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|'''Hydrocarbons'''
 
|'''Hydrocarbons'''
 
|-
 
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| 40/20<sup>1</sup>
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| 35/20<sup>1</sup>
 
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| ND<sup>5</sup>
 
| ND<sup>5</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | <font size=1><sup>1</sup> 40 percent credit if a check dam is employed; 20 percent credit if no check dam is employed; <sup>2</sup> Value represents the median removal for total Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn using data from the [http://www.bmpdatabase.org/Docs/03-SW-1COh%20BMP%20Database%202016%20Summary%20Stats.pdf International Stormwater BMP database] (2016 summaries); removal for dissolved metal is 0; <sup>3</sup> Data from the International Stormwater BMP database, 2016, for fecal coliform bacteria; <sup>4</sup> From the International Stormwater BMP database, 2016, for total nitrogen; <sup>5</sup> No data found.</font size>
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| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | <font size=1><sup>1</sup> 35 percent credit if a check dam is employed; 20 percent credit if no check dam is employed; <sup>2</sup> Value represents the median removal for total Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn using data from the [http://www.bmpdatabase.org/Docs/03-SW-1COh%20BMP%20Database%202016%20Summary%20Stats.pdf International Stormwater BMP database] (2016 summaries); removal for dissolved metal is 0; <sup>3</sup> Data from the International Stormwater BMP database, 2016, for fecal coliform bacteria; <sup>4</sup> From the International Stormwater BMP database, 2016, for total nitrogen; <sup>5</sup> No data found.</font size>
 
|}
 
|}
  
[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Overview_of_stormwater_credits Credit] refers to the quantity of stormwater or pollutant reduction achieved either by an individual [[Glossary#B|Best Management Practice]] BMP or cumulatively with multiple BMPs. Stormwater credits are a tool for local stormwater authorities who are interested in  
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[[File:Pdf image.png|100px|thumb|left|alt=pdf image|<font size=3>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Calculating_credits_for_wet_swale_(wetland_channel)_-_Minnesota_Stormwater_Manual_May_2022.pdf Download pdf]</font size>]]
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[[File:Summary image.jpg|100px|left|thumb|alt=image|<font size=3>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=File:Credit_page_descriptions.mp4 Page video summary]</font size>]]
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[[File:Technical information page image.png|100px|left|alt=image]]
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 +
{{alert|Models are often selected to calculate credits. The model selected depends on your objectives. For compliance with the Construction Stormwater permit, the model must be based on the assumption that an instantaneous volume is captured by the BMP.|alert-danger}}
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 +
{{alert|Swales can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Depending on design and construction, swales may provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, carbon sequestration, improved biological habitat, and aesthetic value. See the section [[Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) and sustainable stormwater management]].|alert-success}}
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 +
[http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Overview_of_stormwater_credits Credit] refers to the quantity of stormwater or pollutant reduction achieved either by an individual <span title="One of many different structural or non–structural methods used to treat runoff"> '''best management practice'''</span> (BMP) or cumulatively with multiple BMPs. Stormwater credits are a tool for local stormwater authorities who are interested in  
 
*providing incentives to site developers to encourage the [[Credits for Better Site design|preservation of natural areas and the reduction of the volume of stormwater]] runoff being conveyed to a best management practice (BMP);  
 
*providing incentives to site developers to encourage the [[Credits for Better Site design|preservation of natural areas and the reduction of the volume of stormwater]] runoff being conveyed to a best management practice (BMP);  
*complying with permit requirements, including antidegradation (see [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Construction_stormwater_permit]; [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/MS4_General_Permit]);
+
*complying with permit requirements, including antidegradation (see [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Construction_stormwater_program Construction permit]; [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_Program_for_Municipal_Separate_Storm_Sewer_Systems_(MS4) Municipal (MS4) permit]);
 
*meeting the [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Performance_goals_for_new_development,_re-development_and_linear_projects MIDS performance goal]; or  
 
*meeting the [http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Performance_goals_for_new_development,_re-development_and_linear_projects MIDS performance goal]; or  
*meeting or complying with water quality objectives, including [[Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)|Total Maximum Daily Load]] (TMDL) Wasteload Allocations (WLAs).
+
*meeting or complying with water quality objectives, including <span title="The amount of a pollutant from both point and nonpoint sources that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards"> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_(TMDLs) '''total maximum daily load''']</span> (TMDL) <span title="The portion of a receiving water's assimilative capacity that is allocated to one of its existing or future point sources of pollution"> '''wasteload allocations'''</span> (WLAs).
  
 
This page provides a discussion of how [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wet_swale_(wetland_channel) wet swales] can achieve stormwater credits.
 
This page provides a discussion of how [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wet_swale_(wetland_channel) wet swales] can achieve stormwater credits.
  
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
A wet swale acts as a very long and linear shallow [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Bioretention_terminology#General_discussion_of_types_of_bioretention_BMPs biofiltration] or [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_wetlands linear wetland treatment system]. Wet swales do not provide volume reduction and have limited treatment capability. Incorporation of check dams into the design allows treatment of a portion or all of the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Water_quality_criteria water quality volume] within a series of cells created by the check dams. Wet swales planted with [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Plants_for_swales emergent wetland plant species] provide improved pollutant removal. Wet swales may be used as [[Pretreatment|pretreatment]] practices. Wet swales are commonly used for drainage areas less than 5 acres in size.
+
A wet <span title="Are configured as shallow, linear channels. They typically have vegetative cover such as turf or native perennial grasses"> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Dry_swale_(Grass_swale) '''swale''']</span> acts as a very long and linear shallow <span title="A bioretention practice having an underdrain. All water entering the practice is filtered through engineered media and filtered water is returned to the storm sewer system."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Bioretention '''biofiltration''']</span> or linear <span title="Stormwater wetlands are similar in design to stormwater ponds and mainly differ by their variety of water depths and associated vegetative complex."> '''[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Stormwater_wetlands stormwater wetland]'''</span> system. Wet swales do not provide volume reduction and have limited treatment capability. Incorporation of <span title="A check dam is a structure installed perpendicular to flow in a natural or manmade conveyance channel to reduce flow velocity. By slowing flow velocities, check dams can serve multiple functions including reduction of channel scour and erosion, enhancement of sediment trapping, and greater treatment of the water quality control volume via enhanced water detention or retention. Typical check dam materials include rock, earth, wood, and concrete. "> '''check dams'''</span> into the design allows treatment of a portion or all of the <span title="The volume of water that is treated by a BMP."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Water_quality_criteria '''Water Quality Volume''']</span> within a series of cells created by the check dams. Wet swales planted with [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Plants_for_swales emergent wetland plant species] provide improved pollutant removal. Wet swales may be used as <span title="Pretreatment reduces maintenance and prolongs the lifespan of structural stormwater BMPs by removing trash, debris, organic materials, coarse sediments, and associated pollutants prior to entering structural stormwater BMPs. Implementing pretreatment devices also improves aesthetics by capturing debris in focused or hidden areas. Pretreatment practices include settling devices, screens, and pretreatment vegetated filter strips."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Pretreatment '''pretreatment''']</span> practices. Wet swales are commonly used for drainage areas less than 5 acres in size.
  
