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<table class="sortable">
 
<table class="sortable">
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
+
<th width=25%>Property</th>
<th>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management Biochar]</th>
+
<th width=15%>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management Biochar]</th>
<th>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management Coir]</th>
+
<th width=15%>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management Coir]</th>
<th>Compost</th>
+
<th width=15%>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management Compost]</th>
<th>Peat</th>
+
<th width=15%>Peat<sup>1</sup></th>
<th>Wood chips</th>
+
<th width=15%>Wood chips</th>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Phosphorus leaching</td>
 
<td>Phosphorus leaching</td>
 
<td>No [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effect_of_biochar_on_retention_and_fate_of_phosphorus]</td>
 
<td>No [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effect_of_biochar_on_retention_and_fate_of_phosphorus]</td>
<td>No to slight</td>
+
<td>No to slight [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_coir_on_retention_and_fate_of_phosphorus]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Yes [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Nutrient_precaution]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>No [https://wrc.umn.edu/biofiltration-media-opt-phase2]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>No</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Phosphorus retention</td>
 
<td>Phosphorus retention</td>
 
<td>No to slight [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effect_of_biochar_on_retention_and_fate_of_phosphorus]</td>
 
<td>No to slight [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effect_of_biochar_on_retention_and_fate_of_phosphorus]</td>
 +
<td>No [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_coir_on_retention_and_fate_of_phosphorus]</td>
 +
<td>No</td>
 +
<td>Yes [https://wrc.umn.edu/biofiltration-media-opt-phase2]</td>
 
<td>No</td>
 
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Handling concerns</td>
 
<td>Handling concerns</td>
 
<td>Potential explosive concerns in closed space situations; volatile compounds (depending on pyrolysis temperature) [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Storage.2C_handling.2C_and_field_application]</td>
 
<td>Potential explosive concerns in closed space situations; volatile compounds (depending on pyrolysis temperature) [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Storage.2C_handling.2C_and_field_application]</td>
<td>Dust</td>
+
<td>Dust [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Storage.2C_handling.2C_and_field_application]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>None</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>None</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Possibly dust [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Storage.2C_handling.2C_and_field_application]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Soil hydraulic properties</td>
 
<td>Soil hydraulic properties</td>
 
<td>Significant improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Chemical-physical_properties_of_biochar]</td>
 
<td>Significant improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Chemical-physical_properties_of_biochar]</td>
 +
<td>Significant improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Chemical-physical_properties_of_coir]</td>
 +
<td>Significant improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Benefits_of_compost]</td>
 
<td>Significant improvement</td>
 
<td>Significant improvement</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Improvement if incorporated [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Effects_of_wood_chips_on_soil_physical_and_hydraulic_properties]</td>
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Soil physical properties</td>
 
<td>Soil physical properties</td>
 
<td>Significant improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Chemical-physical_properties_of_biochar]</td>
 
<td>Significant improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Chemical-physical_properties_of_biochar]</td>
<td>Moderate improvement</td>
+
<td>Moderate improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Chemical-physical_properties_of_coir]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Significant improvement [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Benefits_of_compost]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Significant improvement</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Improvement if incorporated [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Effects_of_wood_chips_on_soil_physical_and_hydraulic_properties]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Plant/microbial effects</td>
 
<td>Plant/microbial effects</td>
 
<td>Beneficial but varies with feedstock [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_biochar_on_soil_fertility.2C_plant_growth.2C_and_microbial_function]</td>
 
<td>Beneficial but varies with feedstock [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_biochar_on_soil_fertility.2C_plant_growth.2C_and_microbial_function]</td>
 +
<td>Beneficial [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_coir_on_soil_fertility.2C_plant_growth.2C_and_microbial_function]</td>
 +
<td>Beneficial if not fresh [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014117301711]; [https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/6/723/pdf]</td>
 
<td>Beneficial</td>
 
<td>Beneficial</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Beneficial for fungi</td>
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Availability</td>
 
<td>Availability</td>
 
<td>Multiple distributors [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Distributors]</td>
 
<td>Multiple distributors [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Distributors]</td>
 +
<td>Widely available [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Distributors]</td>
 +
<td>Widely available</td>
 +
<td>Sphagnum peat is available in Minnesota & Canada</td>
 
