[http://urbanforestry.frec.vt.edu/ Urban Forestry] - Virginia Tech University
−
**Pitt et al discuss ET rates from bioretention devices and provides methods for calculating ET (see http://rpitt.eng.ua.edu/Class/StormWaterManagement/Fall%202009/Pitt_Evapo_final__copy_changes_accepted.pdf).
+
*[http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/green/upload/stormwater2streettrees.pdf Stormwater to Street Trees: Engineering Urban Forests for Stormwater Management] - U.S. EPA
−
**DiGiovanni et al (2011) discuss the measurement and estimation of ET from urban green spaces in New York City.
+
*[https://greenstep.pca.state.mn.us/ Green Step Cities]. This page provides a summary of urban forestry practices that cities can implement to help become a [http://greenstep.pca.state.mn.us/bestPractices.cfm Green Step City] and a list of cities that are implementing the practices, including links.
−
**Hickman (2011) quantified the different components of the water budget, including ET, for bioretention systems.
 
−
**Nagler et al. (2003) quantified transpiration rates from different tree species.
 
  
−
References
+
==Related pages==
−
*DeGiovanni, K., F. Montalto, and S. Gaffin. 2011. Measurement and Estimation of Evapotranspiration from Urban Green Spaces in New York City. Presentation at the Philadelphia Low Impact Development Symposium. Session 34, September 27, 2011.
+
*[[Understanding and interpreting soils and soil boring reports for infiltration BMPs]]
−
*Gomez, J.A., J.V. Giraldez, and E. Fereres. 2001. Rainfall interception by olive trees in relation to leaf area. Agricultural Water Management. 49:1:65-76.
+
*[[Determining soil infiltration rates]]
−
*Hickman, J.M. Jr. 2011. Evauation the Role of Evapotranspiration in the Hydrology of Bioinfiltration and bioretention Basins using Weighing Lysimeters. M.S. thesis, Villanova University.
 
−
*Nagler, P., E.P. Glenn, and T.L. Thompson. 2003. Comparison of transpiration rates among saltcedar, cottonwood and willow trees by sap flow and canopy temperature methods. Agricultural and forest Meteorology. 16:73-89.
 
−
*Pitt, R., S. Clark, P. Johnson, and J. Voorhees. Evapotranspiration and Related Calculations for Bioretention Devices. see http://rpitt.eng.ua.edu/Class/StormWaterManagement/Fall%202009/Pitt_Evapo_final__copy_changes_accepted.pdf
 
−
*Shanstrom, N. 2011. Stormwater Quantity and rate control benefits of Trees in Uncompacted Soil. See http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/stormwater-quantity-and-rate-control-benefits-of-trees-in-uncompacted-soil
 
−
*Xiao, Q., E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, and S.L. Ustin. 1998. Rainfall Interception by Sacremento’s Urban Forest. Journal of Arboriculture. 24:4:235-244.
 
−
*Xiao, Q. E.G. McPherson, S.L. Ustin, and M.E. Grismer. 2000a. A new approach to modeling tree rainfall interception. Journal of Geophysical research. 105:D23:173-188.
 
−
*Xiao, Q. E.G. McPherson, S.L. Ustin, M.E. Grismer, and J.R. Simpson. 2000b. Winter rainfall interception by two mature open-grown trees in Davis, California. Hydrological Processes. 14:763-784.-->
 
  
−
<!--*[[Plant lists for trees]]
+
<noinclude>
−
*[[Case studies for trees]]
+
[[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Tree trench and box]]
−
*[[Cost-benefit considerations for trees]]
+
</noinclude>
−
*[[Additional considerations for trees]]
 
−
*[[Links for trees]]
 
−
*[[References for trees]]
 
−
*[[Supporting material for trees]]-->
 

Latest revision as of 11:42, 26 January 2023

image of Minimal Impact Design Standards logo
Green Infrastructure: Trees can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Trees provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, reduction of heat island effects, carbon sequestration, reduced noise pollution, reduced pavement maintenance needs, and cooler cars in shaded parking lots.
Information: Tree trenches and tree boxes are bioretention practices. However, because of differences in design, construction and maintenance, we have created a separate section for trees.
image
*The tree interception credit has been updated. See the technical memo *This blog site has numerous blogs that may be of interest.
image of tree trenches

Use of trees to manage stormwater runoff encompasses several practices. Tree trenches and tree boxes (collectively called tree BMPs), the most commonly implemented tree BMPs, can be incorporated anywhere in the stormwater treatment train but are most often located in upland areas of the treatment train.

Tree BMPs are one component of urban forestry. Urban forestry is a broad term that applies to all publicly and privately owned trees within an urban area, including individual trees along streets and in backyards, as well as stands of remnant forest (Nowak et al. 2001). This page includes three sections covering general information about trees, tree trenches and tree boxes as BMPs, and urban forestry.

Acknowledgements

General information on trees

Tree trenches and tree boxes

Links to tables with tree information

Urban Forestry

For more information on urban forestry, we suggest visiting the following websites.

Related pages

Retrieved from "https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Trees&oldid=66049"

This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, at 11:42.