 
===Pollutant Removal Mechanisms===
 
===Pollutant Removal Mechanisms===
Wet swales without check dams primarily remove pollutants through [[Glossary#F|filtration]] during conveyance of stormwater runoff. Wet swales do not achieve significant volume reduction. [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Check_dams_for_stormwater_swales Check dams] may be incorporated into wet swale design to enhance settling and filtration of solids.
+
Wet swales without check dams primarily remove pollutants through <span title="Filtration Best Management Practices (BMPs) treat urban stormwater runoff as it flows through a filtering medium, such as sand or an organic material. They are generally used on small drainage areas (5 acres or less) and are primarily designed for pollutant removal. They are effective at removing total suspended solids (TSS), particulate phosphorus, metals, and most organics. They are less effective for soluble pollutants such as dissolved phosphorus, chloride, and nitrate."> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Filtration '''filtration''']</span> during conveyance of stormwater runoff. Wet swales do not achieve significant volume reduction. [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Check_dams_for_stormwater_swales Check dams] may be incorporated into wet swale design to enhance settling and filtration of solids.
  
 
===Location in the Treatment Train===
 
===Location in the Treatment Train===
Wet swales provide limited water quality treatment and no volume control and are not recommended practices unless options for other BMPs are limited.
+
Wet swales provide limited water quality treatment and no volume control and are not recommended practices unless options for other BMPs are limited. Wet swales do however, provide additional <span title="Green stormwater infrastructure is designed to mimic nature and capture rainwater where it falls. Green infrastructure reduces and treats stormwater at its source while while also providing multiple community benefits such as improvements in water quality, reduced flooding, habitat, carbon capture, etc."> '''Green infrastructure'''</span> benefits because they are vegetated.
  
Wet swales are designed primarily as in-line systems for stormwater quality and typically are used in conjunction with other structural controls in the [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Using_the_treatment_train_approach_to_BMP_selection stormwater treatment train. Wet swales may be used at various locations within a treatment train] and can be used for [[Pretreatment|pretreatment]], conveyance, and/or primary treatment.
+
Wet swales are designed primarily as in-line systems for stormwater quality and typically are used in conjunction with other structural controls in stormwater <span title="Multiple BMPs that work together to remove pollutants utilizing combinations of hydraulic, physical, biological, and chemical methods"> [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Using_the_treatment_train_approach_to_BMP_selection '''treatment trains''']</span>. Wet swales may be used at various locations within a treatment train] and can be used for pretreatment, conveyance, and/or primary treatment.
  
 
==Methodology for calculating credits==
 
==Methodology for calculating credits==
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{{alert|[[Pretreatment]] is required for all filtration and infiltration practices|alert-danger}}
 
{{alert|[[Pretreatment]] is required for all filtration and infiltration practices|alert-danger}}
  
Unlike other BMPs such as bioretention and permeable pavement, credits for swales are calculated in two ways. First, if check dams are incorporated into the design, the water quality volume (V<sub>WQ</sub>) is assumed to be delivered instantaneously to the BMP and stored as water ponded behind the check dam, above the soil or filter media, and below the overflow point of the check dam. V<sub>WQ</sub> can vary depending on the stormwater management objective(s). For construction stormwater, V<sub>WQ</sub> is 1 inch times new impervious surface area. For [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Minimal_Impact_Design_Standards MIDS], the V<sub>WQ</sub> is 1.1 inches times impervious surface area.
+
Unlike other BMPs such as bioretention and permeable pavement, credits for swales are calculated in two ways. First, if check dams are incorporated into the design, the water quality volume (V<sub>WQ</sub>) is assumed to be delivered as an <span title="The maximum volume of water that can be retained by a stormwater practice (bmp) if the water was instantaneously added to the practice. It equals the depth of the practice times the average area of the practice. For some bmps (e.g. bioretention, infiltration trenches and basins, swales with check dams), the volume is the water stored or retained above the media, while for other practices (e.g. permeable pavement, tree trenches) the volume is the water stored or retained within the media."> '''instantaneous volume'''</span> to the BMP and stored as water ponded behind the check dam, above the soil or filter media, and below the overflow point of the check dam. V<sub>WQ</sub> can vary depending on the stormwater management objective(s). For construction stormwater, V<sub>WQ</sub> is 1 inch times new impervious surface area. For [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Minimal_Impact_Design_Standards MIDS], the V<sub>WQ</sub> is 1.1 inches times impervious surface area.
  
 
Second, if check dams are not incorporated into the swale, water will be filtered as it is conveyed along the swale. Some settling also occurs as the water is conveyed. The extent of filtration is a function of the channel roughness, including vegetation effects, and the slope of the swale, which affects the velocity of the water and thus settling.
 
Second, if check dams are not incorporated into the swale, water will be filtered as it is conveyed along the swale. Some settling also occurs as the water is conveyed. The extent of filtration is a function of the channel roughness, including vegetation effects, and the slope of the swale, which affects the velocity of the water and thus settling.
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[[File:Profile of swale with structural check dams.png|300px|thumb|alt=schematic of swale with check dams|<font size=3>Profile of swale with structural check dams (not to scale). Source: [http://www.virginiadot.org/business/locdes/bmp_designmanual.asp Virginia DOT BMP Design Manual], Chapter 6. Click on image to enlarge.</font size>]]
 
[[File:Profile of swale with structural check dams.png|300px|thumb|alt=schematic of swale with check dams|<font size=3>Profile of swale with structural check dams (not to scale). Source: [http://www.virginiadot.org/business/locdes/bmp_designmanual.asp Virginia DOT BMP Design Manual], Chapter 6. Click on image to enlarge.</font size>]]
  
The water quality volume (V<sub>wq</sub>) achieved behind each check dam (instantaneous volume) is given by
+
The water quality volume (V<sub>wq</sub>) achieved behind each check dam (instantaneous volume), in cubic feet, is given by
  
<math> V_{wq} = h^2 * (h * H + B_w)]/(2S) </math>
+
<math> V_{wq} = 1728 h^2 * (h * H + B_w)]/(2S) </math>
  
 
where
 
where
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The event-based mass of pollutant removed through filtration, in pounds, is given by
 
The event-based mass of pollutant removed through filtration, in pounds, is given by
  
<math> M_{TSS_f} = 0.0000624\ (V_{total} - (V_{inf_b} + V_{inf_s} + V_U))\ EMC_{TSS}\ R_{TSS} </math>
+
<math> M_{TSS_f} = 0.0000624 V_{total} EMC_{TSS} R_{TSS} </math>
  
 
where
 
where
:V<sub>total</sub> is the total volume of water captured by the BMP (cubic feet); and
+
:V<sub>total</sub> is the total volume of water captured by the BMP (cubic feet);
 +
:EMC<sub>TSS</sub> is the event mean concentration (mg/L); and
 
:R<sub>TSS</sub> is the TSS pollutant removal percentage for filtered runoff.
 
:R<sub>TSS</sub> is the TSS pollutant removal percentage for filtered runoff.
  
The [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Information_on_pollutant_removal_by_BMPs Stormwater Manual] provides a recommended value for R<sub>TSS</sub> of 0.40 (40 percent) removal for filtered water. Alternate justified percentages for TSS removal can be used if proven to be applicable to the BMP design.
+
The [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Information_on_pollutant_removal_by_BMPs Stormwater Manual] provides a recommended value for R<sub>TSS</sub> of 0.35 (35 percent) removal for filtered water. Alternate justified percentages for TSS removal can be used if proven to be applicable to the BMP design.
  
 
The above calculations may be applied on an event or annual basis and are given by
 
The above calculations may be applied on an event or annual basis and are given by
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Water not captured by a check dam but conveyed in the swale are assigned a removal value of 0.20 (20 percent).
 
