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Street sweepings are materials such as sand, salt, leaves and debris removed from city streets, parking lots and sidewalks to prevent these materials from being washed into storm sewers and surface waters, and to improve the appearance of public roadways. For a discussion of potential benefits associated with street sweeping, see [[Overview, water quality benefits, and other co-benefits of street sweeping]]. | Street sweepings are materials such as sand, salt, leaves and debris removed from city streets, parking lots and sidewalks to prevent these materials from being washed into storm sewers and surface waters, and to improve the appearance of public roadways. For a discussion of potential benefits associated with street sweeping, see [[Overview, water quality benefits, and other co-benefits of street sweeping]]. | ||
− | To see references for material on this page, [link here]. | + | To see references for material on this page, [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Composition,_characterization,_and_management_of_street_sweepings#References link here]. |
==Sources of materials in street sweepings== | ==Sources of materials in street sweepings== | ||
Line 25: | Line 23: | ||
==Concentrations of potential pollutants in sweeping material== | ==Concentrations of potential pollutants in sweeping material== | ||
+ | We conducted a limited literature review of chemical data for street sweepings. The data are summarized in the adjacent table. | ||
+ | Metal concentrations are below Tier 1 Soil Reference Values (SRV), with only lead (25%), arsenic (35.6%), and cadmium (50.8%) median concentrations being 25 percent or more of the SRV. Maximum concentrations of lead and arsenic exceeded the Tier 1 SRV in one study each. Median metal concentrations were below the soil leaching value (SLV), with maximum arsenic concentration exceeding the SLV in one study. Generally, concentrations of metals in street sweepings are not significantly different from concentrations in green wastes and green/food composts. | ||
− | + | We found limited datasets containing information for organic chemicals, but there are several studies where organics were sampled and results described in the paper (Obrien, 2014; Lloyd et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2016; Sutherland et al., 2012; Walch, 2006). In general, diesel range organic (DRO) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations are elevated in street sweepings. Proper composting results in degradation of these compounds below levels of concern. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are elevated in street sweepings, with occasional exceedance of Tier 1 SRVs for PAH equivalents. Composting will not effectively lead to degradation of middle- and heavy-molecular weight PAHs. | |
− | |||
− | ==Storing, using, and disposing sweeping material== | + | ==Storing, screening, using, and disposing sweeping material== |
There is limited guidance in the literature on management of street sweepings. This page summarizes information found in the literature and may be useful as guidance for managing sweepings. | There is limited guidance in the literature on management of street sweepings. This page summarizes information found in the literature and may be useful as guidance for managing sweepings. | ||
Line 46: | Line 45: | ||
References | References | ||
*[https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/05/14/street-sweepings.pdf Massachusetts] | *[https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/05/14/street-sweepings.pdf Massachusetts] | ||
+ | *[https://wastewater101.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Street-Sweeping-Fact-Sheet-ST0314LSWP.pdf Indiana] | ||
+ | *[https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/waste_management_and_disposal/solid_waste/streetsweepingspdf.pdf Connecticut] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Screening street sweepings=== | ||
+ | Three waste streams are generated during the screening phase - solid waste, organic debris, and sediment. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Solid waste, such as paper, auto parts and other trash, should be removed from all street sweepings prior to use. Solid waste screened from the street sweepings should be disposed of at a permitted solid waste | ||