<td>Widely available</td>
 
<td>Widely available</td>
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Specifications/standards available</td>
 
<td>Specifications/standards available</td>
 
<td>Limited due to variability with feedstocks [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Standards.2C_classification.2C_testing.2C_and_distributors]</td>
 
<td>Limited due to variability with feedstocks [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Standards.2C_classification.2C_testing.2C_and_distributors]</td>
<td>Yes</td>
+
<td>Yes [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Coir_standards_and_specifications]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Yes [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Minnesota DOT Spec 3880, United States Golf Association Green Section, OMRI, Canadian Peat Association</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Yes for chips used for energy production [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Wood_chip_standards_and_specifications]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
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<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Variable with distance of delivery</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
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<td>Feedstocks suitable for stormwater applications</td>
 
<td>Feedstocks suitable for stormwater applications</td>
 
<td>Phosphorus fate in stormwater applications</td>
 
<td>Phosphorus fate in stormwater applications</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Identifying compost-containing media mixes that do not leach phosphorus but provide other benefits</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Metal/hydrocarbon/contaminant loading data by peat type</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Extensive needs since there are limited studies in stormwater applications.</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
Line 96: Line 96:
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Potential_biochar_stormwater_applications]</td>
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Potential_biochar_stormwater_applications]</td>
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Applications_for_coir_in_stormwater_management]</td>
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Applications_for_coir_in_stormwater_management]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Engineered_media_in_stormwater_BMPs]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Stormwater mixes, horticultural applications, rooftop garden mixes, golf & athletic mixes</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater&action=edit&section=3]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
Line 104: Line 104:
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Chemical_and_physical_properties_of_biochar]</td>
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Chemical_and_physical_properties_of_biochar]</td>
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Chemical_and_physical_properties_of_coir]</td>
 
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Chemical_and_physical_properties_of_coir]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Product_parameters_for_compost_used_for_soil_amendment_and_turf_establishment]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Natural organic material</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Chemical-physical_properties_of_wood_chips]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Sustainability</td>
 
<td>Sustainability</td>
 
<td>Sustainable, but has current market constraints [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Sustainability]</td>
 
<td>Sustainable, but has current market constraints [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Sustainability]</td>
 +
<td>Sustainable [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Sustainability]</td>
 +
<td>Sustainable</td>
 +
<td>Slowly renewable, Canadian Peat Association information available</td>
 
<td>Sustainable</td>
 
<td>Sustainable</td>
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Potential contaminants</td>
 
<td>Potential contaminants</td>
<td>Minor risk - metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)</td>
+
<td>Minor risk - metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Potential_contaminants_in_biochar]</td>
<td>Low risk - possible chloride depending on preparation method</td>
+
<td>Low risk - possible chloride depending on preparation method [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Potential_contaminants_in_coir]</td>
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 +
<td>Low risk</td>
 +
<td>Low risk; avoid CCA and creosote-treated sources [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Potential_contaminants_in_wood_chips]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
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<td>Not standardized but International Biochar Initiative widely used [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Test_methods]</td>
 
<td>Not standardized but International Biochar Initiative widely used [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Test_methods]</td>
 
<td>Not standardized but multiple methods available [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Test_methods]</td>
 
<td>Not standardized but multiple methods available [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Test_methods]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Class_I_compost]; [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Compost_maturity]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Not standardized, but some methods available in ASTM4427</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>[https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Test_methods]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
Line 144: Line 136:
 
<td>Varies with production method [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_aging]</td>
 
<td>Varies with production method [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Biochar_and_applications_of_biochar_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_aging]</td>
 
<td>Decomposes slowly unless nutrients are added [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_aging]</td>
 