Water not captured by a check dam but conveyed in the swale are assigned a removal value of 0.20 (20 percent).
 +
 +
==Total phosphorus==
 +
Wet swales do not receive credit for phosphorus removal.
  
 
==Methods for calculating credits==
 
==Methods for calculating credits==
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===Credits based on models===
 
===Credits based on models===
 +
{{alert|The model selected depends on your objectives. For compliance with the Construction Stormwater permit, the model must be based on the assumption that an instantaneous volume is captured by the BMP.|alert-danger}}
 +
 
Users may opt to use a water quality model or calculator to compute TSS pollutant removal for the purpose of determining credits for wet swales. The available models described in the following sections are commonly used by water resource professionals, but are not explicitly endorsed or required by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.  
 
Users may opt to use a water quality model or calculator to compute TSS pollutant removal for the purpose of determining credits for wet swales. The available models described in the following sections are commonly used by water resource professionals, but are not explicitly endorsed or required by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.  
  
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===MIDS Calculator===
 
===MIDS Calculator===
  
Users should refer to the [[MIDS calculator|MIDS Calculator]] section of the WIKI for additional information and guidance on credit calculation using this approach.
+
Users should refer to the [[MIDS calculator|MIDS Calculator]] section of the WIKI for additional information and guidance on credit calculation using this approach. NOTE: The MIDS calculator does not allow the user to incorporate check dams into the design.
  
 
===Credits Based on Reported Literature Values===
 
===Credits Based on Reported Literature Values===
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Designers who opt for this approach should:
 
Designers who opt for this approach should:
*Select the median value from pollutant reduction databases that report a range of reductions, such as from the [http://bmpdatabase.org/index.htm International BMP Database].   
+
*Select the median value from pollutant reduction databases that report a range of reductions, such as from the [https://bmpdatabase.org/ International BMP Database].   
 
*Select a pollutant removal reduction from literature that studied a wet swale device with site characteristics and climate similar to the device being considered for credits.
 
*Select a pollutant removal reduction from literature that studied a wet swale device with site characteristics and climate similar to the device being considered for credits.
 
*When using data from an individual study, review the article to determine that the design principles of the studied wet swale are close to the design recommendations for Minnesota, as described [[Bioretention - bioinfiltration |here]], and/or by a local permitting agency.
 
*When using data from an individual study, review the article to determine that the design principles of the studied wet swale are close to the design recommendations for Minnesota, as described [[Bioretention - bioinfiltration |here]], and/or by a local permitting agency.
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The following references summarize pollutant reduction values from multiple studies or sources that could be used to determine credits. Users should note that there is a wide range of monitored pollutant removal effectiveness in the literature. Before selecting a literature value, users should compare the characteristics of the monitored site in the literature against the characteristics of the proposed wet swale, considering such conditions as watershed characteristics, swale sizing, and climate factors.  
 
The following references summarize pollutant reduction values from multiple studies or sources that could be used to determine credits. Users should note that there is a wide range of monitored pollutant removal effectiveness in the literature. Before selecting a literature value, users should compare the characteristics of the monitored site in the literature against the characteristics of the proposed wet swale, considering such conditions as watershed characteristics, swale sizing, and climate factors.  
  
*[http://bmpdatabase.org/Docs/2012%20Water%20Quality%20Analysis%20Addendum/BMP%20Database%20Categorical_SummaryAddendumReport_Final.pdf International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary Statistical Addendum: TSS, Bacteria, Nutrients, and Metals]
+
*[https://bmpdatabase.org/ International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary Statistical Addendum: TSS, Bacteria, Nutrients, and Metals]
 
**Compilation of BMP performance studies published through 2011
 
**Compilation of BMP performance studies published through 2011
 
**Provides values for TSS, Bacteria, Nutrients, and Metals
 
**Provides values for TSS, Bacteria, Nutrients, and Metals
 
**Applicable to grass strips, bioretention, bioswales, detention basins, green roofs, manufactured devices, media filters, porous pavements, wetland basins, and wetland channels
 
**Applicable to grass strips, bioretention, bioswales, detention basins, green roofs, manufactured devices, media filters, porous pavements, wetland basins, and wetland channels
 
+
*[http://lshs.tamu.edu/docs/lshs/end-notes/updated%20bmp%20removal%20efficiencies%20from%20the%20national%20pollutant%20re-2854375963/updated%20bmp%20removal%20efficiencies%20from%20the%20national%20pollutant%20removal%20database.pdf Updated BMP Removal Efficiencies from the National Pollutant Removal Database (2007) & Acceptable BMP Table for Virginia]
*[https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/133994 Effectiveness Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon]
+
**Provides data for several structural and non-structural BMP performance evaluations
**Appendix M contains Excel spreadsheet of structural and non-structural BMP performance evaluations
 
**Provides values for sediment, nutrients, pathogens, metals, quantity, air purification, carbon sequestration, flood storage, avian habitat, aquatics habitat and aesthetics
 
**Applicable to Filters, Wet Ponds, Porous Pavements, Soakage Trenches, Flow through Stormwater Planters, Infiltration Stormwater Planters, Vegetated Infiltration Basins, Swales, and Treatment Wetlands
 
 
*[http://www.epa.state.il.us/green-infrastructure/docs/draft-final-report.pdf The Illinois Green Infrastructure Study]
 
*[http://www.epa.state.il.us/green-infrastructure/docs/draft-final-report.pdf The Illinois Green Infrastructure Study]
 
**Figure ES-1 summarizes BMP effectiveness
 
**Figure ES-1 summarizes BMP effectiveness
 
**Provides values for TN, TSS, peak flows / runoff volumes
 
**Provides values for TN, TSS, peak flows / runoff volumes
 
**Applicable to Permeable Pavements, Constructed Wetlands, Infiltration, Detention, Filtration, and Green Roofs
 
**Applicable to Permeable Pavements, Constructed Wetlands, Infiltration, Detention, Filtration, and Green Roofs
* [http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/stormwater/manual.htm New Hampshire Stormwater Manual]
+
* [https://www.des.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt341/files/documents/2020-01/wd-08-20b.pdf New Hampshire Stormwater Manual]
 
**Volume 2, Appendix B summarizes BMP effectiveness
 
**Volume 2, Appendix B summarizes BMP effectiveness
 
**Provides values for TSS, TN, and TP removal
 
**Provides values for TSS, TN, and TP removal
 
**Applicable to basins and wetlands, stormwater wetlands, infiltration practices, filtering practices, treatment swales, vegetated buffers, and pre-treatment practices
 
**Applicable to basins and wetlands, stormwater wetlands, infiltration practices, filtering practices, treatment swales, vegetated buffers, and pre-treatment practices
*[http://www.epa.gov/region1/npdes/stormwater/assets/pdfs/BMP-Performance-Analysis-Report.pdf BMP Performance Analysis].  Prepared for US EPA Region 1, Boston MA.
+
*[https://www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/stormwater/tools/BMP-Performance-Analysis-Report.pdf BMP Performance Analysis].  Prepared for US EPA Region 1, Boston MA.  
 