+ | facility. Leaves, twigs and other organic matter should also be removed when good engineering practice indicates this is necessary to produce a material that is suitable for the intended use. The organic material may be composted. If the compost is to be reused, ensure it has been properly cured or aged. This ensures the removal of pathogens and degradation of light and medium molecular weight organic compounds. For guidance on compost maturity, including links to guidelines for composting, [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Compost_maturity link here]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | A 3/4-inch mesh will screen out much of the debris from collected street sweepings prior to mixing. If a municipality chooses to rinse the sweepings to remove the fine particles and debris so that the sand may be reused on roads during the following winter, contact local authorities for additional guidance and discharge requirements. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Screened materials should be stored following the guidelines described above. | ||
===Using and disposing sweepings=== | ===Using and disposing sweepings=== | ||
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*[https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/31076 Ohio] | *[https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/31076 Ohio] | ||
*[https://www.in.gov/idem/files/factsheet_olq_regulated_street_sweeping.pdf Indiana] | *[https://www.in.gov/idem/files/factsheet_olq_regulated_street_sweeping.pdf Indiana] | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following table summarizes potential management options for sweeping material. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{:Street sweeping management options}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Testing street sweepings== | ||
+ | Testing is not required for the uses described above. You may choose to test sweepings if the following conditions apply. | ||
+ | *You suspect the sweepings may fail hazardous waste criteria | ||
+ | *Local testing requirements exist for using the material | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you are testing to determine water, phosphorus, or organic content for use with phosphorus credit calculator, see [[Methods for sampling street sweeping material - Standard Operating Procedures]]. | ||
==Results of survey on managing street sweepings== | ==Results of survey on managing street sweepings== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
− | *Apeagyei, E., Bank, M.S., and Spengler, J.D. Distribution of Heavy Metals in Road Dust Along an Urban-Rural Gradient In Massachusetts. Atmospheric Environment | + | *Apeagyei, E., Bank, M.S., and Spengler, J.D. 2011. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231010009702 Distribution of Heavy Metals in Road Dust Along an Urban-Rural Gradient In Massachusetts]. Atmospheric Environment. 45:13:2310–2323. |
− | * | + | *Baciocchi, R., G. Costa, and I. Verginelli. 2018. [http://uest.ntua.gr/naxos2018/proceedings/presentation/08-Baciocchi_Naxos2018_rev.pdf Characterization of road sweeping waste in view of developing specific strategies to enhance its valorisation]. 6th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Naxos Island, Greece, 13–16 June 2018. |
− | * | + | *Breault, R.F., K.P. Smith, and J.R. Sorenson. 2005. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5184/pdf/SIR2005_5184_all.pdf Residential Street-Dirt Accumulation Rates and Chemical Composition, and Removal Efficiencies by Mechanical- and Vacuum-Type Sweepers, New Bedford, Massachusetts, 2003-04]. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5184. |
− | + | *Duong, T.T.T., and Lee, B.K. 2011. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479710002963 Determining Contamination Level of Heavy Metals in Road Dust From Busy Traffic Areas With Different Characteristics]. Journal of Environmental Management. 92:3:554–562. | |
− | * | + | *Gunawardana, C., Egodawatta, P., and Goonetilleke, A. 2014. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004351 Role of Particle Size and Composition in Metal Adsorption by Solids Deposited on Urban Road Surfaces]. Environmental Pollution. 184:44–53. |
− | * | + | *Gunawardana, C., Goonetilleke, A., Egodawatta, P., Dawes, L., and Kokot, S. 2012. [https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EE.1943-7870.0000487 Role of Solids in Heavy Metals Buildup on Urban Road Surfaces]. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 138:4:490–498. |
− | * | + | *Herngren, L., Goonetilleke, A., and Ayoko, G.A. 2006. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267006009019 Analysis of Heavy Metals in Road-Deposited Sediments]. Analytica Chimica Acta. 571:2:270–278. |
− | * | + | *Irvine, K.N., Perrelli, M.F., Ngoen-Klan, R., and Droppo, I.G. 2009. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225470324_Metal_levels_in_street_sediment_from_an_industrial_city_Spatial_trends_chemical_fractionation_and_management_implications Metal Levels in Street Sediment From an Industrial City: Spatial Trends, Chemical Fractionation, and Management Implications]. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 9:4:328–341. |
