Engineered (bioretention) media organic material properties and specifications

Engineered (bioretention) media organic material properties and specifications.
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Property	Biochar	Coir	Compost	Peat	Wood chips
Phosphorus leaching	No [1]	No to slight [2]	Yes [3]		No
Phosphorus retention	No to slight [4]	No [5]	No		No
Handling concerns	Potential explosive concerns in closed space situations; volatile compounds (depending on pyrolysis temperature) [6]	Dust [7]	None		Possibly dust [8]
Soil hydraulic properties	Significant improvement [9]	Significant improvement [10]	Significant improvement [11]		Improvement if incorporated [12]
Soil physical properties	Significant improvement [13]	Moderate improvement [14]	Significant improvement [15]		Improvement if incorporated [16]
Plant/microbial effects	Beneficial but varies with feedstock [17]	Beneficial [18]	Beneficial if not fresh [19]; [20]		Beneficial for fungi
Availability	Multiple distributors [21]	Widely available [22]	Widely available		Widely available
Specifications/standards available	Limited due to variability with feedstocks [23]	Yes [24]	Yes [25]		Yes for chips used for energy production [26]
Cost
Research needs	Feedstocks suitable for stormwater applications	Phosphorus fate in stormwater applications	Identifying compost-containing media mixes that do not leach phosphorus but provide other benefits		Extensive needs since there are limited studies in stormwater applications.
Applications	[27]	[28]	[29]		[30]
Chemical properties	[31]	[32]	[33]		[34]
Sustainability	Sustainable, but has current market constraints [35]	Sustainable [36]	Sustainable		Sustainable
Potential contaminants	Minor risk - metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [37]	Low risk - possible chloride depending on preparation method [38]			Low risk; avoid CCA and creosote-treated sources [39]
Test methods	Not standardized but International Biochar Initiative widely used [40]	Not standardized but multiple methods available [41]	[42]; [43]		[44]
Effects of aging/Life expectancy	Varies with production method [45]	Decomposes slowly unless nutrients are added [46]	Ages relatively rapidly; aging generally benefits stormwater function by reducing nutrient loss and reducing microbial competition for nutrients [47]		Slow to moderate depending on source and application conditions [48]
Notes	Characteristics vary with feedstock and pyrolysis temperature	Coir must be composted or incorporated with compost, lime, fertilizer, and/or microbes