**Appendix B provides pollutant removal performance curves
 
**Appendix B provides pollutant removal performance curves
**Provides values for TP, TSS, and Zn
+
**Provides values for TP, TSS, and zinc
 
**Pollutant removal broken down according to land use
 
**Pollutant removal broken down according to land use
**Applicable to Infiltration Trench, Infiltration Basin, Bioretention, Grass Swale, Wet Pond, and Porous Pavement
+
**Applicable to infiltration trench, infiltration basin, bioretention, grass swale, wet pond, and porous pavement
 
*Weiss, P.T., J.S. Gulliver and A.J. Erickson. 2005. [http://www.lrrb.org/media/reports/200523.pdf The Cost and Effectiveness of Stormwater Management Practices: Final Report]
 
*Weiss, P.T., J.S. Gulliver and A.J. Erickson. 2005. [http://www.lrrb.org/media/reports/200523.pdf The Cost and Effectiveness of Stormwater Management Practices: Final Report]
 
**Table 8 and Appendix B provides pollutant removal efficiencies for TSS and P
 
**Table 8 and Appendix B provides pollutant removal efficiencies for TSS and P
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===Credits Based on Field Monitoring===
 
===Credits Based on Field Monitoring===
Field monitoring may be used to calculate stormwater credits in lieu of desktop calculations or models/calculators as described.  Careful planning is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED before commencing a program to monitor the performance of a BMP.  The general steps involved in planning and implementing BMP monitoring include the following.
+
Field monitoring may be made in lieu of desktop calculations or models/calculators as described.  Careful planning is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED before commencing a program to monitor the performance of a BMP.  The general steps involved in planning and implementing BMP monitoring include the following.
#Establish the objectives and goals of the monitoring.
+
 
 +
#Establish the objectives and goals of the monitoring. When monitoring BMP performance, typical objectives may include the following.
 
##Which pollutants will be measured?
 
##Which pollutants will be measured?
 
##Will the monitoring study the performance of a single BMP or multiple BMPs?
 
##Will the monitoring study the performance of a single BMP or multiple BMPs?
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##Will the results be compared to other BMP performance studies?
 
##Will the results be compared to other BMP performance studies?
 
##What should be the duration of the monitoring period?  Is there a need to look at the annual performance vs the performance during a single rain event?  Is there a need to assess the seasonal variation of BMP performance?
 
##What should be the duration of the monitoring period?  Is there a need to look at the annual performance vs the performance during a single rain event?  Is there a need to assess the seasonal variation of BMP performance?
#Plan the field activities.  Field considerations include:
+
#Plan the field activities.  Field considerations include
##Equipment selection and placement
+
##equipment selection and placement;
##Sampling protocols including selection, storage, delivery to the laboratory
+
##sampling protocols including selection, storage, and delivery to the laboratory;
##Laboratory services
+
##laboratory services;
##Health and Safety plans for field personnel
+
##health and Safety plans for field personnel;
##Record keeping protocols and forms
+
##record keeping protocols and forms; and
##Quality control and quality assurance protocols
+
##quality control and quality assurance protocols
 
#Execute the field monitoring
 
#Execute the field monitoring
 
#Analyze the results
 
#Analyze the results
 +
 +
This manual contains the following guidance for monitoring.
 +
*[[Recommendations and guidance for utilizing monitoring to meet TMDL permit requirements]]
 +
*[[Recommendations and guidance for utilizing lake monitoring to meet TMDL permit requirements]]
 +
*[[Recommendations and guidance for utilizing stream monitoring to meet TMDL permit requirements]]
 +
*[[Recommendations and guidance for utilizing major stormwater outfall monitoring to meet TMDL permit requirements]]
 +
*[[Recommendations and guidance for utilizing stormwater best management practice monitoring to meet TMDL permit requirements]]
  
 
The following guidance manuals have been developed to assist BMP owners and operators on how to plan and implement BMP performance monitoring.
 
The following guidance manuals have been developed to assist BMP owners and operators on how to plan and implement BMP performance monitoring.
:[http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/stormwater/monitor.cfm '''Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring''']
+
 
Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers prepared this guide in 2009 with support from the USEPA, Water Environment Research Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Environment and Water Resource Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers.  This guide was developed to improve and standardize the protocols for all BMP monitoring and to provide additional guidance for Low Impact Development (LID) BMP monitoring.
+
:[https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/montcomplete.pdf '''Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring''']
Highlighted chapters in this manual include:
+
Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers prepared this guide in 2009 with support from the USEPA, Water Environment Research Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Environment and Water Resource Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers.  This guide was developed to improve and standardize the protocols for all BMP monitoring and to provide additional guidance for Low Impact Development (LID) BMP monitoring. Highlighted chapters in this manual include:
*Chapter 2: Designing the Program
+
*Chapter 2: Developing a monitoring plan. Describes a seven-step approach for developing a monitoring plan for collection of data to evaluate BMP effectiveness.
*Chapters 3 & 4: Methods and Equipment
+
*Chapter 3: Methods and Equipment for hydrologic and hydraulic monitoring
*Chapters 5 & 6: Implementation, Data Management, Evaluation and Reporting
+
*Chapter 4: Methods and equipment for water quality monitoring
 +
*Chapters 5 (Implementation) and 6 (Data Management, Evaluation and Reporting)
 
*Chapter 7: BMP Performance Analysis
 
*Chapter 7: BMP Performance Analysis
*Chapters 8, 9, & 10: LID Monitoring
+
*Chapters 8 (LID Monitoring), 9 (LID data interpretation]), and 10 (Case studies).
  
 
:[http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_565.pdf '''Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control (NCHRP Report 565)''']
 
:[http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_565.pdf '''Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control (NCHRP Report 565)''']
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) and the FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) sponsored this 2006 research report, which was authored by Oregon State University, Geosyntec Consultants, the University of Florida, and the Low Impact Development Center.  The primary purpose of this report is to advise on the selection and design of BMPs that are best suited for highway runoff.  The document includes the following chapters on performance monitoring that may be a useful reference for BMP performance monitoring, especially for the performance assessment of a highway BMP:
+
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) and the FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) sponsored this 2006 research report, which was authored by Oregon State University, Geosyntec Consultants, the University of Florida, and the Low Impact Development Center.  The primary purpose of this report is to advise on the selection and design of BMPs that are best suited for highway runoff.  The document includes chapters on performance monitoring that may be a useful reference for BMP performance monitoring, especially for the performance assessment of a highway BMP.
 
*Chapter 4: Stormwater Characterization
 
*Chapter 4: Stormwater Characterization
 
**4.2: General Characteristics and Pollutant Sources
 
**4.2: General Characteristics and Pollutant Sources
Line 206: Line 224:
 
**8.6: Overall Hydrologic and Water Quality Performance Evaluation
 
**8.6: Overall Hydrologic and Water Quality Performance Evaluation
 
*Chapter 10: Hydrologic Evaluation
 
*Chapter 10: Hydrologic Evaluation
**10.5: Performance Verification and Design Optimization  
+
**10.5: Performance Verification and Design Optimization
 +
 
 +
:[https://www.wef.org/globalassets/assets-wef/3---resources/topics/o-z/stormwater/stormwater-institute/wef-stepp-white-paper_final_02-06-14.pdf '''Investigation into the Feasibility of a National Testing and Evaluation Program for Stormwater Products and Practices''']
 +
*In 2014 the Water Environment Federation released this White Paper that investigates the feasibility of a national program for the testing of stormwater products and practices. The report does not include any specific guidance on the monitoring of a BMP, but it does include a summary of the existing technical evaluation programs that could be consulted for testing results for specific products (see Table 1 on page 8).
  