− | * | + | *Lau, S.L., and Stenstrom, M.K. 2005. [https://www.academia.edu/48744399/Metals_and_PAHs_adsorbed_to_street_particles Metals and PAHs Adsorbed to Street Particles]. Water Research. 39:17:4083–4092. |
− | * | + | *Liu, A., Liu, L., Li, D., and Guan, Y. 2015. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971500162X Characterizing Heavy Metal Build-Up on Urban Road Surfaces: Implication for Stormwater Reuse]. Science of the Total Environment. 515–516:20–29. |
− | + | *Liu, L., Liu, A., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, G., and Guan, Y. 2016. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716308099 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated With Road Deposited Solid and Their Ecological Risk: Implications for Road Stormwater Reuse]. Science of the Total Environment. 563–564:190–198. | |
− | * | + | *Lloyd, L.N., G.M. Fitch, T.S. Singh, J.A. Smith. 2018. [https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/35101 Characterization of Residuals Collected From Street Sweeping Operations]. Virginia Transportation Research Council. Report VTRC 18-R20. |
− | * | + | *Miller, C.M., Iv, W.H.S., and Kennedy, M. 2013. [https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/31076 Procedures for Waste Management From Street Sweeping and Stormwater Systems: Interim Report]. State Job Number 134731. Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research, Akron, 2013. |
− | + | *Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. [https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/w-sw4-54.pdf Managing Street Sweepings]. W-Sw4-54. Rochester, 2010. | |
− | * | + | *Minnicino, M.J., Draper, D.R., Dresden Robin Terrasciences, I., and Jersey City, N.J. 1993. ''Analysis of Urban Street Sweepings in New Jersey and Their Reuse Feasibility''. Air and Waste Managment Association. Vol. 4B. |
− | + | *Obrien, A.M. 2014. [https://www.oregon.gov/deq/FilterDocs/BUD-CWSEvaluation.pdf Beneficial Use Determination (BUD-20130829) for Screened Street Sweeping Fines. BUD-20130829]. Department of Environmental Quality, Northwest Region, Portland, OR. | |
− | * | + | *Seattle Public Utilities and Herrera Environmental Consultants. 2009 ''Seattle Street Sweeping Pilot Study: Pilot Monitoring Report''. AB/06-03381-000. Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, WA. |
− | + | *Sengupta, S. 2007. [https://trid.trb.org/view/1597498 Processing and Reuse of Street Sweeping and Catch Basin Cleaning]. SPRII.01.12. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dartmouth. | |
− | * | + | *Sole, M. 2004. [https://floridadep.gov/waste/permitting-compliance-assistance/documents/guidance-management-street-sweepings-catch-basin Guidance for the Management of Street Sweepings, Catch Basin Sediments and Stormwater System Sediments: Final Report]. Department of Environmental Protection, Solid Waste Section, Tallahassee, FL. |
− | * | + | *Sutherland, R.A., Tack, F.M.G., and Ziegler, A.D. 2012. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609391/ Road-Deposited Sediments in an Urban Environment: A First Look at Sequentially Extracted Element Loads in Grain Size Fractions]. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 225–226:54–62. |
− | * | + | *Thorpe, A., and Harrison, R.M. 2008. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970800658X Sources and Properties of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter From Road Traffic: A Review]. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 400:1–3:270–282. |
− | * | + | *Tian, P., Li, Y., and Yang, Z. 2009. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225612123_Effect_of_rainfall_and_antecedent_dry_periods_on_heavy_metal_loading_of_sediments_on_urban_roads Effect of Rainfall and Antecedent Dry Periods on Heavy Metal Loading of Sediments on Urban Roads]. Frontiers of Earth Science in China. 3:3:297–302. |
− | + | *Townsend, T.G., Jang, Y.-C., Thurdekoos, P., Booth, M., Jain, P., and Tolaymat, T. 2002. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/CHARACTERIZATION-OF-STREET-SWEEPINGS-%2C-STORMWATER-%2C-Townsend/4d6d864da21782a6cc8fb4b37caa321a21b597c8 Characterization of Street Sweepings, Stormwater Sediments, and Catch Basin Sediments, in Florida for Disposal and Reuse]. Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Gainesville. | |
− | * | + | *Townsend, T.G., Azah, E., and Kim, H. 2013. ''Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Impact on Beneficial Use of Roadway and Stormwater Residuals: Final Report''. Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Gainesville. |