<td>Decomposes slowly unless nutrients are added [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Coir_and_applications_of_coir_in_stormwater_management#Effects_of_aging]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Ages relatively rapidly; aging generally benefits stormwater function by reducing nutrient loss and reducing microbial competition for nutrients [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Compost_and_stormwater_management#Compost_maturity]</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Stable</td>
<td></td>
+
<td>Slow to moderate depending on source and application conditions [https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Wood_chips_and_applications_of_wood_chips_in_stormwater#Effects_of_aging]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
Line 155: Line 147:
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td colspan=6><sup>1</sup>We did not conduct an extensive review for peat. Sources of information include Peggy Jones ([https://americanpeattech.com/ American Peat Technology, Aitkin, MN]), Dr. Norm Hummel (retired), Tim White & Patrick Schoff at the [https://nrri.umn.edu/ Minnesota NRRI], the Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association horticultural teaching plan, Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association Peat Moss and the Environment Environmental FAQ, and [https://nawcc.wetlandnetwork.ca/Can%20Peat%20Harvesting%202001-1.pdf CANADIAN PEAT HARVESTING AND THE ENVIRONMENT, SECOND EDITION]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
</table>
 
</table>
  
 
<noinclude>
 
<noinclude>
[[Category:Engineered media]]
+
[[Category:Level 2 - Technical and specific topic information/soils and media]]
 +
[[Category:Level 3 - General information, reference, tables, images, and archives/Tables/Media, compost, and media amendments]]
 
</noinclude>
 
</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 15:51, 23 March 2023

Engineered (bioretention) media organic material properties and specifications.
Link to this table

Property Biochar Coir Compost Peat1 Wood chips
Phosphorus leaching No [1] No to slight [2] Yes [3] No [4] No
Phosphorus retention No to slight [5] No [6] No Yes [7] No
Handling concerns Potential explosive concerns in closed space situations; volatile compounds (depending on pyrolysis temperature) [8] Dust [9] None None Possibly dust [10]
Soil hydraulic properties Significant improvement [11] Significant improvement [12] Significant improvement [13] Significant improvement Improvement if incorporated [14]
Soil physical properties Significant improvement [15] Moderate improvement [16] Significant improvement [17] Significant improvement Improvement if incorporated [18]
Plant/microbial effects Beneficial but varies with feedstock [19] Beneficial [20] Beneficial if not fresh [21]; [22] Beneficial Beneficial for fungi
Availability Multiple distributors [23] Widely available [24] Widely available Sphagnum peat is available in Minnesota & Canada Widely available
Specifications/standards available Limited due to variability with feedstocks [25] Yes [26] Yes [27] Minnesota DOT Spec 3880, United States Golf Association Green Section, OMRI, Canadian Peat Association Yes for chips used for energy production [28]
Cost Variable with distance of delivery
Research needs Feedstocks suitable for stormwater applications Phosphorus fate in stormwater applications Identifying compost-containing media mixes that do not leach phosphorus but provide other benefits Metal/hydrocarbon/contaminant loading data by peat type Extensive needs since there are limited studies in stormwater applications.
Applications [29] [30] [31] Stormwater mixes, horticultural applications, rooftop garden mixes, golf & athletic mixes [32]
Chemical properties [33] [34] [35] Natural organic material [36]
Sustainability Sustainable, but has current market constraints [37] Sustainable [38] Sustainable Slowly renewable, Canadian Peat Association information available Sustainable
Potential contaminants Minor risk - metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [39] Low risk - possible chloride depending on preparation method [40] Low risk Low risk; avoid CCA and creosote-treated sources [41]
Test methods Not standardized but International Biochar Initiative widely used [42] Not standardized but multiple methods available [43] [44]; [45] Not standardized, but some methods available in ASTM4427 [46]
Effects of aging/Life expectancy Varies with production method [47] Decomposes slowly unless nutrients are added [48] Ages relatively rapidly; aging generally benefits stormwater function by reducing nutrient loss and reducing microbial competition for nutrients [49] Stable Slow to moderate depending on source and application conditions [50]
Notes Characteristics vary with feedstock and pyrolysis temperature Coir must be composted or incorporated with compost, lime, fertilizer, and/or microbes
1We did not conduct an extensive review for peat. Sources of information include Peggy Jones (American Peat Technology, Aitkin, MN), Dr. Norm Hummel (retired), Tim White & Patrick Schoff at the Minnesota NRRI, the Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association horticultural teaching plan, Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association Peat Moss and the Environment Environmental FAQ, and CANADIAN PEAT HARVESTING AND THE ENVIRONMENT, SECOND EDITION

This page was last edited on 23 March 2023, at 15:51.