:[http://wefstormwaterinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/WEF-STEPP-White-Paper_Final_02-06-142.pdf '''Investigation into the Feasibility of a National Testing and Evaluation Program for Stormwater Products and Practices'''].
+
:'''Caltrans Stormwater Monitoring Guidance Manual (Document No. CTSW-OT-13-999.43.01)''']
In 2014 the Water Environment Federation released this White Paper that investigates the feasibility of a national program for the testing of stormwater products and practices.  The information contained in this White Paper would be of use to those considering the monitoring of a manufactured BMP.  The report does not include any specific guidance on the monitoring of a BMP, but it does include a summary of the existing technical evaluation programs that could be consulted for testing results for specific products (see Table 1 on page 8).
 
  
:[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/stormwater/pdf/CTSW_OT_13_999.pdf '''Caltrans Stormwater Monitoring Guidance Manual (Document No. CTSW-OT-13-999.43.01''')]
+
The most current version of this manual was released by the State of California, Department of Transportation in November 2013.  As with the other monitoring manuals described, this manual does include guidance on planning a stormwater monitoring program.  However, this manual is among the most thorough for field activities.  Relevant chapters include.
The most current version of this manual was released by the State of California, Department of Transportation in November 2013.  As with the other monitoring manuals described, this manual does include guidance on planning a stormwater monitoring program.  However, this manual is among the most thorough for field activities.  Relevant chapters include:
 
 
*Chapter 4: Monitoring Methods and Equipment
 
*Chapter 4: Monitoring Methods and Equipment
 
*Chapter 5: Analytical Methods and Laboratory Selection
 
*Chapter 5: Analytical Methods and Laboratory Selection
Line 224: Line 243:
  
 
:[http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/ '''Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance''']
 
:[http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/ '''Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance''']
This online manual was developed in 2010 by Andrew Erickson, Peter Weiss, and John Gulliver from the University of Minnesota and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory with funding provided by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.  The manual advises on a four-level process to assess the performance of a Best Management Practice, involving:
+
 
*Level 1: Visual Inspection
+
This online manual was developed in 2010 by Andrew Erickson, Peter Weiss, and John Gulliver from the University of Minnesota and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory with funding provided by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.  The manual advises on a four-level process to assess the performance of a Best Management Practice.
*Level 2: Capacity Testing
+
*Level 1: [https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/visual-inspection Visual Inspection]
*Level 3: Synthetic Runoff Testing
+
*Level 2: [https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/capacity-testing Capacity Testing]
*Level 4: Monitoring
+
*Level 3: [http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/synthetic-runoff-testing Synthetic Runoff Testing]
*Level 1 activities do not produce numerical performance data that could be used to obtain a stormwater management credit.  BMP owners and operators who are interested in using data obtained from Levels 2 and 3 should consult with the MPCA or other regulatory agency to determine if the results are appropriate for credit calculations.  Level 4, Monitoring, is the method most frequently used for assessment of the performance of a BMP.
+
*Level 4: [https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/monitoring Monitoring]
 +
 
 +
Level 1 activities do not produce numerical performance data that could be used to obtain a stormwater management credit.  BMP owners and operators who are interested in using data obtained from Levels 2 and 3 should consult with the MPCA or other regulatory agency to determine if the results are appropriate for credit calculations.  Level 4, Monitoring, is the method most frequently used for assessment of the performance of a BMP.
  
 
Use these links to obtain detailed information on the following topics related to BMP performance monitoring:
 
Use these links to obtain detailed information on the following topics related to BMP performance monitoring:
*[http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/developing-assessment-program/water-budget-measurement Water Budget Measurement]
+
*[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/water-budget-measurement Water Budget Measurement]
*[http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/developing-assessment-program/sampling-methods Sampling Methods]
+
*[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/sampling-methods Sampling Methods]
*[http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/developing-assessment-program/analysis-water-and-soils Analysis of Water and Soils]
+
*[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/analysis-water-and-soils Analysis of Water and Soils]
*[http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/assessment-programs/data-analysis Data Analysis for Monitoring]
+
*[https://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/data-analysis Data Analysis for Monitoring]
  
 
==Other pollutants==
 
==Other pollutants==
According to the [http://bmpdatabase.org/index.htm International BMP Database], studies have shown wet swales are somewhat effective at reducing concentrations of bacteria, metals, and nitrogen. This database provides an overview of BMP performance in relation to various pollutant categories and constituents that were monitored in BMP studies within the database. The report notes that effectiveness and range of unit treatment processes can vary greatly depending on BMP design and location. The following table shows a list of the constituents and associated pollutant category for the monitored “media filters” data. The constituents shown all had data representing decreases in effluent pollutant loads for the median of the data points and the 95% confidence interval about the median. If wet swale design utilizes a bioretention base, additional pollutant removals may be applicable as well (For more information see the bioretention credit article ). [[Pollutant removal percentages for filtration BMPs|Pollutant removal percentages]] for dry swale BMPs can also be found on the WIKI page.
+
According to the [http://bmpdatabase.org/index.htm International BMP Database], studies have shown wet swales are somewhat effective at reducing concentrations of bacteria, metals, and nitrogen. This database provides an overview of BMP performance in relation to various pollutant categories and constituents that were monitored in BMP studies within the database. The report notes that effectiveness and range of unit treatment processes can vary greatly depending on BMP design and location. The following table shows a list of the constituents and associated pollutant category for the monitored “media filters” data. The constituents shown all had data representing decreases in effluent pollutant loads for the median of the data points and the 95% confidence interval about the median.
  
 
{{:Wet swale pollutant load reduction}}
 
{{:Wet swale pollutant load reduction}}
Line 304: Line 325:
 
**[[Calculating credits for stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse]]
 
**[[Calculating credits for stormwater and rainwater harvest and use/reuse]]
  
[[category:Calculating credits]]
+
[[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Guidance and information/Pollutant removal and credits]]
 +
[[Category:Level 3 - Best management practices/Structural practices/Wet swale]]
 +
[[Category:Level 2 - Pollutants/Pollutant removal]]
 
</noinclude>
 
</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 22:22, 23 November 2022

Recommended pollutant removal efficiencies, in percent, for wet swale BMPs. Sources. NOTE: removal efficiencies are 100 percent for water that is infiltrated.

TSS=total suspended solids; TP=total phosphorus; PP=particulate phosphorus; DP=dissolved phosphorus; TN=total nitrogen

TSS TP PP DP TN Metals2 Bacteria3 Hydrocarbons
35/201 0 0 0 154 35 35 ND5
1 35 percent credit if a check dam is employed; 20 percent credit if no check dam is employed; 2 Value represents the median removal for total Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn using data from the International Stormwater BMP database (2016 summaries); removal for dissolved metal is 0; 3 Data from the International Stormwater BMP database, 2016, for fecal coliform bacteria; 4 From the International Stormwater BMP database, 2016, for total nitrogen; 5 No data found.
image
Warning: Models are often selected to calculate credits. The model selected depends on your objectives. For compliance with the Construction Stormwater permit, the model must be based on the assumption that an instantaneous volume is captured by the BMP.
Green Infrastructure: Swales can be an important tool for retention and detention of stormwater runoff. Depending on design and construction, swales may provide additional benefits, including cleaner air, carbon sequestration, improved biological habitat, and aesthetic value. See the section Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) and sustainable stormwater management.

Credit refers to the quantity of stormwater or pollutant reduction achieved either by an individual best management practice (BMP) or cumulatively with multiple BMPs. Stormwater credits are a tool for local stormwater authorities who are interested in

This page provides a discussion of how wet swales can achieve stormwater credits.