− | * | + | *Walch, M. 2006. [https://deldot.gov/Programs/stormwater/pdfs/Walch_SolidWasteConf06.pdf Monitoring of Contaminants in Delaware Street Sweeping Residuals and Evaluation of Recycling/Disposal Options]. 21st Inter. Conf. On Solid Waste Technology. And Management Philadelphia, PA, March 26-29, 2006. |
− | *Yuen, J.Q., Olin, P.H., Lim, H.S., Benner, S.G., Sutherland, R.A., and Ziegler, A.D. Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Road Deposited Sediments in Residential and Light Industrial Neighborhoods of Singapore. Journal of Environmental Management | + | *Wang, C., Li, Y., Liu, J., Xiang, L., Shi, J., and Yang, Z. 2010. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38044902_Characteristics_of_PAHs_adsorbed_on_street_dust_and_the_correlation_with_specific_surface_area_and_TOC Characteristics of PAHs Adsorbed on Street Dust and the Correlation With Specific Surface Area and TOC]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 169:1–4:661–670. |
+ | *Wijesiri, B., Egodawatta, P., Mcgree, J., and Goonetilleke, A. 2015. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969715002806 Process Variability of Pollutant Build-Up on Urban Road Surfaces]. Science of the Total Environment. 518–519:434–440. | ||
+ | *Yuen, J.Q., Olin, P.H., Lim, H.S., Benner, S.G., Sutherland, R.A., and Ziegler, A.D. 2012. ''Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Road Deposited Sediments in Residential and Light Industrial Neighborhoods of Singapore''. Journal of Environmental Management. 101:151–163. | ||
Street sweepings are materials such as sand, salt, leaves and debris removed from city streets, parking lots and sidewalks to prevent these materials from being washed into storm sewers and surface waters, and to improve the appearance of public roadways. For a discussion of potential benefits associated with street sweeping, see Overview, water quality benefits, and other co-benefits of street sweeping.
To see references for material on this page, link here.
The primary sources of materials in street sweepings include the following.
The composition and characteristics of street sweepings depends on multiple factors, including but not limited to the following. The discussion describes typical conditions.
We conducted a limited literature review of chemical data for street sweepings. The data are summarized in the adjacent table.
Metal concentrations are below Tier 1 Soil Reference Values (SRV), with only lead (25%), arsenic (35.6%), and cadmium (50.8%) median concentrations being 25 percent or more of the SRV. Maximum concentrations of lead and arsenic exceeded the Tier 1 SRV in one study each. Median metal concentrations were below the soil leaching value (SLV), with maximum arsenic concentration exceeding the SLV in one study. Generally, concentrations of metals in street sweepings are not significantly different from concentrations in green wastes and green/food composts.
We found limited datasets containing information for organic chemicals, but there are several studies where organics were sampled and results described in the paper (Obrien, 2014; Lloyd et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2016; Sutherland et al., 2012; Walch, 2006). In general, diesel range organic (DRO) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations are elevated in street sweepings. Proper composting results in degradation of these compounds below levels of concern. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are elevated in street sweepings, with occasional exceedance of Tier 1 SRVs for PAH equivalents. Composting will not effectively lead to degradation of middle- and heavy-molecular weight PAHs.
There is limited guidance in the literature on management of street sweepings. This page summarizes information found in the literature and may be useful as guidance for managing sweepings.
References
Three waste streams are generated during the screening phase - solid waste, organic debris, and sediment.
Solid waste, such as paper, auto parts and other trash, should be removed from all street sweepings prior to use. Solid waste screened from the street sweepings should be disposed of at a permitted solid waste facility. Leaves, twigs and other organic matter should also be removed when good engineering practice indicates this is necessary to produce a material that is suitable for the intended use. The organic material may be composted. If the compost is to be reused, ensure it has been properly cured or aged. This ensures the removal of pathogens and degradation of light and medium molecular weight organic compounds. For guidance on compost maturity, including links to guidelines for composting, link here.
A 3/4-inch mesh will screen out much of the debris from collected street sweepings prior to mixing. If a municipality chooses to rinse the sweepings to remove the fine particles and debris so that the sand may be reused on roads during the following winter, contact local authorities for additional guidance and discharge requirements.
Screened materials should be stored following the guidelines described above.
A fact sheet by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency outlines management options for reuse of street sweepings. Much of the discussion in this section comes from this fact sheet. Note this fact sheet was last updated in 2010.
Street sweepings are not considered hazardous material and do not require testing, but they are not suitable for unrestricted use, even after screening. Sweepings cannot be disposed at the following:
Prior to reuse, trash, leaves and other debris must be removed from the sweepings. This removal is often accomplished by screening, but other methods may also be used. Dispose of trash and debris removed from the sweepings by
Street sweepings that are not screened for trash and debris are considered industrial solid waste and must be disposed of at a permitted solid waste facility that can accept the waste. Unscreened street sweepings must also be stored in accordance with solid waste storage standards (Minn. R. 7035.2855).
If street sweepings are screened prior to being stockpiled, they are exempt from Minnesota solid waste storage standards. Street sweepings can be reused in any of the following ways without MPCA approval, provided that all solid waste has been screened from the sweepings.
If sweepings are used as cover or fill, they must meet the following requirements.
Other entities (e.g. states, cities) have similar information about managing street sweepings, with some differences from Minnesota. Below are links to documents describing how sweepings are managed in other locations.
The following table summarizes potential management options for sweeping material.
Street sweeping management options
Link to this table
Disposal option | Description |
---|---|
Disposed at solid waste landfill | Street sweepings are gathered, stockpiled, and hauled to a municipal solid waste landfill or private disposal site. |
Garbage/debris to landfill | Street sweeping material is screened and garbage/debris (non-recyclable or non-organic trash materials) are separated and landfilled. |
Reuse: Compost | Street sweeping material is screened and organic materials (e.g., fall leaves) are composted. |
Reuse: Recycling | Street sweeping material is screened and recyclable materials (e.g., metal, paper, glass, aluminum cans) are disposed via recycling. |
Reuse: Alternate daily cover (ADC) | Street sweeping material is screened for removal of recyclable materials, organic materials, and trash. The remaining fines/dirt are used as alternate daily cover (ADC) at landfill sites. |
Reuse: Fill dirt | Street sweeping material is screened for removal of recyclable materials, organic materials, and trash. The remaining material is used in commercial or industrial development, road restoration, or construction projects. The fill is intended to be used for an engineered purpose. |
Reuse: Subgrade material | Street sweeping material is screened for sand, which is used as subgrade material. |
Reuse: Aggregate in concrete or asphalt | Street sweeping material is screened for removal of recyclable materials, organic materials, and trash. The remaining material can be used as aggregate for concrete or asphalt. |
Reuse: Winter application | Street sweeping material is screened for removal of recyclable materials, organic materials, and trash. The screened sand is mixed with salt/sand mixture for winter application to roads, parking lots or sidewalks. |
Reuse: Bulking agent | Street sweeping material is screened for removal of recyclable materials, organic materials, and trash and remaining material is used as a bulking agent for wastewater sludge or septage disposal. The mixed material is disposed in a permitted lined or unlined sludge or septage landfill. |
Reuse: Spill cleanups | Street sweeping material is screened for removal of recyclable materials, organic materials, and trash. Street sweepings that have been determined to be non-hazardous may be used as absorptive material to contain or to absorb hazardous materials in emergency situations. |
Reuse: Waste to energy | Street sweeping material is screened for removal of recyclable materials, organic materials, and trash. The larger trash and organic materials (e.g., vegetation) can be used in a waste to energy facility to produce electricity. |
Testing is not required for the uses described above. You may choose to test sweepings if the following conditions apply.
If you are testing to determine water, phosphorus, or organic content for use with phosphorus credit calculator, see Methods for sampling street sweeping material - Standard Operating Procedures.
We conducted a survey of stakeholders who conduct street sweeping, mostly at the municipality level. Survey questions included the following.
Results
This page was last edited on 22 September 2022, at 16:16.