Overview

A wet swale acts as a very long and linear shallow biofiltration or linear stormwater wetland system. Wet swales do not provide volume reduction and have limited treatment capability. Incorporation of check dams into the design allows treatment of a portion or all of the Water Quality Volume within a series of cells created by the check dams. Wet swales planted with emergent wetland plant species provide improved pollutant removal. Wet swales may be used as pretreatment practices. Wet swales are commonly used for drainage areas less than 5 acres in size.

Pollutant Removal Mechanisms

Wet swales without check dams primarily remove pollutants through filtration during conveyance of stormwater runoff. Wet swales do not achieve significant volume reduction. Check dams may be incorporated into wet swale design to enhance settling and filtration of solids.

Location in the Treatment Train

Wet swales provide limited water quality treatment and no volume control and are not recommended practices unless options for other BMPs are limited. Wet swales do however, provide additional Green infrastructure benefits because they are vegetated.

Wet swales are designed primarily as in-line systems for stormwater quality and typically are used in conjunction with other structural controls in stormwater treatment trains. Wet swales may be used at various locations within a treatment train] and can be used for pretreatment, conveyance, and/or primary treatment.

Methodology for calculating credits

This section describes the basic concepts and equations used to calculate credits for Total Suspended Solids (TSS).

Wet swale practices generate credits for TSS. Wet swale practices are moderately effective at reducing concentrations of metals. They are somewhat effective at removing bacteria. This article does not provide information on calculating credits for pollutants other than TSS, but references are provided that may be useful for calculating credits for other pollutants.

Assumptions and Approach

In developing the credit calculations, it is assumed the swale is properly designed, constructed, and maintained in accordance with the Minnesota Stormwater Manual. If any of these assumptions is not valid, the BMP may not qualify for credits or credits should be reduced based on reduced ability of the BMP to achieve volume or pollutant reductions. For guidance on design, construction, and maintenance, see the appropriate article within the Manual.

Warning: Pretreatment is required for all filtration and infiltration practices

Unlike other BMPs such as bioretention and permeable pavement, credits for swales are calculated in two ways. First, if check dams are incorporated into the design, the water quality volume (VWQ) is assumed to be delivered as an instantaneous volume to the BMP and stored as water ponded behind the check dam, above the soil or filter media, and below the overflow point of the check dam. VWQ can vary depending on the stormwater management objective(s). For construction stormwater, VWQ is 1 inch times new impervious surface area. For MIDS, the VWQ is 1.1 inches times impervious surface area.

Second, if check dams are not incorporated into the swale, water will be filtered as it is conveyed along the swale. Some settling also occurs as the water is conveyed. The extent of filtration is a function of the channel roughness, including vegetation effects, and the slope of the swale, which affects the velocity of the water and thus settling.

Total suspended solids

schematic of swale with check dams
Profile of swale with structural check dams (not to scale). Source: Virginia DOT BMP Design Manual, Chapter 6. Click on image to enlarge.

The water quality volume (Vwq) achieved behind each check dam (instantaneous volume), in cubic feet, is given by

\( V_{wq} = 1728 h^2 * (h * H + B_w)]/(2S) \)

where

h = check dam height (inches)
H = horizontal component of the swale side slope (1 vertical : H horizontal)(inches)
S = slope (unitless); and
Bw = channel bottom width (inches)

Add the Vwq for each check dam together to obtain the cumulative water quality volume for the swale.

TSS reduction credits correspond with the volume captured by swale check dams and is given by

\( M_{TSS} = M_{TSS_f} \)

where

MTSS = TSS removal (pounds); and
MTSS_f = TSS removal from filtered water (pounds).

The event-based mass of pollutant removed through filtration, in pounds, is given by

\( M_{TSS_f} = 0.0000624 V_{total} EMC_{TSS} R_{TSS} \)

where

Vtotal is the total volume of water captured by the BMP (cubic feet);
EMCTSS is the event mean concentration (mg/L); and
RTSS is the TSS pollutant removal percentage for filtered runoff.

The Stormwater Manual provides a recommended value for RTSS of 0.35 (35 percent) removal for filtered water. Alternate justified percentages for TSS removal can be used if proven to be applicable to the BMP design.

The above calculations may be applied on an event or annual basis and are given by

\( M_{TSS_f} = 2.72\ F\ V_{F_{annual}}\ EMC_{TSS}\ R_{TSS} \)

where

F is the fraction of annual volume filtered through the BMP; and
Vannual is the annual volume treated by the BMP, in acre-feet.

Water not captured by a check dam but conveyed in the swale are assigned a removal value of 0.20 (20 percent).

Total phosphorus

Wet swales do not receive credit for phosphorus removal.

Methods for calculating credits

This section provides specific information on generating and calculating credits from swale BMPs for Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Pollution reductions (“credits”) may be calculated using one of the following methods:

  • Quantifying pollution reductions based on accepted hydrologic models
  • MIDS Calculator
  • Quantifying pollution reductions based on values reported in literature
  • Quantifying pollution reductions based on field monitoring

Credits based on models

Warning: The model selected depends on your objectives. For compliance with the Construction Stormwater permit, the model must be based on the assumption that an instantaneous volume is captured by the BMP.

Users may opt to use a water quality model or calculator to compute TSS pollutant removal for the purpose of determining credits for wet swales. The available models described in the following sections are commonly used by water resource professionals, but are not explicitly endorsed or required by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.

Use of models or calculators for the purpose of computing pollutant removal credits should be supported by detailed documentation, including:

  1. Model name and version
  2. Date of analysis
  3. Person or organization conducting analysis
  4. Detailed summary of input data
  5. Calibration and verification information
  6. Detailed summary of output data

The following table lists water quantity and water quality models that are commonly used by water resource professionals to predict the hydrologic, hydraulic, and/or pollutant removal capabilities of a single or multiple stormwater BMPs. The table can be used to guide a user in selecting the most appropriate model for computing volume, TSS, and/or TP removal for constructed basin BMPs. In using this table to identify models appropriate for constructed ponds and wetlands, use the sort arrow on the table and sort by Constructed Basin BMPs. Models identified with an X may be appropriate for using with constructed basins.

Comparison of stormwater models and calculators. Additional information and descriptions for some of the models listed in this table can be found at this link. Note that the Construction Stormwater General Permit requires the water quality volume to be calculated as an instantaneous volume, meaning several of these models cannot be used to determine compliance with the permit.
Link to this table
Access this table as a Microsoft Word document: File:Stormwater Model and Calculator Comparisons table.docx.

Model name BMP Category Assess TP removal? Assess TSS removal? Assess volume reduction? Comments
Constructed basin BMPs Filter BMPs Infiltrator BMPs Swale or strip BMPs Reuse Manu-
factured devices
Center for Neighborhood Technology Green Values National Stormwater Management Calculator X X X X No No Yes Does not compute volume reduction for some BMPs, including cisterns and tree trenches.
CivilStorm Yes Yes Yes CivilStorm has an engineering library with many different types of BMPs to choose from. This list changes as new information becomes available.
EPA National Stormwater Calculator X X X No No Yes Primary purpose is to assess reductions in stormwater volume.
EPA SWMM X X X Yes Yes Yes User defines parameter that can be used to simulate generalized constituents.
HydroCAD X X X No No Yes Will assess hydraulics, volumes, and pollutant loading, but not pollutant reduction.
infoSWMM X X X Yes Yes Yes User defines parameter that can be used to simulate generalized constituents.
infoWorks ICM X X X X Yes Yes Yes
i-Tree-Hydro X No No Yes Includes simple calculator for rain gardens.
i-Tree-Streets No No Yes Computes volume reduction for trees, only.
LSPC X X X Yes Yes Yes Though developed for HSPF, the USEPA BMP Web Toolkit can be used with LSPC to model structural BMPs such as detention basins, or infiltration BMPs that represent source control facilities, which capture runoff from small impervious areas (e.g., parking lots or rooftops).
MapShed X X X X Yes Yes Yes Region-specific input data not available for Minnesota but user can create this data for any region.
MCWD/MWMO Stormwater Reuse Calculator X Yes No Yes Computes storage volume for stormwater reuse systems
Metropolitan Council Stormwater Reuse Guide Excel Spreadsheet X No No Yes Computes storage volume for stormwater reuse systems. Uses 30-year precipitation data specific to Twin Cites region of Minnesota.
MIDS Calculator X X X X X X Yes Yes Yes Includes user-defined feature that can be used for manufactured devices and other BMPs.
MIKE URBAN (SWMM or MOUSE) X X X Yes Yes Yes User defines parameter that can be used to simulate generalized constituents.
P8 X X X X Yes Yes Yes
PCSWMM X X X Yes Yes Yes User defines parameter that can be used to simulate generalized constituents.
PLOAD X X X X X Yes Yes No User-defined practices with user-specified removal percentages.
PondNet X Yes No Yes Flow and phosphorus routing in pond networks.
PondPack X [ No No Yes PondPack can calculate first-flush volume, but does not model pollutants. It can be used to calculate pond infiltration.
RECARGA X No No Yes
SHSAM X No Yes No Several flow-through structures including standard sumps, and proprietary systems such as CDS, Stormceptors, and Vortechs systems
SUSTAIN X X X X X Yes Yes Yes Categorizes BMPs into Point BMPs, Linear BMPs, and Area BMPs
SWAT X X X Yes Yes Yes Model offers many agricultural BMPs and practices, but limited urban BMPs at this time.
Virginia Runoff Reduction Method X X X X X X Yes No Yes Users input Event Mean Concentration (EMC) pollutant removal percentages for manufactured devices.
WARMF X X Yes Yes Yes Includes agriculture BMP assessment tools. Compatible with USEPA Basins
WinHSPF X X X Yes Yes Yes USEPA BMP Web Toolkit available to assist with implementing structural BMPs such as detention basins, or infiltration BMPs that represent source control facilities, which capture runoff from small impervious areas (e.g., parking lots or rooftops).
WinSLAMM X X X X Yes Yes Yes
XPSWMM X X X Yes Yes Yes User defines parameter that can be used to simulate generalized constituents.


MIDS Calculator

Users should refer to the MIDS Calculator section of the WIKI for additional information and guidance on credit calculation using this approach. NOTE: The MIDS calculator does not allow the user to incorporate check dams into the design.

Credits Based on Reported Literature Values

A simplified approach to computing a credit would be to apply a reduction value found in literature to the pollutant mass load or event mean concentration (EMC) of the wet swale. A more detailed explanation of the differences between mass load reductions and EMC reductions can be found here.

Designers may use the pollutant reduction values reported here or may research values from other databases and published literature.

Designers who opt for this approach should:

  • Select the median value from pollutant reduction databases that report a range of reductions, such as from the International BMP Database.
  • Select a pollutant removal reduction from literature that studied a wet swale device with site characteristics and climate similar to the device being considered for credits.
  • When using data from an individual study, review the article to determine that the design principles of the studied wet swale are close to the design recommendations for Minnesota, as described here, and/or by a local permitting agency.
  • Preference should be given to literature that has been published in a peer-reviewed publication.

The following references summarize pollutant reduction values from multiple studies or sources that could be used to determine credits. Users should note that there is a wide range of monitored pollutant removal effectiveness in the literature. Before selecting a literature value, users should compare the characteristics of the monitored site in the literature against the characteristics of the proposed wet swale, considering such conditions as watershed characteristics, swale sizing, and climate factors.

Credits Based on Field Monitoring

Field monitoring may be made in lieu of desktop calculations or models/calculators as described. Careful planning is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED before commencing a program to monitor the performance of a BMP. The general steps involved in planning and implementing BMP monitoring include the following.

  1. Establish the objectives and goals of the monitoring. When monitoring BMP performance, typical objectives may include the following.
    1. Which pollutants will be measured?
    2. Will the monitoring study the performance of a single BMP or multiple BMPs?
    3. Are there any variables that will affect the BMP performance? Variables could include design approaches, maintenance activities, rainfall events, rainfall intensity, etc.
    4. Will the results be compared to other BMP performance studies?
    5. What should be the duration of the monitoring period? Is there a need to look at the annual performance vs the performance during a single rain event? Is there a need to assess the seasonal variation of BMP performance?
  2. Plan the field activities. Field considerations include
    1. equipment selection and placement;
    2. sampling protocols including selection, storage, and delivery to the laboratory;
    3. laboratory services;
    4. health and Safety plans for field personnel;
    5. record keeping protocols and forms; and
    6. quality control and quality assurance protocols
  3. Execute the field monitoring
  4. Analyze the results

This manual contains the following guidance for monitoring.

The following guidance manuals have been developed to assist BMP owners and operators on how to plan and implement BMP performance monitoring.

Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring

Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers prepared this guide in 2009 with support from the USEPA, Water Environment Research Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Environment and Water Resource Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers. This guide was developed to improve and standardize the protocols for all BMP monitoring and to provide additional guidance for Low Impact Development (LID) BMP monitoring. Highlighted chapters in this manual include:

  • Chapter 2: Developing a monitoring plan. Describes a seven-step approach for developing a monitoring plan for collection of data to evaluate BMP effectiveness.
  • Chapter 3: Methods and Equipment for hydrologic and hydraulic monitoring
  • Chapter 4: Methods and equipment for water quality monitoring
  • Chapters 5 (Implementation) and 6 (Data Management, Evaluation and Reporting)
  • Chapter 7: BMP Performance Analysis
  • Chapters 8 (LID Monitoring), 9 (LID data interpretation]), and 10 (Case studies).
Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control (NCHRP Report 565)

AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) and the FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) sponsored this 2006 research report, which was authored by Oregon State University, Geosyntec Consultants, the University of Florida, and the Low Impact Development Center. The primary purpose of this report is to advise on the selection and design of BMPs that are best suited for highway runoff. The document includes chapters on performance monitoring that may be a useful reference for BMP performance monitoring, especially for the performance assessment of a highway BMP.

  • Chapter 4: Stormwater Characterization
    • 4.2: General Characteristics and Pollutant Sources
    • 4.3: Sources of Stormwater Quality data
  • Chapter 8: Performance Evaluation
    • 8.1: Methodology Options
    • 8.5: Evaluation of Quality Performance for Individual BMPs
    • 8.6: Overall Hydrologic and Water Quality Performance Evaluation
  • Chapter 10: Hydrologic Evaluation
    • 10.5: Performance Verification and Design Optimization
Investigation into the Feasibility of a National Testing and Evaluation Program for Stormwater Products and Practices
  • In 2014 the Water Environment Federation released this White Paper that investigates the feasibility of a national program for the testing of stormwater products and practices. The report does not include any specific guidance on the monitoring of a BMP, but it does include a summary of the existing technical evaluation programs that could be consulted for testing results for specific products (see Table 1 on page 8).
Caltrans Stormwater Monitoring Guidance Manual (Document No. CTSW-OT-13-999.43.01)]

The most current version of this manual was released by the State of California, Department of Transportation in November 2013. As with the other monitoring manuals described, this manual does include guidance on planning a stormwater monitoring program. However, this manual is among the most thorough for field activities. Relevant chapters include.

  • Chapter 4: Monitoring Methods and Equipment
  • Chapter 5: Analytical Methods and Laboratory Selection
  • Chapter 6: Monitoring Site Selection
  • Chapter 8: Equipment Installation and Maintenance
  • Chapter 10: Pre-Storm Preparation
  • Chapter 11: Sample Collection and Handling
  • Chapter 12: Quality Assurance / Quality Control
  • Chapter 13: Laboratory Reports and Data Review
  • Chapter 15: Gross Solids Monitoring
Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance

This online manual was developed in 2010 by Andrew Erickson, Peter Weiss, and John Gulliver from the University of Minnesota and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory with funding provided by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. The manual advises on a four-level process to assess the performance of a Best Management Practice.

Level 1 activities do not produce numerical performance data that could be used to obtain a stormwater management credit. BMP owners and operators who are interested in using data obtained from Levels 2 and 3 should consult with the MPCA or other regulatory agency to determine if the results are appropriate for credit calculations. Level 4, Monitoring, is the method most frequently used for assessment of the performance of a BMP.

Use these links to obtain detailed information on the following topics related to BMP performance monitoring:

Other pollutants

According to the International BMP Database, studies have shown wet swales are somewhat effective at reducing concentrations of bacteria, metals, and nitrogen. This database provides an overview of BMP performance in relation to various pollutant categories and constituents that were monitored in BMP studies within the database. The report notes that effectiveness and range of unit treatment processes can vary greatly depending on BMP design and location. The following table shows a list of the constituents and associated pollutant category for the monitored “media filters” data. The constituents shown all had data representing decreases in effluent pollutant loads for the median of the data points and the 95% confidence interval about the median.

Wet swale pollutant load reduction
Link to this table

Pollutant Category Constituent Treatment Capabilities

(Low = < 30%; Medium = 30-65%;

High = 65 -100%)
Metals1 Cd, Pb, Zn Medium
Cu, Cr Low
Nutrients Total Nitrogen, TKN Low
Bacteria Fecal Coliform, E. coli Medium

1Results are for total metals only


References and suggested reading

  • Ahearn, Dylan, and Richard Tveten. "Legacy LID: Stormwater Treatment in Unimproved Embankments along Highway Shoulders in Western Washington." In Proceedings of the 2008 International Low Impact Development (LID) Conference, pp. 16-19. 2008.
  • Barrett, Michael E., Michael Vincent Keblin, Patrick M. Walsh, Joseph F. Malina Jr, and Randall J. Charbeneau. Evaluation of the performance of permanent runoff controls: summary and conclusions. No. TX-99/2954-3F,. 1998.
  • Barrett, Michael E., Patrick M. Walsh, Joseph F. Malina Jr, and Randall J. Charbeneau. "Performance of vegetative controls for treating highway runoff." Journal of environmental engineering 124, no. 11 (1998): 1121-1128.
  • Barrett, Michael, Anna Lantin, and Steve Austrheim-Smith. "Storm water pollutant removal in roadside vegetated buffer strips." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1890, no. 1 (2004): 129-140.
  • Bureau of Environmental Services. 2006. Effectiveness Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon. Bureau of Environmental Services, Portland, Oregon.
  • California Stormwater Quality Association. "California Stormwater BMP Handbook-New Development and Redevelopment." California Stormwater Quality Association, Menlo Park, CA (2003).
  • Caltrans. 2004. BMP Retrofit Pilot Program Final Report, Report No., CTSW-RT-01-050. Division of Environmental Analysis, California Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento, CA
  • CDM Smith. 2012. Omaha Regional Stormwater Design Manual Chapter 8 Stormwater Best Management Practices. Kansas City, MO.
  • Dorman, M. E., H. Hartigan, F. Johnson, and B. Maestri. Retention, detention, and overland flow for pollutant removal from highway stormwater runoff: interim guidelines for management measures. Final report, September 1985-June 1987. No. PB-89-133292/XAB.
  • Consultants, Geosyntec, and Wright Water Engineers. "Urban stormwater BMP performance monitoring." (2002).
  • Leisenring, M., J. Clary, and P. Hobson. "International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary Statistical Addendum: TSS, Bacteria, Nutrients, and Metals July 2012." (2012): 1-31.
  • Gulliver, J. S., A. J. Erickson, and PTe Weiss. "Stormwater treatment: Assessment and maintenance." University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. Minneapolis, MN. http://stormwaterbook. safl. umn. edu (2010).
  • Guo, James CY, Gerald E. Blackler, T. Andrew Earles, and Ken MacKenzie. "Incentive index developed to evaluate storm-water low-impact designs." Journal of Environmental Engineering 136, no. 12 (2010): 1341-1346.
  • Harper, Harvey H. "Effects of stormwater management systems on groundwater quality." FDEP Project# WM190. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee, FL (1988).
  • Jaffe, et. al. 2010. The Illinois Green Infrastructure Study. Prepared by the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, Center for Neighborhood Technology, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant.
  • Jurries, Dennis. "Biofilters (Bioswales, Vegetative Buffers, & Constructed Wetlands) for Storm Water Discharge Pollution Removal." Quality, S. o. OD o. E.(Ed.).
  • Kearfott, Pamela J., Michael E. Barrett, and Joseph F. Malina. Stormwater quality documentation of roadside shoulders borrow ditches. Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas at Austin, 2005.
  • Kim, Yun Ki, and Seung Rae Lee. "Field infiltration characteristics of natural rainfall in compacted roadside slopes." Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering 136, no. 1 (2009): 248-252.
  • Leisenring, M., J. Clary, and P. Hobson. "International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary Statistical Addendum: TSS, Bacteria, Nutrients, and Metals July 2012." (2012): 1-31.
  • New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. 2008. New Hampshire Stormwater Manual. Volume 2 Appendix B. Concord, NH.
  • Transportation Officials, Oregon State University. Dept. of Civil, Environmental Engineering, University of Florida. Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, GeoSyntec Consultants, and Low Impact Development Center, Inc. Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control. No. 565. Transportation Research Board, 2006.
  • State of California, Department of Transportation. 2013. Caltrans Stormwater Monitoring Guidance Manual. Sacramento, CA.
  • TetraTech. 2008. BMP Performance Analysis. Prepared for US EPA Region 1, Boston, MA.
  • Torres, Camilo. "Characterization and Pollutant Loading Estimation for Highway Runoff in Omaha, Nebraska." (2010).
  • Water Environment Federation. 2014. Investigation into the Feasibility of a National Testing and Evaluation Program for Stormwater Products and Practices. A White Paper by the National Stormwater Testing and Evaluation of Products and Practices (STEPP) Workgroup Steering Committee.
  • WEF, ASCE/EWRI. 2012. Design of Urban Stormwater Controls, WEF Manual of Practice No. 23, ASCE/EWRI Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 87. Prepared by the Design of Urban Stormwater Controls Task Forces of the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental & Water Resources Institute.
  • Weiss, Peter T., John S. Gulliver, and Andrew J. Erickson. "The Cost and Effectiveness of Stormwater Management Practices Final Report." (2005).


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This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 22:22.